简论词语修辞的基本特征

词语修辞是修辞的基础。词语修辞的特征,应框限在语言本体范围之内。其中的“语法化”更能反映语言内部的一种规律性,其走向代表了语言发展愈来愈趋于结构形式严密系统化,从而使之具有更严格的规定性;还有“修辞化”现象,首先应注意词类活用,即尽可能多地调动各样的语言单位进入述谓性词语中,以增强语言的表现力。但我们目前只能将这种现象称为一种趋势,而不是一种规律。

对空间义的区分:名词的属性义表达(二)——主宾语位置上名词的属性义表达

文章从对名词的空间义与其他意义类型进行区分这个立足点出发,分析了现代汉语名词在主宾语位置上表达属性义时的形式与语义上的特点。文章认为,此时指"个"接近指"类"用法的个体量词,正是实体名词不指称实体而指称实体的"属性"事物的形式标记。并认为现代汉名词对属性义的表达,存在一个从主宾语位置,再到定语位置、谓语位置、再到"‘很’类副词+N"格式、状语位置这样一个发展过程与过渡阶段;这个阶段中的每一步,名词的指称功能在逐步消弱,名词的空间义在逐步消失,与形容词、区别词逐步接近,但名词表属性义时一定程度上还残留些空间义与弱指称功能,同时还具有主观性与模糊性特征。

Context-attributed graph grammar framework for specifying visual languages

Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.

An Exploration of Interpersonal Meanings in Advertising Discourse from Functional Grammar Perspective

Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions of language. This paper investigates the interpersonal meanings in Chinese cosmetic advertising discourse from mood, modality and appraise the three aspects. Based on an exploratory study of data of six typical Chinese cosmetic advertising discourses, the paper claims that the distribution of mood and modality has close link with the interpersonal meaning in advertising. The Functional Grammar and Appraisal System help to reveal the interpersonal meanings of the discourse concerned.

Metafunctions and stylistic features of nominalization

As an important feature of written language, nominalization is frequently used in formal texts. Using the approach of systemic functional grammar, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the three metafunctions of nominalization, which entails the positive and negative stylistic effects. The paper also discusses the relationship between form, function and stylistic features.

On lexical characteristics of China English

China English is an English variety The paper, on the basis of the study of Asian characteristics of China English. influenced by Chinese culture and the way of Chinese thinking. English varieties, tries to describe and explain the lexical

College English： Issues and concerns regarding grammar

The new syllabus sets the standards for college English comprehension, particularly emphasizing the students＇ need for listening and speaking. Additionally, the traditional ＂grammar-translation＂ approach has been criticized and become overlooked, while its counterpart, the ＂communicative approach＂, has become increasingly popular. The result is that ＂language communication＂ is being emphasized rather than ＂basic language core theories＂ incorporating grammar rules and this might not be totally advisable. The author analyses the present educational situation pertaining to college English education and recommends responsive strategies and an improved response towards the need for grammar education.

Numbers in English and Chinese language use

The cultural connotations of numbers in English and Chinese languages are demonstrated to discuss the grammatical functions of the numbers and their rhetoric usages. For a foreign language learner, it is essential that they know not. only the denotation of the numbers, but also the connotation of the numbers. Numbers frequently play an important role in dally communication.

