“译文学”:中国比较文学学科理论的新建构

王向远先生在“译文学”的学科理论体系建构中,考察辨析并厘清了原有学科理论中的若干模糊概念,又在中国学术思想史的宝藏中发现并提炼了若干独特的学术概念,从而在“译文生成”和“译文评价”两个层面上提出了一整套相互关联的学术概念与学科范畴,形成了独特的学科理论体系,为译文研究提供了新的可能性,既能有效地指导比较文学与翻译文学的研究实践,也具有学科理论与思想理论的创新价值。

“创造性叛逆”本意之辨及“译文学”“译介学”学术空间之争——兼与刘小刚副教授商榷

王向远教授指出“译介学”在对埃斯卡皮“创造性的背叛”一词借用的过程中,因缺少明确的概念界定而在理论与实践中招致了各种误解,这引起了“译介学”的警觉。有文章认为王向远教授对埃氏和谢天振教授“创造性叛逆”的解读都不够确切,并由此对“译文学”提出商榷,对此有必要加以学理上的辨析。需要指出:王教授对“创造性背叛”原意的追溯并非“误读”,对“创造性叛逆”的批评也并非是为“译文学”开拓空间,“译文学”绝不是否定或颠覆译介学,而是富有创新的深化和发展。

“译文学”对“译介学”理论评价“误区”辨析

“译介学”与“译文学”作为中国译学与比较文学领域密切关联的两种创新型理论,其间的学术论辩是近几年来颇值得关注的学术动向。在讨论中,有论文认为“译文学”对“译介学”的理论评价陷入了三个“误区”。本文尝试对此进行辨析,论证了“译文学”没有将“译介学”排斥在翻译学范畴之外,“创造性叛逆”与“破坏性叛逆”两个概念之间不存在形而上与形而下之别,“译文学”对“译介学”概念的辨析也无碍于对“译介学”总体的高度肯定与评价。

关于“译文学”的评价与创新问题——兼与耿强副教授商榷

“译文学”是中国学者在翻译理论研究方面继“译介学”之后做出的又一突出贡献。“译文学”与“译介学”的关系不是《范式创新与本体论话语》一文所断言的“对着讲”的关系,而是“接着讲”的关系;“译文学”的一系列概念范畴并不是无源之水,它们从中国传统译学和中国翻译实践中提炼得出,既是表达性的,也是工具性的,并非是“满足个人需要的强制性阐释”;“译文学”尝试建立了一个全新的理论体系,不是所谓“局部创新”而是体系创新。

中国科幻文学的海外传播——以《三体》在英语世界的译介与接受为例

刘慈欣的科幻小说《三体》的英译本使他获得了在英语世界的文学声望。本文围绕译介过程、译本形态和海外接受情况剖析异质文化语境中的由刘宇昆翻译的《三体》英译本,探索中国科幻文学如何在新的文化空间被认识与解读。赞助人与译者的多方合力是促成《三体》海外传播的重要基石;具有鲜明异国特色的“他者”译本是引导海外读者欣赏中国文学审美的有效翻译策略;馆藏数据、媒体关注及读者评价是探讨中国科幻文学的海外影响力和评判海外读者接受程度的重要指标,这3个层面的分析为中国当代文学的对外译介与海外传播提供了新的启示。

On the representation of elegance in EST translation

Scientific and technical literature and information focus on scientific truth, explaining natural phenomena objectively, probing into scientific issues, communicating research achievements and summarizing the experience. The language of technical articles should be concise and accurate. High-quality technical translation should also have aesthetic value, literary grace and elegant style. Many technical translators think that faithfulness and smoothness are the primary principles in technical translation, while elegance is just an ornamental standard which values little. The author considers elegance in EST translation should be the perfect unity of faithfulness and elegance. This paper analyses the criteria for technical translation, explores the representation of elegance in technical articles, and emphasizes that the literary value should be thoroughly appreciated.

Application of cross-cultural cognitive pragmatic analysis to translation education

Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural pragmatic contrasting, the author makes analysis of the problems of difference existing between the volume of information borne or transmitted between two different language signs in the process of translating under the influence of cultural elements, and points out that to study these problems, translators must consider a series of problems about cross-cultural cognitive context. This article also makes cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis in world view difference, register difference, imaginative difference and metaphor difference. The author introduces the method of cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis and suggests taking a series of measures to improve translation education.

