英语识别小句的语法配置结构探析

“被识别者-识别者”和“标记-价值”结构是功能语言学分析英语识别小句的语法描述方式。它们的配置要受到情景语境、交际者意图等诸多因素的制约，因此处于一个动态的配置过程。研究这个动态过程对于分析某些特定结构、解读说话人意图，以及消除交际障碍都有意义。

Integrated search technique for parameter determination of SVM for speech recognition

Support vector machine(SVM)has a good application prospect for speech recognition problems;still optimum parameter selection is a vital issue for it.To improve the learning ability of SVM,a method for searching the optimal parameters based on integration of predator prey optimization(PPO)and Hooke-Jeeves method has been proposed.In PPO technique,population consists of prey and predator particles.The prey particles search the optimum solution and predator always attacks the global best prey particle.The solution obtained by PPO is further improved by applying Hooke-Jeeves method.Proposed method is applied to recognize isolated words in a Hindi speech database and also to recognize words in a benchmark database TI-20 in clean and noisy environment.A recognition rate of 81.5%for Hindi database and 92.2%for TI-20 database has been achieved using proposed technique.

Update on risk scoring systems for patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH) remains a common medical emergency worldwide. It is increasingly recognised that early risk assessment is an important part of management, which helps direct appropriate patient care and the timing of endoscopy. Several risk scores have been developed, most of which include endoscopic findings, although a minority do not. These scores were developed to identify various end-points including mortality, rebleeding or clinical intervention in the form of transfusion, endoscopic therapy or surgery. Recent studies have reported accurate identification of a very low risk group on presentation, using scores which require simple clinical or laboratory parameters only. This group may not require admission, but could be managed with early out-patient endoscopy. This article aims to describe the existing pre- and post-endoscopy risk scores for UGIH and assess the published data comparing them in the prediction of outcome. Recent data assessing their use in clinical practice, in particular the early identification of low-risk patients, are also discussed.

A Combined Speaker Adaptation Method for Mandarin Speech Recognition

A speaker adaptation method that combines transformation matrix linear interpolation with maximum a posteriori (MAP) was proposed. Firstly this method can keep the asymptotical characteristic of MAP. Secondly, as the method uses linear interpolation with several speaker-dependent (SD) transformation matrixes, it can fully use the prior knowledge and keep fast adaptation. The experimental results show that the combined method achieves an 8.24% word error rate reduction with only one adaptation utterance, and keeps asymptotic to the performance of SD model for large amounts of adaptation data.

FEATURE EXTRACTION AND RECOGNITION FOR ECHOES OF HRR RADAR

This paper describes a novel target recognition scheme using High Range Resolution (HRR) radar signatures. AutoRegressive (AR) method is used to extract features from HRR radar echoes based on scattering center model of target. The optimal linear transformation based on Euclidian distribution distance criterion is performed on AR model parameter vectors to reduce dimension of feature vectors further and improve the class discrimination capability of feature vectors. The optimization algorithm is designed utilizing the quadratic property of criterion function and Gaussian kernel based Parzen window density function estimator. The concept of Stochastic Information Gradient (SIG) is incorporated into the gradient of cost function to decrease the computational complexity of the algorithm. Simulation results using three real airplanes,data show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Researches On The Optimal Design Of Intersection Signal Lights Fuzzy Control

Fuzzy control is an important branch of intelligent control, and this paper describes the application of fuzzy pattern study in intelligent control, begins with a brief overview introduction for development of intelligent control, and then describes the main components of the fuzzy model and its characteristics and fuzzy pattern control system.Fuzzy pattern applications in the intersection signal intelligent control showed fuzzy mode control can effectively reduce the single intersection average vehicle delay time, making the intersection more unobstructed to pass.

民法典中个人信息的界定分析

《民法总则》第111条原则性确定个人信息受法律保护,对其是否权利、构成等内容语焉不详。《民法典人格权编(草案)》(内部征求意见稿)和《民法典人格权编(草案)》一审稿都是单章规定,前者规定隐私权和个人信息权,后者仅规定为个人信息。但两者对个人信息的界定未能与隐私等其他人格权有效区分、识别对象和标准表述不准确。在比较分析基础上,建议采纳"下定义+分类"模式,以"识别型"定义和个人敏感信息、个人一般信息分类界定个人信息,更全面地对个人信息予以界定。

产业振兴项目风险管理研究

产业振兴项目资金规模大、建设周期长,是乡村振兴战略的重要落地点。本文针对产业振兴项目的特点构建"识别-评估-应对"的风险管理模式,并对LXG项目进行深度调查后研究发现,"识别-评估-应对"的风险管理模式能够有效识别评估产业振兴项目风险,调查结果显示LXG项目在招标文件、招投标程序以及资金管理环节风险很高,在设计概预算、费用索赔、工程设计变更、隐蔽工程、进度款支付等环节风险较高,并针对高风险点提出应对措施。

Effects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions, which are closely related to deception. Methods: In two experiments, participants were briefly (from 20 to 300 ms) shown one of six basic expressions and then were asked to identify the expression. Results: The results showed that the participants' performance in recognition of microexpressions increased with the duration of the expressions, reaching a turning point at 200 ms before levelling off. The results also indicated that practice could improve the participants' performance. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the proper upper limit of the duration of microexpressions might be around 1/5 of a second and confirmed that the ability to recognize microexpressions can be enhanced with practice.

