摭谈议题式教学的“议境”设置

议题式教学把学科核心素养融入丰富多样的具体情境中,引导学生面对生活世界的各种现实问题。议题式教学“议境”设置的前提是“教”须为“学”服务,关注教学的重点、难点和学生的疑点、盲点、需求点。可以将“议境”设置在“教”和“育”的交汇点上,设置在学生学会生活的难忘点上,设置在实现教学目标的需求点上,设置在锻造学生思维品质的关节点上。

高中思想政治“议题式”教学中“议境”的创设

“议题式”教学是高中思想政治教学的有效方式,它不仅注重议题的选择,更注重“议境”的创设。在“议题式”教学中,教师要通过创设层次性“议境”、思辨性“议境”、引领性“议境”,满足学生的政治学习需求,提升学生政治学习的内在品质,引导学生形成政治认同的目标导向。“议题式”教学能使高中思想政治教学实现从“学科本位”到“育人本位”的转变,将外在的政治知识转化为内在的思想政治素养。

Transmission performance of 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes when used in a working-face environment

Wireless sensor nodes have the advantage of being low-cost,easily deployed and of good mobility.If deployed in an underground mine with existing underground transmission systems a wireless sensor network can improve the collection of information.To get good transmission performance for 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes at the working face we calculated the reflection properties of electromagnetic waves from a flat metal plate.Using the cascade impedance method(CIM),we studied transmission attenuation and compared the results to actual tests.The results show that the effective transmission distance of 2.4 GHz wireless sensor nodes meets the stipulations of the ZigBee protocol.

Alliance-Authentication Protocol in Clouds Computing Environment

Security has been regarded as one of the hardest problems in the development of cloud computing. This paper proposes an AllianceAuthentication protocol among Hybrid Clouds that include multiple private clouds and/or public clouds. Mu tual authentication protocol among entities in the IntraCloud and InterCloud is proposed. Blind signature and bilinear mapping of automorphism groups are adopted to achieve the InterCloud Alli anceAuthentication, which overcome the complexi ty of certificate transmission and the problem of communication bottlenecks that happen in tradi tional certificatebased scheme. Blind key, instead of private key, is adopted for register, which avoids

Review and Prospect of the UN Efforts for Sustainable Development

The present paper reviews the UN important efforts to promote global sustainable development in the chronological order since UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, and ana- lyzes the progress and gap. The results show that the UN system has made great efforts for global sustainable development since the UN Conference on Human Environment, especially since UN Conference on Environment and Development, promoted the for- mation of important consensus and multilateral internhtional con- ventions on many fields, boosted the development of partnership in the field of sustainable development, and accelerated actions for sustainable development of many countries and regions. However, at present, the progress made is still far below the level required, prominently reflected in the slow progress toward the millen-nium development goals, the difficulties in negotiations in the field of environment and development, insufficient fulfillment of international agreements and conventions, and undesirable effects of partnership in the field of sustainable development. Based on these, the paper puts forward four suggestions for UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012（Rio＋20）： （1） to revitalize the ＂spirit of Rio＂ and accelerate the implementation of existing politi- cal commitments; （2） to make new political commitments focusing on climate change and other major global challenges under the Rio principles; （3） to lay out a blueprint of green economy under the Rio principles; and （4） to promote South-South cooperation as the focus of international cooperation.

CO_2 Emissions Embodied in China-U.S.Trade

After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented,carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy.Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries.China has overtaken the U.S.as the world's biggest CO2 emitter since 2006.As China's second largest trade partner,the U.S.has the biggest trade deficit with China which has aroused a lot of disputes between the two parties.But so far the assessments of the trade imbalance of China-U.S.have paid little attention to environmental impacts associated with the trade imbalance.Applied an input-output approach,the article estimates the amount of CO2 embodied in China-U.S.trade during 1997-2007.It was found that through trade with China,the U.S.reduced its CO2 emissions compared with a non-trade scenario.Due to the greater carbon-intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of Chinese industry,China-U.S.trade resulted in more CO2 emissions in China and the world.In the end,the article gives some suggestions:it is equal and sustainable that the international accounting methodologies should be improved,for CO2 emissions responsibility must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade.

Cognitive MAC Protocol with Minimum Sampling Time and Cross-Layer Cooperation for Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Environments

The previous Decentralised Cognitive Medium Access Control(DC-MAC) protocol allows Secondary Users(SUs) to independently search for spectrum access opportunities without the need for a central coordinator.DC-MAC assumes that the detection scheme is ideal at the Physical(PHY) layer.In fact,a more complex detection algorithm is impractical in distributed spectrum sharing scenarios.Energy Detection(ED) at the PHY layer has become the most common method because of its low computational and implementation complexities.Thus,it is essential to integrate the DC-MAC with ED at the PHY layer.However,ED requires the Minimum Sampling Time(MST)duration to achieve the target detection probability in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR)environments.Otherwise,it cannot achieve the expected detection performance.In this paper,we derive an accurate expression of MST for ED in low SNR environments.Then,we propose an Optimised DC-MAC(ODC-MAC) protocol which is based on MST,and which amends the aforementioned problems of DC-MAC with ED.Moreover,the closed-form expressions for the unreliable data transmission probability are derived for both DC-MAC and ODC-MAC.We show that the simulation results agree well with the theoretical analyses.The proposed ODC-MAC can improve the data transmission reliability and enhance the throughput compared to the performance of the traditional DC-MAC.

