从古诗词英译中看纽马克的“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”

中国古诗词历史源远流长,是我国文学宝库中最为宝贵的珍藏,历来受到国内外学者的青睐。对于古诗词的英译,已是自古有之。由于译者主体的不同,译文和方法也千差万别。英国著名翻译理论家彼得·纽马克对自己的研究成果进行总结,并借鉴其他一些跨学科的知识提出了“语义翻译”(semantictranslation)和“交际翻译”(communicativetranslation)理论。用纽马克的翻译理论来指导古诗英译,不但可以使译品更富有诗意,而且也会丰富翻译理论。

面向理工科研究生的“语义—语用”翻译教学模式建构

基于我国高校翻译教学现状并结合科技翻译者的专业特点，本文运用框架理论的原理和言语行为理论建构了面向理工科研究生的“语义-语用”翻译教学模式，以期提高学生的翻译能力，培养高科技翻译人才。

Hierarchical Semantic-Category-Tree Model for Chinese-English Machine Translation

We introduce a novel Sermntic-Category- Tree （SCT） model to present the sen-antic structure of a sentence for Chinese-English Machine Translation （MT）. We use the SCT model to handle the reordering in a hierarchical structure in which one reordering is dependent on the others. Different from other reordering approaches, we handle the reordering at three levels： sentence level, chunk level, and word level. The chunk-level reordering is dependent on the sentence-level reordering, and the word-level reordering is dependent on the chunk-level reordering. In this paper, we formally describe the SCT model and discuss the translation strategy based on the SCT model. Further, we present an algorithm for analyzing the source language in SCT and transforming the source SCT into the target SCT. We apply the SCT model to a role-based patent text MT to evaluate the ability of the SCT model. The experimental results show that SCT is efficient in handling the hierarehical reordering operation in MT.

Prototypical motivation of polysemy

This paper applies prototype theory to explain the motivation of polysemy. There are mainly 3 types of meaning model of polysemy, namely, radiation, concatenation and integrated model. According to prototype theory, in the semantic category formed by a polysemic word, category members are determined by prototype. They are the result of development from prototype to boundary. Connected by a network of overlapping similarities （i.e., family resemblances）, category members present different degrees of prototypicality, but not all of them can represent the category. Only the prototype can fully embody the category. With the extension of the semantic category, the boundary of the category is fuzzy and begins to intersect another semantic category.

Notes on the Semantic Clash Caused by Individual Background, a Survey on Translation Materials in Qing Dynasty

Influenced by translator＇s individual background, semantic clash is inevitable during the process of code-switching from source language to target language. This re-correspondence in semantic level has been well-shown not only in the translation of literature works, but in those of dictionary and glossary translations as well. Semantic clash, generally, is based on two main factors, one is the inherent difference between languages lying in typology features, the other is the social and culture diversity factors lying in the translator＇s personal background. According to actual translation works, social and culture factors of individual background take the dominant position unconsciously over other features in the process of code-switching. The present paper, branches the latter factor into certain categories, by analyzing bilingual dictionaries and glossaries cases in the 18th century, Qing Dynasty, and indicates that the conceptual lagging, religion beliefs, living environment and political stand embedded in individual background will somehow result in semantic clash, which will lead the relevant research to pay more attention on cross-cultural literature translation.

A Study on Semantic Coherence in Discourse Translation from the Perspective of Thematic Progression Patterns

This paper discusses the semantic coherence in discourse translation from the perspective of thematic progression, and holds that in translating a discourse the translator should spare no effort to retain the original thematic progression pattern in the target text, but when the original thematic progression pattern cannot be directly retained, the translator should construct his own thematic structure and substitute progression pattern in the target text, thus to make it as readable as the original text without distorting the original information structure. This paper also attempts to explore the circumstances under which the original thematic progression pattern can be retained and the substitute should be reconstructed.

English translation of ancient codes and records from the perspective of the semantic domain --Taking the two English editions of ＂Exploitation of the Works of Nature＂ as an example

The semantic domain, as the region of a word or a sememe occupied in the semantic field, can provide theoretical guidance for the word selection of the translation in the English translation of the ancient codes and records. With the two English versions of the ancient code of science and technology ＂Exploitation of the Works of Nature＂, by introducing the concept of the semantic domain, the author divides the biased errors in the translation of the English versions of ＂Exploitation of the Works of Nature＂ into three categories of the migration of the semantic domain, the reduction of the semantic domain and the expansion of the semantic domain, which are illustrated respectively. We find that the boundaries of the semantic domains of the words in the scientific and technological codes and books are usually clear. Therefore, when selecting the translation words, we must choose the foreign words with the same semantic field, to prevent the unnecessary translation errors, which will affect the overseas dissemination of the scientific and technological classics.

Analysis of conversational implicatures in sentences and text

Grice＇s conversational implicatures have aroused far more attention in linguistics than have his conventional implicatures. The basic idea is that language-activity, most typically, is a kind of rational （and purposive） social interaction governed by the principle of co-operation. In what may now be regarded as his classic formulation of this principle, Grice recognized several kinds of co-operation which he grounded under the headings of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Each of these comprises a set of one or more subprinciples, formulated by Grice as prescriptive maxim, which participants normally obey, but may on occasion flout or violate. Those were analyzed and given examples in sentences and text in this paper.

Exploring Chinese Experimental Literary Translation： Translation of Latin American Magic Realism into Modern Chinese

The main purpose of this paper is to develop useful empirical research methods to advance the understanding of experimental Chinese literary translation. This will be based on an empirical corpus-based study of two modern Chinese versions of Gabriel Garcfa Marquez＇s One Hundred Years of Solitude. The case study reveals that in translating linguistic events, textual features and cultural phenomena that are unknown to the target audience, for example, magical realism, into Chinese, translators may adopt a range of translation strategies and tactics that lead to significant differences between the genre of the translation and the corre- sponding genre in the target language. New linguistic expressions and writing techniques introduced by experimental literary translation will either be normalised by existing writing conventions or be accepted by the target readership which in turn will expand and enrich the target language and cultural system.