On untranslatability of classical Chinese poetry： From the perspective of aesthetic function of language

The author analyzes the untranslatability of the classical Chinese poetry from the perspective of aesthetic function of language. The untranslatability lies firstly in the heterogeneity, indeterminism and the ambiguity of the Chinese language itself. Moreover, the classical Chinese poetry displays its unique features and beauty which can not be rendered into English in terms of aesthetic function of language.

Literal and Free Translation of Chinese-English Brand Names

The present paper is intended to describe the two normal methods—free and literal translation used in translating brand names; in the meantime, some common mistakes are discussed in the process of translation. As to the free and literal translation, the paper discusses some common approaches, or techniques used in the process, which affect the effects of the brand names a lot and have direct influence on the results of the target brand names. In view of the common mistakes, the paper points out some customs, habits, religious beliefs, living environment and cultural factors, which may lead to failures in translating brand names.

Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2： Evidence from university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China

Purpose： The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 （C-BREQ-2） among Chinese university students from the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Methods： University students from the Mainland （n = 191） and Hong Kong （n=194） of China participated in this study. Factorial validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal reliability, and measurement invariance across sample of the C-BREQ-2 were examined. Results： Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the 18-item, 5-factor structure C-BREQ-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the C-BREQ-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for its discriminant validity. The internal consistency reliability of the C-BREQ-2 was found acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that a simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of C-BREQ-2. The results from multi-group confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor loadings and variances/ covariances of the C-BREQ-2 measurement model were invariant across the Chinese university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Conclusion： The current study provided further psychometric evidence for the C-BREQ-2, which makes the further application and research of self-determination theory （SDT） based motivation in relation to exercise and physical activity in the Mainland of China context possible.

On the Correct Meaning of Words in Non-literary Translation

The work of translators are not always perfect, however, many of them will inevitably contain elements of misunderstanding. Of course, most of those misunderstandings are by the reason of misapprehending the correct meaning of words, especially in the field of non-literary tanslation. My purpose is rather to show translators -- and, by extension, others who are learning English -- how to recognize the accurate message of words in a first draft and how to revise them so as to eliminate those incorrect translated texts.

On the Techniques of Translating Allusions

Allusions are full of cultural connotations. How to make people in different countries understand each ot^er？ Translation will be one useful way. Translation is the bridge of cultural communication. How can translators translate allusions correctly？ Firstly, translators should have a general idea about the specific cultural connotation of allusions. Each allusion has its own cultural background. Otherwise people would have difficulty in understanding allusions, and they may misunderstand them. Secondly, translators should try to find suitable methods in translating them. The result will be different if translators choose different methods

On the Cultural Untranslatability in Chinese-English Literary Translation

The paper is intended to study the cultural untranslatability in Chinese-English literary translation and its compensation with a view to find some practical strategies in translation when untranslatabiltiy occurs. Based on Eugene A. Nida’s classification of language culture, the author analyzes causes of cultural untranslatability in terms of ecological culture, material culture, social culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture through specific examples. As the cultural untranslatability is conditioned, variable, and dynamic, some translation strategies are proposed for tranferring untranslatability to translatability.

Literary Translation and Loanwords： A Study of English and Igbo Translations ofFranz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater

Multilingualism and multiculturalism have become so characteristic of our times that it is hard to come by a literary work that is strictly monolingual. Languages in contact influence each other in various ways. One language could be more influential than the other as a result of linguistic and non-linguistic factors. A language that is documented and enjoys a more privileged political, economic, cultural, or religious position is likely to be more influential than another language that lacks these qualities. Languages in contact often borrow words from each other though a language that is considered to be more prestigious than another is more likely to be the donor language less prestigious one. Loanwords are therefore common among languages in contact. Intercultural literary communication is mostly effected through translation. Due to Africa＇s colonial experience, literary translation practice in Africa often involves European languages, Arabic, and indigenous African languages. In Nigeria, the languages that have played significant roles in literary translation include English, French, German, Arabic, and indigenous Nigerian languages. Franz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater which was written in German has been translated into English as Letter to His Father by Ernest Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins and into Igbo as Soro Okwu m maobu Leta （Ndi） Nna by Felicia Ibemesi. This paper sets out to study loanwords in the English and Igbo translations from a target reader＇s perspective

Freedoms and Restrictions of Translator＇s Subjectivity in Literary Translation

With the translation studies leaning to target-language, the translator＇s subjectivity has been paid more and more attention by translation scholars. It is noticed gradually that translation is actually a dynamic and complex process, during which the translator, acting as a reader of the source text and also a writer of the target text, will unavoidably add something subjective in his or her translation. Since literary translation is interwoven with more cultural and social elements, the translator has to make a choice between loyalty and violation, getting freedom and being restricted when he or she confronts with all the clashes and conflicts between the source language culture and the target language culture.

