“形式化”·“语义化”·“意向化”——现代斯拉夫文论中“文学性”追问的不同路径之比较

“特征论者”雅可布森以“形式化”视界提出“文学性”命题,“功能论者”穆卡若夫斯基以“语义化”视界拓展“文学性”空间,“合成论者”英加顿则是以“意向化”视界进入“文学性”生成机制。他们在言说“文学性”这一命题时,实际上很少关心什么是文学性,而更多地专注于“文学性”何以生成;他们在使用“文学性”这一概念时,实际上很少是在对文学是什么加以界说,而更多地是在言说文学研究科学化的路径。他们的探索表明:“文学性”理论的建构是可以不断深化的。

The Processing Mechanism of Associative Meaning Under the Cognitive Context Based on Culture

Cognitive context is the cognitionalized context of language, situation and context of culture by the individual which is stored and stimulated in individual＇s mind when meaning is processed. The focus of this article is on context of culture cognitionalized by individuals. Cognitive context based on culture is the inner force of the processing of associative meaning. Cognitive context reflects the similarities and differences of the understanding of different cultural communities towards the world around them.

Semantic web-based networked manufacturing knowledge retrieval system

To deal with a lack of semantic interoperability of traditional knowledge retrieval approaches, a semantic-based networked manufacturing （NM） knowledge retrieval architecture is proposed, which offers a series of tools for supporting the sharing of knowledge and promoting NM collaboration. A 5-tuple based semantic information retrieval model is proposed, which includes the interoperation on the semantic layer, and a test process is given for this model. The recall ratio and the precision ratio of manufacturing knowledge retrieval are proved to be greatly improved by evaluation. Thus, a practical and reliable approach based on the semantic web is provided for solving the correlated concrete problems in regional networked manufacturing.

An Exploration of Interpersonal Meanings in Advertising Discourse from Functional Grammar Perspective

Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions of language. This paper investigates the interpersonal meanings in Chinese cosmetic advertising discourse from mood, modality and appraise the three aspects. Based on an exploratory study of data of six typical Chinese cosmetic advertising discourses, the paper claims that the distribution of mood and modality has close link with the interpersonal meaning in advertising. The Functional Grammar and Appraisal System help to reveal the interpersonal meanings of the discourse concerned.

Service composition algorithm using semantic constraint to implement user personality

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of service composition,a service composition algorithm based on semantic constraint is proposed.First, a user’s requirements and services from a service repository are compared with the help of a matching algorithm.The algorithm has two levels and filters out the services which do not match the user’s constraint personality requirements.The mechanism can reduce the searching scope at the beginning of the service composition algorithm.Secondly,satisfactions of those selected services for the user’s personality requirements are computed and those services,which have the greatest satisfaction value to make up the service composition,are used.The algorithm is evaluated analytically and experimentally based on the efficiency of service composition and satisfaction for the user’s personality requirements.

Choosing meaningful structure data for improving web search

In order to improve the quality of web search,a new query expansion method by choosing meaningful structure data from a domain database is proposed.It categories attributes into three different classes,named as concept attribute,context attribute and meaningless attribute,according to their semantic features which are document frequency features and distinguishing capability features.It also defines the semantic relevance between two attributes when they have correlations in the database.Then it proposes trie-bitmap structure and pair pointer tables to implement efficient algorithms for discovering attribute semantic feature and detecting their semantic relevances.By using semantic attributes and their semantic relevances,expansion words can be generated and embedded into a vector space model with interpolation parameters.The experiments use an IMDB movie database and real texts collections to evaluate the proposed method by comparing its performance with a classical vector space model.The results show that the proposed method can improve text search efficiently and also improve both semantic features and semantic relevances with good separation capabilities.

Location and Its Semantics in Location-Based Services

Starting with a simple presentation of location determination techniques, physical location and geographic location as two common kinds of location description methods are discussed. The semantic location concept is then introduced and a correction is given, which especially emphasizes that location property is an important part of semantic location. By analyzing the connotation and extension of every geographic location, what should be contained in a location property is determined. Using a hierarchical model, the relations and associations among locations are clearly described. To realize a formalized description of semantic location, an ontology technique that can adequately describe semantic information of location is used. Organized by ontology web language, a location ontology model allows semantic location to be read and processed by computer. The location ontology model realizes the knowledge description of location information and establishes an important foundation to personalized preference services in location based services.

