This study examined the relation between word concreteness and word translatability. Translatability was operationalized in terms of both lexical and semantic cross-transparency. Two separate scales were used to measu...This study examined the relation between word concreteness and word translatability. Translatability was operationalized in terms of both lexical and semantic cross-transparency. Two separate scales were used to measure the level of concreteness of 123 target English words and their translatability into Chinese. The results of this study showed that word concreteness and translatability are significantly correlated, and that word concreteness determines the extent of semantic closeness between the translation of English and Chinese word pairs. Concreteness might be a variable that influences how translatable a word is between English and Chinese. However, this influence mainly applies to the semantic cross-transparency between the two languages, not the lexical cross-transparency. A link was proposed between the levels of translatability of a translation pair according to concreteness and associated properties. The paper also discusses the implications of the findings for second language learning and teaching, in particular the ＂translation effect＂ and teachers＇ ＂codeswitching＂ behavior.展开更多
The covalent attachment of O-linked β-N- acetylglucosamine （O-GIcNAc） to Ser/Thr residues of proteins acts as not only a posttranslational modification but also a nutritional sensor in nucleus and cytoplasm, which ...The covalent attachment of O-linked β-N- acetylglucosamine （O-GIcNAc） to Ser/Thr residues of proteins acts as not only a posttranslational modification but also a nutritional sensor in nucleus and cytoplasm, which directly regulates the expression of genes and multiple crucial signal transduction pathways. Dynamic O- GlcNAcylation at Ser/Thr residues is catalyzed by two key enzymes, O-GIcNAc transferase （OGT） and O-GlcNAcase, which are responsible for addition and removal of the O- GlcNAc modification, respectively. O-GlcNAc modifica- tion plays important roles in cellular signaling in animals, especially in human diseases. Two orthologs of OGT in plants, SECRET AGENT and SPINDLY, have been reported to be involved in diverse plant processes. However, compared with the functional mechanisms revealed in animals, the consequences of protein O-GlcNAc modifi- cation in plants is largely unknown, and the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and cellular processes needs to be explored. In this review, we summarized the recent advances on O-GlcNAc modification and its biological functions in animals and plants, and prospect of more special functions of O-GlcNAc will be revealed in plants.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Funds for the Central Universities,and the Research Funds of Remin University of China
文摘This study examined the relation between word concreteness and word translatability. Translatability was operationalized in terms of both lexical and semantic cross-transparency. Two separate scales were used to measure the level of concreteness of 123 target English words and their translatability into Chinese. The results of this study showed that word concreteness and translatability are significantly correlated, and that word concreteness determines the extent of semantic closeness between the translation of English and Chinese word pairs. Concreteness might be a variable that influences how translatable a word is between English and Chinese. However, this influence mainly applies to the semantic cross-transparency between the two languages, not the lexical cross-transparency. A link was proposed between the levels of translatability of a translation pair according to concreteness and associated properties. The paper also discusses the implications of the findings for second language learning and teaching, in particular the ＂translation effect＂ and teachers＇ ＂codeswitching＂ behavior.
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （2011CB915404） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.31270310） and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （2572014EA04）.
文摘The covalent attachment of O-linked β-N- acetylglucosamine （O-GIcNAc） to Ser/Thr residues of proteins acts as not only a posttranslational modification but also a nutritional sensor in nucleus and cytoplasm, which directly regulates the expression of genes and multiple crucial signal transduction pathways. Dynamic O- GlcNAcylation at Ser/Thr residues is catalyzed by two key enzymes, O-GIcNAc transferase （OGT） and O-GlcNAcase, which are responsible for addition and removal of the O- GlcNAc modification, respectively. O-GlcNAc modifica- tion plays important roles in cellular signaling in animals, especially in human diseases. Two orthologs of OGT in plants, SECRET AGENT and SPINDLY, have been reported to be involved in diverse plant processes. However, compared with the functional mechanisms revealed in animals, the consequences of protein O-GlcNAc modifi- cation in plants is largely unknown, and the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and cellular processes needs to be explored. In this review, we summarized the recent advances on O-GlcNAc modification and its biological functions in animals and plants, and prospect of more special functions of O-GlcNAc will be revealed in plants.