The Analysis of Guo Moruo＇ s Translation Theory

Guo Moruo, born in Sichuan province, is one of the greatest translators m Chinese literature translation. He has ncn literary works and translation works in his life. Combing with writing experience and a wealth of translation practice, he has summarized and extracted the great translation theory including the meaning of translation, the translator＇s cultivation, translation principles and methods, especially the ＂matchmaker＂ and the ＂virgin＂ theory, flavor translation, resonance theory, translation criticism view, translating verse as verse theory, retranslation view. His translation works and translation theories have special contribution to the？translation cause of China, and all his translation theories are worth of learning.

Investigating Translators＇ Positioning via the Appraisal Theory： A Case Study of the Q＆A Part of a Speech Delivered by the U.S. Vice President Cheney

Appraisal Theory is a part of the interpersonal metafunction in Systemic Functional Linguistics to reveal the speaker＇s attitudes and positionings. Some scholars in recent years have introduced this theory to the Chinese reader and applied it to the study of different genres, but up to now, very little has been done to test this newly developed theory in translation studies. This paper attempts to use the Appraisal Theory as a tool to investigate speaker＇s positioning in ST （source text） and TT （target text）. The translations of part of the Q＆A （Question＆Answer） section of the Vice President Cheney＇s speech at Fudan University and their STs will be investigated in the present study. The source and target texts are first described in the appraisal theoretical framework and then compared to find out the differences in terms of the speaker＇s positioning in ST and TT. Finally, a discussion is carried out to explore possible reasons that caused the speaker＇s changed positioning from ST and TT. Our findings indicate that translator＇s role, linguistic characteristics, and translation purpose might all contribute to speaker＇s changed positioning.

On Translation of Classical Chinese Literary Texts

Chinese classical literature is precious treasure of the world literature. In order to transmit and carry forward it, translation is an effective and necessary way, especially as the development ofglobalization and China＇s economy. This paper mainly discusses the history, difficulties, ways and skills on translation of classical Chinese literary texts in this paper.

Julia Lovell as a Faithful Rewriter in Translating Chinese Literary Text： The Version of A Dictionary of Maqiao as a Case in Point

As a professional translator, Chinese history lecturer and academic writer, Julia Lovell has made a lot of contributions in translating modem Chinese literary works into English. But the field of translation studies has not given due attention to her so far. Based on her own practice and understanding of translation, she presented the notion of faithful recreation as her translation principle. This article sheds light on how she implemented her translation notion in the process of her translation, taking her version of A Dictionary of Maqiao as a case to examine the effectiveness of her work under the guidance of faithful recreation. The discussion mainly focuses on the sound level, the grammatical level, pragmatic level, and original creativity

A Contrastive Analysis of Three English Translation of Camel Xiangzi from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence

Nida＇ s Functional Equivalence Theory has made a great contribution to the translation industry, which means the translation should reach the functional equivalence between two languages rather than the rigid correspondence of the texts. Functional Equivalence Theory includes stylistic equivalence, glossary equivalence and passage equivalence. The literary work selected in this paper is a famous classic novel, Camel Xiangzi, in which the features of the language employed by author are fizll of＂Chinese characteristics.＂ Just because of the characteristics, the task is more difficult in the process of the wanslating. In this paper, it makes a contrastive analysis of the translations to the fourth chapter of Camel Xiangzi by using Nida＇s Functional Equivalence Theory. There are three kinds of English versions, which were selected from a Chinese-American translator Shi Xiaojing＇s translation Camel Xiangzi, American translator Evan King＇ s translation Rickshaw Boy and American translator Jean M.James＇ s translation Richshaw： the Novel Lo-t＇o Hsinang Tz~ Due to limited words, this paper mainly analyzes the novel from the glossary, the stylistic and the passage equivalence. The result is that Jean M.James＇ s translation maximizes to achieve Functional Equivalence Theory, it also tries to reach formal equivalence, and her Wanslafion compensates for lack of the theory. What＇ s more, it verifies the feasibility and directive significance in translation of functional equivalence.