Linking a Game Engine Environment to Architectural Information on the Semantic Web

Because of the importance of graphics and information within the domain of architecture, engineering and construction （AEC）, an appropriate combination of visualization technology and information management technology is of utter importance in the development of appropriately supporting design and construction applications. Virtual environments, however, tend not to make this information available. The sparse number of applications that present additional information furthermore tend to limit their scope to pure construction information and do not incorporate information from loosely related knowledge domains, such as cultural heritage or architectural history information. We therefore started an investigation of two of the newest developments in these domains, namely game engine technology and semantic web technology. This paper documents part of this research, containing a review and comparison of the most prominent game engines and documenting our architectural semantic web. A short test-case illustrates how both can be combined to enhance information visualization for architectural design and construction.

On the effects of contextualized explanation and Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve on the teaching and learning of English vocabulary

This paper reports the outcomes of three vocabulary tests taken by 71 second-year undergraduates, discusses the possible effects of contextualized explanation of new words and Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve on the vocabulary teaching and learning. The authors find that in a short duration there is a significant difference between the effect of bilingual （English ＆ Chinese） explanation and that of monolingual （Chinese） explanation on the students＇ recognition of English new words.

Definition of Language and Art in the Context of the Evolution Theory

The problem of human language, arithmetic, and art was studied in the context of the definition ＂civilization＂ on the basis of Darwin＇s theory. The author defines civilization as ＂survival of the weak＂. The author supposes that language and art were invented by the men to describe their heroic deeds for the women in order to be selected by them for reproduction. In other words, language and art became a selection criterions together with beauty and presents. Finally, the author defines language and art.

The Centurial Achievements and Problems in Ancient Chinese Literary Theory and Its Re-sinicization

The centurial study in ancient Chinese literary theory has gained certain achievements, which is embodied in the reorganization of materials, the construction of subject, and the establishment of system. However, some problems, including literary aphasia, objectified objectivism and de-contextualization, have revealed during our rethinking of Westernization, scientism and systematism, showing that we have been trapped by Western-centralism, scientism and post-colonialism. Faced with the demand from modem knowledge pattern of de-sinicization, de-contextualization and de-subjectification, we propose reconstruction strategies of re-sinicization and re-pragmatism in order to provide theoretical conception of rebuilding modem system for ancient literary theory study.

Study on new words and their evolutions

Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Information and communication technologies （ICT） are one of the major driving forces in the process of globalization. This paper focuses on some lexicon changes over the last two decades. In particular, affixation, compounding, blending, and meaning shift are illustrated in detail.

Factors Affecting English Reading of High School Studies

Compared with the skills of listening and speaking, reading is commonly considered to be one of the most difficult skills to be improved for the middle school students. The slow progression results from various obstacles the students might confront in their reading. This essay makes a summary of various difficulties that hinder the students＇ successful reading comprehension, from the aspects of vocabulary, sentence and grammar, understanding of a passage, habits of reading, logic thinking, meanings of language and culture background.

Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistants acting as cultural ambassadors on the campus

Many language instructors in colleges and universities around the world have teaching assistants to help them with the teaching. Since 1968, the Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistant （FLTA） program has aimed to strengthen foreign language instruction at U.S. educational institutions by establishing a native speaker presence. As one of the first group of Fulbright Chinese Language Assistants, the author worked at the College of Wooster in the United States from August, 2005 to May, 2006. At the beginning of the paper, the author gave a brief introduction of Fulbright FLTA program. Then the author described five cultural activities that Fulbright FLTAs could employ in foreign language learners＇ learning process： giving presentations, teaching songs, watching movies, organizing free tea or coffee breaks, and holding free talks. The following section discussed two phenomena that FLTAs should avoid, that is, ethnocentrism and cultural stereotyping. The author pointed out in the conclusion that Fulbright language assistants should make efforts to be qualified cultural ambassadors.

Positivism and Variation： Literary Communication and Propagation at Heterogeneous Cultural Context

The study of the international literary relations in comparative literature includes not only the positivistic relations of different nations and different literary systems, but also the relations of variation among different literatures when it comes to the cross-civilization heterogeneity. Therefore, the positivistic approach and that of variation in the study of international literary relations constitute the two indispensable pillars in this field.