The Grammars of Mystical Experience in Christian Theological Dialogue

The philosophical horizon of this essay is theoretically comparative and hermeneutically dialogic. Its main philosophical and theological tonality expresses, in first person and through three discursive moments, the differentiated fusion of horizons between phenomenological and grammatical description and understanding of experience. After a philosophical overture-outlining the ethos of the dialogic problematic and situating it within the contemporary diverse and dialogic dynamic of phenomenology-I will expose the consistent, possible modalities of convergence between Husserlian phenomenology and Wittgensteinian grammar of the mystical shapes of experience. The tense, responsorial dialogue among Husserl, Heidegger, Levinas, and Wittgenstein＇s styles of thinking, far from being anymore limited to the debates between the analytical and phenomenological, will be considered from the crossed categorial spaces of Austrian philosophy and German culture in general. In a second section, I will show how the styles of phenomenology today are advancing into a cautious micro-logical grammar of comparative inquiry. This thematization will first consider some precise semantic clarifications： Experience, the mystical, extasis, evidence, and truth; in a second section, the theoretical levels of grammar and phenomenology of mystical experience are heralded in the context of the Christian theological dialogue, where I emphasize the rebirth of French theological thinking and dialogic transcendence, beginning with Maritain and de Chardin to Marcel, de Lubac, Levinas, and Marion. Finally, I consider the aesthetic expressions of mystical experience, both from the visual and musical dimensions. I will conclude this talk by highlighting theological perspectives drawn from my research in musico-philosophical problematics, through an awakening to the resonance of Being and the Divine in sonic and musical life. Through a theology of the musical λογοζ, the grammar of mystical experience reveals the sacramentality of music and the mystery of silence

Communicative Ability and Cross-cultural Competence in China＇s English Teaching

Traditional grammar-translation ：method in China＇s English teaching has long been putting emphasis on the teaching of linguistic knowledge. It is no doubt that it has got many achievements. However, it has produced many bad byproducts as well. For instance, it may produce some students who are good in grammatical achievements but lacking in responding to the actual situation. Therefore linguistic knowledge is not the whole field that English teaching should touch upon. Inducing from two instances, this article presents the importance of communicative ability and cross-cultural competence in China＇s English teaching, together with proper solutions.

A Study of Three Variants of Gerund Construction from the Contrastive Perspective of Social and Natural Academic Abstracts on Construction Grammar Theory

English gerund construction is a system composed of 3 variants, including "Gerund + Φ", "Gerund + of + NP", and "Gerund + NP". The noun and verb attributes of the 3 variants are recursive, and in theory their frequencies vary regularly in different styles. An abstract is placed before the beginning of an academic papers, which has the basic characteristics of conciseness and generalization, and has special requirements for the use of gerunds. The purpose of this study was to empirically explore the system of gerund construction in abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and to specifically explore the inherent characteristics of noun and verb properties of the 3 variants. For this purpose, two corpora were constructed, one is about abstracts of natural science papers, and the other is about abstracts of social science papers. Finally, the results of chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference in the frequencies of the 3 variants in the abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and the two corpora can be studied as a whole. In the combined corpus, there were significant differences in the frequencies of the 3 gerund variants. The frequencies of these 3 variants and their gerund properties showed a recursive change.

Sentence-making and thought patterns： Probe into the differences between English and Chinese

Different histories and cultures breed people in the West and the East, and shape their different thought patterns. The differences are manifested in languages they speak and constitute an obstacle in bi-directional understanding and interpretation. In the paper, efforts are made to exemplify the differences in English and Chinese sentence-making, and explain them in terms of the different thought patterns. The author hopes to facilitate readers to have a better understanding of the 2 different peoples and languages.

A contrastive Study of some English and Chinese Grammar items in the thinking from the perspective of＂ culture

Language carries culture, and culture contains rich language elements. At present,most scholars study the difference of the grammar between English and Chinese from the linguistic perspective, while it is very short to explain the difference of grammar between English and Chinese from cultural angle. So according to the contrastive analysis of culture difference of English grammar and Chinese grammar, it helps the language learners learn the grammar and use correct grammar, it is also of great help to the intercultural communication. It plays an active role to the teaching of grammar.

On the teaching content of Language and Culture

To cultivate English majors＇ culture awareness and improve their English integrated competence, this paper clarifies the reasons and the choice of the content for the teaching of Language and Culture. The results of the teaching and the investigation conducted by the author show that the choice of the teaching materials and the topics for the class must be included in the teaching plan. Besides, this paper also probed into the most difficult topic, the easiest topic, the topics that need to be explained more and the topics that need to be explained less in class; and the similarity and differences of the teaching contents for students in different grades are also analyzed. In the end, proper sources of the comparison of English and Chinese languages and cultures are revealed in order to enlarge students＇ knowledge and improve their competence in using English.