A Coverage-Aware Unequal Clustering Protocol with Load Separation for Ambient Assisted Living Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

Ambient Assisted Living(AAL) is becoming an important research field. Many technologies have emerged related with pervasive computing vision, which can give support for AAL. One of the most reliable approaches is based on wireless sensor networks(WSNs). In this paper, we propose a coverage-aware unequal clustering protocol with load separation(CUCPLS) for data gathering of AAL applications based on WSNs. Firstly, the coverage overlap factor for nodes is introduced that accounts for the degree of target nodes covered. In addition, to balance the intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumptions, different competition radiuses of CHs are computed theoretically in different rings, and smaller clusters are formed near the sink. Moreover, two CHs are selected in each cluster for load separation to alleviate the substantial energy consumption difference between a single CH and its member nodes. Furthermore, a backoff waiting time is adopted during the selection of the two CHs to reduce the number of control messages employed. Simulation results demonstrate that the CUCPLS not only can achieve better coverage performance, but also balance the energy consumption of a network and prolong network lifetime.

Integrating Sustainable Development into Global Institutions:Reforming the United Nations

This article will briefly outline the origins,structure and functions of United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development in the context of the goals of ecologically sustainable development(ESD).Economic development,social development and environmental protection form the three interconnected parts of ESD.The achievements of the key UN environmental institutions and programs in opening up the global system to civil society,the private sector and a diversity of actors and interests,promoting the role of poverty alleviation as part of ESD through the Millennium Development Goals,and facilitating important Multilateral Environmental Agreements should be recognized.However,with these notable exceptions,organizations such as United Nations Environment Program and the Commission on Sustainable Development have become weak in scientific and technical leadership,global policy,co-ordination(inside and outside the UN) and has few achievements in the international and national implementation of obligations and standards in Global Environmental Governance-including enforcement,compliance and effectiveness.This article will outline the key reasons for this inadequacy.Attention will also be focused on the way forward through of a new United Nations Environment Organization.This will require a clarification of purpose and function(within the UN system and as part of global governance structures) as well as consideration of whether it depends on system-wide UN reform.It is recommended that medium and long term strategies for reform are necessary.

DECLARATIVE HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN AD HOC NETWORKS

This paper presents adaptive hybrid protocols based on the declarative network and mainly discusses the principle and realization of the Bayesian-estimation based adaptive hybrid protocol in the declarative network, which is well adapted to the Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET). The adaptive hybrid protocol is designed for ad hoc networks which have characteristics like self-organizing, no trusted party, flexibility, etc. The nodes that run the hybrid protocol can automatically select one routing protocol that is suitable for different network environment. The Bayesian-estimation based adaptive strategy, that improves the adaptability and stability of the protocol, succeeds in the Rapidnet, a declarative network engine. The result in the Rapidnet proves that the hybrid protocol and the adaptive strategy are feasible. The experiment on the ns-3 simulator, an emerging discrete-event network simulator, validates that this protocol performs well and reduces communication overheads.

Impact of a Pilot, Pharmacy-Led Tobacco Cessation Medication Protocol at Discharge in a Community Hospital

Purpose： To evaluate the implementation of a pharmacy-led tobacco cessation medication education protocol at discharge in a community hospital. Design： Single center, retrospective quality assessment study. Methods： A retrospective review of a pharmacy-led protocol was completed from November 2016 through April 2017. Data from one year prior to implementation of the protocol was analyzed against the study group. Results： A total of 607 tobacco cessation medication education interventions were made during the study period, 379 patients （62.4%） were given an OTC （Over The Counter） NRT （Nicotine Replacement Therapy） recommendation upon discharge and 148 （24.4%） were referred to the Ohio Tobacco Quit Line. TJC （The Joint Commission） TOB-3/3a measure was met in 44.1% of patients during the study period compared to 0% in the comparator group. Of the 75 patients who were reached via follow-up phone call, 23 （30.7%） purchased an OTC NRT and 22 （29.3%） completely quit using tobacco. Conclusions： Pharmacy-led tobacco cessation interventions during hospitalizations have a positive impact on TJC TOB-3/3a quality measure results and quit rates post-discharge. Our results encourage future studies in this area to further establish the importance of pharmacist involvement in tobacco cessation, specifically in the hospital setting.