Building of cognizing semantic map in large-scale semi-unknown environment

The quick response code based artificial labels are applied to provide semantic concepts and relations of surroundings that permit the understanding of complexity and limitations of semantic recognition and scene only with robot's vision.By imitating spatial cognizing mechanism of human,the robot constantly received the information of artificial labels at cognitive-guide points in a wide range of structured environment to achieve the perception of the environment and robot navigation.The immune network algorithm was used to form the environmental awareness mechanism with "distributed representation".The color recognition and SIFT feature matching algorithm were fused to achieve the memory and cognition of scenario tag.Then the cognition-guide-action based cognizing semantic map was built.Along with the continuously abundant map,the robot did no longer need to rely on the artificial label,and it could plan path and navigate freely.Experimental results show that the artificial label designed in this work can improve the cognitive ability of the robot,navigate the robot in the case of semi-unknown environment,and build the cognizing semantic map favorably.

On the Relationship between Language and Culture

The so-called culture refers to the tradition and style of a nation to be gradually formed in the historical development process. Language is an important reflection to culture. In fact, all sorts of views about the relationship between language and culture have been proposed in the academic circles, which are varied greatly and unable to agree with each other. In Sapir Whorf Hypothesis, Marxist theory, Grimshaw theory, and Chomsky theory, an intimate relationship between language and culture is seriously considered. Then, what is the counection between language and culture？ This is discussed in the paper, hoping to play a role of reference and help people better understand language, culture, and the objective world people live in.

Manabi as an Altemative Concept of Learning in Educational Discourses

This paper considers a theory and practices of Japanese manabi （学） as an alternative concept of learning in the era of post-globalization. Although the term manabi is widely used as the translation of learning and Lernen in the field of pedagogy and in Japanese schools, it is important to understand its meaning, since the meaning of manabi is a comprehensive concept that differs semantically from the words learning, Lernen, and Bildung in the Western words. Faced with the globalization in the 21st century, there has been a tendency to promote educational reform and curriculum policies that could be characterized as ＂learnification＂ in which ＂21st century skills,＂ ＂competency-based learning,＂ and ＂learner-centered education＂ are emphasized. While the Western idea of learning that highlights active self is attractive to change classroom practices from the transmission of knowledge to an innovative style of active, collaborative, communicative learning, and problem-solving, Japanese education sustains traditional values that derive from selflessness and nothingness in Eastern philosophy.

Homosexuality in the Context of the Evolution Theory

The purpose of the paper civilization is to provide a is to show violence as the integral property of any live being. One of the aims of controlled portion of violence to the community members. If the portions are too small then uncontrolled violence appears in different forms of criminality and self-destruction. In countries without virtual violence the terrorism and ＂suicide＂ bombers are born. For the male the aim of violence is a feeling of victory. In the nature only the winner has the right to reproduction. In a civilized society each male has the right to reproduction and the necessity to feel himself as a winner. Survival means right for reproduction. Civilization has turned the bite between men into a kiss between men （men winner） and women （men defeated）, the kick between men--into a caress between men （men winner） and women （men defeated） and, finally, the violence between men into love/eros between men （men winner） and women （men vanquished） and violence between men into homosexuality/eros between men winner and men vanquished. In the civilization, the male is winner and the female simulates the defeated male, homo or animals. We can define eros as a substitute of violence in civilization like the metamorphose of violence.

Muhammad Dib and Algerian Resistance Literature

Modern Algerian literature, unique among Arab national literary traditions, features a cultural blend of Arabic, Berber and French influences. The literature reflects their love of Algerian culture and thought, and their revolt against French colonialism. The Algerian-born Arab author Muhammad Dib （1920-2003） wrote in French, mainly about the Algerian struggle for independence. Expelled in 1959 for supporting the Algerian revolution, he settled in Paris. Considered a pioneer of Algerian literature, he was the first Arab Algerian to write Western-style novels. His Algerian trilogy, La Grande Maison, L ＇lncendie, and Le Mktier ~ tisser, was published between 1952 and 1957. Though autobiographical, the books trace both rural and urban life in pre-revolutionary times. Dib＇s 1959 thematically driven novel Un Otd Africaine （An African Summer）, analyzed here, rather than depicting the Algerian revolution itself, describes its effect on the characters and their lives. Nevertheless, the novel, framed around a cross-section of Algerian society, reflects colonial government abuses and the common people＇s sacrifices for their dream of independence. Dib also depicts France＇s colonialist attitudes as a betrayal of the ideals of the French Revolution and claims to humanitarian values.