The more love, the more hurt： Analysis of parents and children＇s relationship in Sons and lovers

The novel Sons and lovers, written by D. H. Lawrence, describes the state that the relationship between husband and wife loses balance. That is to say, power of the wife in the family is so strong that the wife, Mrs. Morel controls the whole family but not Mr. Morel. It also informs readers the process of how she comes to change her pure maternity to the passion between man and woman after she can＇t reform her husband and can＇t find the ideal lover image in her husband. This thesis tries to analyze the formation of imbalanced relationship between husband and wife, its expression, its influence on the children and significance on family education. Meanwhile, it also warns us of the importance of family atmosphere and family education to the healthy growth of children.

A Study on Senior High School Students＇ English Reading Barriers and Strategies

Referring to the questionnaire surveys and literature materials, this paper tries to discuss the causes of high school students＇ English reading barriers and its possible strategies to improve their English reading ability. This paper used a questionnaire survey to collect data with 188 grade one high school students as research subject. The result shows English reading barriers are mainly divided into two parts, language factors and non-language factors. Language factors include vocabulary barriers, grammar barriers, discourse barriers and culture background barriers. Non-language factors mainly include psychological factors, reading habits, reading interest and reading strategies. It is suggested that joint efforts from teachers and students are needed to solve the reading barriers. Teachers should help students increase vocabulary accumulation, strengthen grammar knowledge, develop their discourse comprehension skills and teach culture knowledge in class. Students need to overcome psychological factors, develop good reading habits, do a series of trainings on reading, give immediate feedbacks and sum up reading experiences.

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck＇s value model in Chinese and American culture

Culture is the holistic interrelationship of a group＇s identity, beliefs, values, activities, rules, customs, communication patterns, and institutions （Dodd, 1998）. Values are important components of a given culture accepted by individuals sharing that culture. They are deep and hidden elements of the cultural iceberg that are seldom questioned or defended but can reflect different characteristics of different cultures. Kluckhohn and Strodbeck＇s value model is used here to analyze distinct Chinese and American culture.

Seemingly ethnopetalism and hidden ethnofugalism in intercultural communication

The film The treatment is supposed to express the idea that understanding and appreciation of each other＇s culture is very important in intercultural communication. But behind this veil, ethnofugalism can be found by way of analyzing their conversations and behaviors. This paper tries to see their attitude towards their mother tongue and their own cultural tradition. It holds that no culture is inferior to others, which is the base on which intercultural communication is built.

Cultural Introduction in English Vocabulary Teaching in China

Every language possesses three cardinal elements： phonetic element, lexical element, and grammatical structure, of which lexis is the fundamental pillar that supports the huge system of a language. The close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words. In fact, being the most active and elastic element of a language, vocabulary has the greatest culture-loading capacity. Vocabulary teaching is an integral part of foreign language teaching. Its efficiency has a direct relation with the development of the learners＇ communicative competence. Vocabulary is culture-bound, so it is self-evident that culture introduction is indispensable in teaching. The author attempts to make a comparison between English and Chinese cultures, to make clear how cultural disparities exist in English and Chinese vocabulary, and to put forward some constructive suggestions on how to integrate culture into vocabulary teaching in Chinese schools, so as to promote the efficiency of vocabulary teaching and improve learners＇ competence in intercultural communication.

Local Literature in a Global World？ Catalan Literature for Children and Young People

This paper is part of a wider project being carried out by the Research Group Literary Education, Culture and Society, which has been subsidised by the Ministry of University of Spain. Our project＇s main aim is the close study of three closely interrelated phenomena, globalisation, exclusion and multiculturality, in order to determine the influences on the children and young people Literature. We intend in this paper to show the results of a first research made in a smaller corpus in order to better draw up the entire project.