Conceptual Framework for Key Element Identification in Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(IAHS):Case of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System in China

With the continuous emergence of global development problems,the dynamic conservation and sustainable development of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(IAHS)have been assigned greater importance.However,due to the complex structure,multi-component,dynamic,and open characteristics of IAHS,there are neglected problems which need to be solved in conservation practice,such as component element ambiguity,obscurity of the conservation redline,etc.This study defined the concept of key elements(KE)of IAHS,put forward a conceptual framework of KE identification,conducted empirical research by taking Honghe County of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System(HHRTS)as an example and analyzed the level of recognition motivations for different stakeholder groups.The following conclusions were drawn:1)The KE of HHRTS are grain crops,rice species biodiversity,terrace construction and maintenance technique,Hani traditional festivals,Hani traditional foods,and virgin forest;2)The reasons behind the KE priorities of farmers,businessmen and tourists were at the micro level,the reasons of officers were at the middle level and the reasons of researchers were at the macro level.The empirical study conducted in HHRTS showed that the proposed conceptual framework could identify KE of IAHS effectively,and provided a theoretical perspective for the structuring of and essential need for IAHS research.Moreover,the KE recognition levels of different stakeholder groups reflected their potential action strategies.We should focus on the coherence of policies and measures in both the microscale and macroscale to balance the diversified demands of stakeholders,and to stimulate their enthusiasm for participation in the conservation in order to improve the management level of IAHS sites.

A Case Study on Intermediate CSL Learners' Word Recognition Processes and Strategies in Contextual Reading Settings

This study investigates word recognition processes and strategies of intermediate learners of Chinese as a Second Language （CSL） in contextual reading settings. Two intermediate CSL learners were chosen as research participants, and think-aloud methods and retrospective interviews were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by using Moustakas＇ data analysis procedure, CresweU＇s three steps and Bogdon and Biklen＇s data analysis methods. Results indicated that intermediate CSL learners go through different processes of word recognition as it might be automatic, based on context, pronunciation, previous knowledge and the meaning of characters, or, in case of word recognition failure, skipping the words or skipping them but reading them again later; and their word recognition strategies in contextual reading settings mainly include cognitive strategies and self-regulatory strategies. Among these strategies, cognitive strategies consist of direct transformation, translation, interpretation, guessing, inferring and finding key words; and self-regulatory strategies include metacognitive strategies, behavior regulating strategies, emotion regulating strategies and motivation regulating strategies. A model of intermediate CSL learners＇ word recognition strategies can be constructed based on the results. The present study provides both theoretical and pedagogical implications in the field of CSL vocabulary acquisition and teaching.

Memory of conspecifics in male salamanders Plethodon cinereus： Implications for territorial defense

We investigated how exposure duration （time that two individuals initially interact） and separation interval （time be- tween the initial interaction and a subsequent interaction） affect recognition memory of conspecifics in male red-backed sala- manders Plethodon cinereus. Previous studies have demonstrated that this species aggressively defends territories. We recorded aggressive behavior to assess recognition memory, because aggression is more intense toward previously unencountered indi- viduals compared to previously encountered individuals in this species. We found that with 15-min exposures and 5-day separa- tion intervals, focal males did not spend significantly more time threatening ＇unfamiliar＇ intruders than ＇familiar＇ intruders. After either 8-hour exposures and 5-day separation intervals and 5-day exposures and 5-day separation intervals, focal males spent sig- nificantly more time threatening unfamiliar intruders than familiar intruders. These results suggest that male red-backed salaman- ders can remember familiar conspecifics （e.g., territorial neighbors） after at least an 8-hour exposure duration and that memory persists at least as long as 5 days. After 5-day exposure and 15-day separation intervals, we found no significant difference in ag- gressive behavior toward familiar and unfamiliar intruders. Long separation intervals （15 days） may lead either to loss of memory of previously familiar individuals or, alternatively, aggressive reassessment of individuals as only a change in behavior indicates positively that memory has occurred. Thus, variance in territorial defense within an individual may depend on its ability to recog- nize conspecific males .

