The food habits hypothesis （FHH） stands as one of the most striking and often-cited interspecific patterns to emerge from comparative studies of endothermic energetics. The FHH identifies three components of diet th...The food habits hypothesis （FHH） stands as one of the most striking and often-cited interspecific patterns to emerge from comparative studies of endothermic energetics. The FHH identifies three components of diet that potentially produce variability in mass-independent BMR, i.e. food quality, food availability, and food predictability or environmental productivity. The hypothesis predicts that species with diets of low energy content and/or low digestibility should evolve low mass-independent BMRs. The effects of food habits on BMR have been widely investigated at the interspecific level, but the variation between individuals and populations has been largely ignored. Our focus is to compare predictions derived from interspecific studies with data collected from within-species studies to explore the mechanisms and functional significance of adaptive responses predicted by the food-habits hypothesis among birds. We conclude that if BMR is correlated with daily energy expenditure, then organisms that can lower BMR will reduce daily energy expenditure and hence, food requirements. Birds that lower BMR in stressful environments may increase survival. Nevertheless, the mechanism （s） by which birds eating a low quality diet reduce BMR and whether lower BMR affects fitness remain to be determined [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 759-766, 2010].展开更多
For Deleuze, the time of thinking in terms of＂I＂ or ＂sell＂ has already ended. Novelists, according to Deleuze, have already recognized this. What these new novelists have realized is simply the way to elude contro...For Deleuze, the time of thinking in terms of＂I＂ or ＂sell＂ has already ended. Novelists, according to Deleuze, have already recognized this. What these new novelists have realized is simply the way to elude control, a new intuition to develop unidentifiable means of resistance. Who are these novelists？ What struggles have been made in their work for liberation？ In what sense these fictions are revolutionary？ And what does it mean to think as impersonal individuations？ I argue, in this piece of work, that Italo Calvino is one of those novelists, in fictions of whom one might find truthful answers to most of the questions above and trace revolutionary insights of the kind Deleuze implicitly fosters. The ordinary characters or non-characters of Calvino function in a sense as a minor language operating through pages of the fiction. The fact that they are not in focus or not habitually actualized gives them power to resist representation. The elusive force running through the fiction might clearly be read as Deleuze-Guattarian body-without-organs. Accomplishing a reading of this kind requires a machinic thinking. What I attempt in this work is to try to perform such an experimental reading.展开更多
文摘The food habits hypothesis （FHH） stands as one of the most striking and often-cited interspecific patterns to emerge from comparative studies of endothermic energetics. The FHH identifies three components of diet that potentially produce variability in mass-independent BMR, i.e. food quality, food availability, and food predictability or environmental productivity. The hypothesis predicts that species with diets of low energy content and/or low digestibility should evolve low mass-independent BMRs. The effects of food habits on BMR have been widely investigated at the interspecific level, but the variation between individuals and populations has been largely ignored. Our focus is to compare predictions derived from interspecific studies with data collected from within-species studies to explore the mechanisms and functional significance of adaptive responses predicted by the food-habits hypothesis among birds. We conclude that if BMR is correlated with daily energy expenditure, then organisms that can lower BMR will reduce daily energy expenditure and hence, food requirements. Birds that lower BMR in stressful environments may increase survival. Nevertheless, the mechanism （s） by which birds eating a low quality diet reduce BMR and whether lower BMR affects fitness remain to be determined [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 759-766, 2010].
文摘For Deleuze, the time of thinking in terms of＂I＂ or ＂sell＂ has already ended. Novelists, according to Deleuze, have already recognized this. What these new novelists have realized is simply the way to elude control, a new intuition to develop unidentifiable means of resistance. Who are these novelists？ What struggles have been made in their work for liberation？ In what sense these fictions are revolutionary？ And what does it mean to think as impersonal individuations？ I argue, in this piece of work, that Italo Calvino is one of those novelists, in fictions of whom one might find truthful answers to most of the questions above and trace revolutionary insights of the kind Deleuze implicitly fosters. The ordinary characters or non-characters of Calvino function in a sense as a minor language operating through pages of the fiction. The fact that they are not in focus or not habitually actualized gives them power to resist representation. The elusive force running through the fiction might clearly be read as Deleuze-Guattarian body-without-organs. Accomplishing a reading of this kind requires a machinic thinking. What I attempt in this work is to try to perform such an experimental reading.