Noise Action Plans for the Acoustic Protection of Urban Areas around the Athens International Airport （A.I.A.） Strategic Noise Maps 2006 ＆ 2011

Athens International Airport ＂Eleftherios Venizelos＂ （AIA） is considered a pioneer international Public-Private Partnership, being the first major int. airport constructed with the participation of the private sector with the BOOT method （Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer）. AIA＇s 1st day of operation was in March 2001 and the aircraft traffic on 2006 reached 191.000 movements ＆ 15.1 million passengers. According to the European Directive 49/2002 and the Joint Ministerial Decision 13586/724-28/3/06, Athens International Airport （AIA） is included in the category of＂large airports＂ and it consequently comes under the authority of the above mentioned legislation on the evaluation and management of environmental noise. A complete Study on Aircraft Noise [1], according to the European Directive 49/2002 [2] and Joint Ministerial Decision 13586/724-28/3/06 was undertaken under the auspices of the Ministry of Environment, Energy ＆ Climate Change, the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority, and AIA S.A. In this article the following results are presented： （1） The 2006 Strategic Noise Map （SNM） of both indicators Lden and Lnight based on the ECAC.CEAC Doc 29 methodology ＂Report on Standard Method of Computing Noise Contours around Civil Airports＂, 1997 [3], （2） A statistical analysis of predicted vs measured noise levels based on the existing Noise Monitoring System, （3） Effects from the removal of marginally accepted chapter 3 aircraft, （4） A complete evaluation of results regarding calculation of area/land uses and number of individuals living in residences inside blocks exposed in various levels of noise, and （5） A full evaluation of Noise Action Plans （NAP） regrouping existing and foreseen actions FOR 2006 ＆ 2011 scenarios, especially regarding among others, noise abatement procedures, a comprehensive noise insulation legal framework.

Coordination, Compromise, and Change： An Implication of the Repeated Games of ＂the Battle of the Sexes＂

The aim of this paper is to reveal the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination where players agree in general but disagree on coordination methods. When players agree on the need to collaborate but are in conflict regarding the specific method, one player must always compromise. This situation is known as the Battle of the Sexes in game theory. It has ever been believed that if an agreement is reached under such circumstances, the players do not have the incentive to withdraw from the agreement. However, this study shows that this belief is not always true if the players were able to revise the outcome of their negotiations later. The wide-ranging fields use game theories for their analysis frameworks to analyze the success or failure of coordination. However, comparing with the possibility of betrayal illustrated as a well-known Prisoner Dilemma, it has been rare to discuss conflict regarding the specific method of coordination, although such situations are often observed in today＇s interdependent real world. The repeated Battle of the Sexes games presented in this study would be a useful framework to analyze conflict regarding the specific method of coordination.

Voluntary Carbon Market in Turkey

Nowadays, global warming is a major environmental concern. Climate change is dominating the environmental agendas, especially in developed countries at first, but by now, around the world. Several initiatives have been undertaken to reduce the effect of increasing atmospheric GHGs （greenhouse gasses） concentrations. Emerging carbon emissions trade under the Kyoto Protocol serves to market the carbon quotas among the countries, thus, it helps to increase their level of GNP （gross national product）. Emissions trade is being performed in the voluntary and compliant markets. Increasing interest in emission trade emerged carbon and energy exchanges markets in the world. Turkey is located in the voluntary markets, and organizations buying carbon offset credits in order to achieve their voluntary emission reduction goals. GS （gold standard） and VCS （verified carbon standard） are mainly being used to finance renewable energy projects in Turkey. In the GS, there are 209 projects which are currently in the approval process or in the application, such as wind energy, hydroelectric power plant and biogas energy production. In addition to these, in the VCS, there are 61 projects which are mainly energy industries, in the approval process or in the application. Most environmental issues require long-term plans which include international cooperation, especially climate change. The Kyoto Protocol marks the beginning of a new era to combat global climate change. Voluntary markets are very popular and forty percent of the total global GS projects and around nine percent of VCS projects are implemented in Turkey. These projects are initial steps for future implementations of compliant markets in Turkey.

STABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS IN LEADERSHIP MODEL

International Environmental Agreements （IEAs） are a form of cooperation ratified by countries which can improve the management of shared environmental resources. The authors analyze the stability of International Eavironmental Agreements in leadership model. In 2006, Diamantoudi ＆ Sartzetakis found that a stable coalition consists of either 2, 3, or 4 members if the number of countries is greater than 4. Their model is reconsidered. It is shown that the size of stable IEAs decreases from 3 to 2 when the total number of countries involved increases. However, a situation that can guarantee 4 to be the size of stable IEAs could not be found.

Tracking Consensus for Second-Order Multi-Agent Systems with Nonlinear Dynamics in Noisy Environments

This paper investigates the leader-following tracking consensus problem for second-order multi-agent sys- tems with time delays and nonlinear dynamics in noisy environments on the conditions of fixed and switching directed topologies. Based on a novel velocity decomposition technique and stochastic anaJysis, a measurement-based distributed tracking control protocol is proposed, under which all agents can track the leader in mean square. Simulation results are also given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.

Effects of Quantum Noise on Quantum Clock Synchronization

In laboratory environment, the channel apparatus will generate particular dominant quantum noise. The noise then will give rise to some errors during synchronization. In this work, the accuracies of one qubit transport protocol and entangled states transport protocol in the presence of noise have been studied. With the help of three important and familiar noise models, the quantum noise will degrade the accuracy has been proved. Due to the influence of quantum noise, the accuracy of entangled qubits decrease faster than that of one qubit. The entangled states will improve the accuracy in noise-free channel, and will degrade the accuracy in noise channel.