Interobserver error in grassland vegetation surveys:sources and implications

Aims Observer error is an unavoidable aspect of vegetation surveys involving human observers.We quantified four components of interobserver error associated with long-term monitoring of prairie vegetation:overlooking error,misidentification error,cautious error and estimation error.We also evaluated the association of plot size with pseudoturnover due to observer error,and how documented pseudochanges in species composition and abundance compared with recorded changes in the vegetation over a 4-year interval.Methods This study was conducted at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve,Kansas.Monitoring sites contained 10 plots;each plot consisted of a series of four nested frames(0.01,0.1,1 and 10 m^(2)).The herbaceous species present were recorded in each of the nested frames,and foliar cover was visually estimated within seven cover categories at the 10 m^(2)spatial scale only.Three hundred total plots(30 sites)were surveyed,and 28 plots selected at random were resurveyed to assess observer error.Four surveyors worked in teams of two.Important Findings At the 10 m^(2)spatial scale,pseudoturnover resulting from overlooking error averaged 18.6%,compared with 1.4%resulting from misidentification error and 0.6%resulting from cautious error.Pseudoturnover resulting from overlooking error increased as plot size decreased,although relocation error likely played a role.Recorded change in species composition over a 4-year interval(excluding potential misidentification error and cautious error)was 30.7%,which encompassed both pseudoturnover due to overlooking error and actual change.Given a documented overlooking error rate of 18.6%,this suggests the actual change for the 4-year period was only 12.1%.For estimation error,26.2%of the time a different cover class was recorded.Over the 4-year interval,46.9%of all records revealed different cover classes,suggesting that 56%of the records of change in cover between the two time periods were due to observer error.

Grade classification of neuroepithelial tumors using high-resolution magic-angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pattern recognition

Clinical data have shown that survival rates vary considerably among brain tumor patients,according to the type and grade of the tumor.Metabolite profiles of intact tumor tissues measured with high-resolution magic-angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HRMAS 1H NMRS) can provide important information on tumor biology and metabolism.These metabolic fingerprints can then be used for tumor classification and grading,with great potential value for tumor diagnosis.We studied the metabolic characteristics of 30 neuroepithelial tumor biopsies,including two astrocytomas (grade I),12 astrocytomas (grade II),eight anaplastic astrocytomas (grade III),three glioblastomas (grade IV) and five medulloblastomas (grade IV) from 30 patients using HRMAS 1H NMRS.The results were correlated with pathological features using multivariate data analysis,including principal component analysis (PCA).There were significant differences in the levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA),creatine,myo-inositol,glycine and lactate between tumors of different grades (P<0.05).There were also significant differences in the ratios of NAA/creatine,lactate/creatine,myo-inositol/creatine,glycine/creatine,scyllo-inositol/creatine and alanine/creatine (P<0.05).A soft independent modeling of class analogy model produced a predictive accuracy of 87% for high-grade (grade III-IV) brain tumors with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 93%.HRMAS 1H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with pattern recognition thus provides a potentially useful tool for the rapid and accurate classification of human brain tumor grades.

Function of FEZF1 during early neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells

The understanding of the mechanism underlying human neural development has been hampered due to lack of a cellular system and complicated ethical issues. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide an invaluable model for dissecting human development because of unlimited self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into nearly all cell types in the human body. In this study,using a chemical defined neural induction protocol and molecular profiling, we identified Fez family zinc finger 1 (FEZF1) as a potential regulator of early human neural development. FEZF1 is rapidly up-regulated during neural differentiation in hESCs and expressed before PAX6, a well-established marker of early human neural induction. We generated FEZF1-knockout H1 hESC lines using CRISPR-CAS9 technology and found that depletion of FEZF1 abrogates neural differentiation of hESCs. Moreover,loss of FEZF1 impairs the pluripotency exit of hESCs during neural specification, which partially explains the neural induction defect caused by FEZF1 deletion. However, enforced expression of FEZF1 itself fails to drive neural differentiation in hESCs,suggesting that FEZF1 is necessary but not sufficient for neural differentiation from hESCs. Taken together, our findings identify one of the earliest regulators expressed upon neural induction and provide insight into early neural development in human.

Effects of historically familiar and novel predator odors on the physiology of an introduced prey

Predator odors can elicit fear responses in prey and predator odor recognition is generally associated with physiological responses. Prey species are often more likely to respond to the odor of familiar ra- ther than alien predators. However, predator na＇ivety in an introduced prey species has rarely been investigated. We examined the physiological response, as shown by changes in ventilatory vari- ables, of an introduced terrestrial herbivore, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, in Australia, to the odor of potential predators and to control odors （distilled water and horse）, to explore if res- ponses were limited to historical （cat and fox） predators, or extended to historically novel predators （snake and quoll）. All odors except distilled water elicited a response, with rabbits showing long- term higher respiratory frequencies and lower tidal volumes after introduction of the odors, indi- cating an increase in alertness. However, the intensity of the rabbits＇ reaction could not be directly linked to any pattern of response with respect to the history of predator-prey relationships. Rabbits exhibited significantly stronger reactions in response to both cat and quoll odors than they did to dis- tilled water, but responses to horse, fox, and snake odor were similar to that of water. Our results show that the introduced rabbit can respond to both historical and novel predators in Australia, and suggest that shared evolutionary history is not necessarily a prerequisite to predator odor recognition.