物流中的货物追踪

打开许多中大型货运公司的网页,我们经常可以看到比以往增添了货物追踪这个栏目,不管是海运、空运、陆运或邮政,只要输入您的提单号(B/Lno.)、航空运单号(AWB no.)或托运单号,甚至您只须输入发货人或收货人的名字,您就可以知道您的货物在某个时刻或时段的准确位置.联邦企递为的关系就像是跟踪单号,如果您连不甚至更加普遍,以用电子邮件追踪.

试论海上货物运输中“货物收据”的法律性质

Cargo Receipt" is a fresh subject that has caused wide disputein maritime trials. The article by quoting a typical case concernedwith cargo receipt dispute and arguing from the point of legal basis,and of cargo receipt’s ob1igatory right and its applicable condition,demonstrates that cargo receipt is a prima facie evidence of both theexecution of maritime transport contract and the receipt of goods onthe carrier’s part. The article therefore specifies the legal nature ofthe cargo receipt. Meanwhi1e, this article draws further distinctionbetween cargo receipt, bill of lad1ng and mate’s receipt. The articleis quite original in the view about cargo receipt, a subject in thefrontier of maritime trials and calls for further discussions amongexperts.

浅谈军用重型装备运输车的研制及发展

随着武器装备技术的不断发展,重型装备(如坦克及各种履带式装甲车辆)在战争中的绝对优势已逐步弱化,战争的态势已逐渐从大规模战争转化为局部战争,但重型装备在地区冲突、反恐、维和等军事行动中的作用仍不容忽视。因而,只要有重型装备的存在,就有重型装备运输车的需求。本文从不同方面阐述了重型装备运输车的发展趋势及研制过程中需考虑的一些问题。

专家评说:中国“货的”时代到来

随着中国道路建设不断的发展,高速公路及高等级公路里程的快速增长,公路的运输方式和运输法规必然与国际接轨,而封闭厢式货车以其安全、可靠、卫生、美观等优势将会在中国得到普及。然而,由于诸多原因,目前中国的专业货柜车车厢生产厂家还很小。

Energy Embodied in Goods in International Trade of China: Calculation and Policy Implications

In recent years, China's energy demand and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown very fast, quite an amount of which was exported as energy embodied in goods in international trade rather than consumed domestically. Starting from the concept of embodied energy, based on input-output energy analysis approach, in this paper the energy embodied in goods in international trade of China during the period from 2001 to 2006 is calculated. The results show that although China has become a net importer of petroleum since 1993, China is a net exporter of embodied energy due to international trade in goods. In 2002, the total amount of energy embodied in exported goods was about 410 million tce (ton of coal equivalent, hereinafter referred to as "tce"). Eliminating the amount of energy embodied in imported goods of about 170 million tce, the net export of embodied energy was about 240 million tce, accounting for 16% of the aggregate primary energy consumption of that very year in China, and the net export of embodied emissions was about 150 million tons of carbon. With the rapid growth of China's international trade, assuming no structural input-output changes of among sectors, in 2006 the net export of embodied energy went up to about 630 million tce, an increase of 162 % over 2002. In addition, this paper also analyzes the possible sources of error in calculation, and also discusses the policy implications according to the result of the calculation.

A Simple Prediction Formula of Roll Damping of Conventional Cargo Ships on the Basis of Ikeda＇s Method and Its Limitation

Since the roll damping of ships has significant effects of viscosity, it is difficult to calculate it theoretically. Therefore, experimental results or some prediction methods are used to get the roll damping in design stage of ships. Among some prediction methods, Ikeda＇s one is widely used in many ship motion computer programs. Using the method, the roll damping of various ship hulls with various bilge keels can be calculated to investigate its characteristics. To calculate the roll damping of each ship, detailed data of the ship are needed to input. Therefore, a simpler prediction method is expected in primary design stage. Such a simple method must be useful to validate the results obtained by a computer code to predict it on the basis of Ikeda＇s method, too. On the basis of the predicted roll damping by Ikeda＇s method for various ships, a very simple prediction formula of the roll damping of ships is deduced in the present paper. Ship hull forms are systematically changed by changing length, beam, draft, mid-ship sectional coefficient and prismatic coefficient. It is found, however, that this simple formula can not be used for ships that have high position of the center of gravity. A modified method to improve accuracy for such ships is proposed.

Container Cargo Simulation Modeling for Measuring Impacts of Infrastructure Investment Projects in Pearl River Delta

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), there is severe competition between container ports, particularly those in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, for collecting international maritime container cargo. In addition, the second phase of the Nansha terminal in Guangzhou’s port and the first phase of the Da Chang Bay container terminal in Shenzhen opened last year. Under these circumstances, there is an increasing need to quantitatively measure the impact these infrastructure investments have on regional cargo flows. The analysis should include the effects of container terminal construction, berth deepening, and access road construction. The authors have been developing a model for international cargo simulation (MICS) which can simulate the movement of cargo. The volume of origin-destination (OD) container cargo in the East Asian region was used as an input, in order to evaluate the effects of international freight transportation policies. This paper focuses on the PRD area and, by incorporating a more detailed network, evaluates the impact of several infrastructure investment projects on freight movement.

Study on Vitalizing Port Operation at Ulsan Port： Focused on Main Port of Ulsan

Ulsan port is the hugest industry-oriented port in South Korea. It has the third highest traffic volume of cargo, and also it has the most liquid bulk in Korea. However, on account of thoughtless development, there are other cases like Ulsan port that liquid cargo and general cargo are simultaneously handled. The demurrage ratio takes up to 12.5% of probability on average. In 2010, it has less room at berths for liquid bulk than general cargo and it totally has 107% of processing ratio （throughput）. This indicates that Ulsan port concentrates on liquid cargo more than general cargo depending on the characteristics of the port. This research suggests the effects as alternatives for efficiency and effectivity at both ports, Ulsan port and Pohang port in the case that the general cargo handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port in terms of the characteristics of products which Pohang port and its hinterland the most focused on. Namely, we estimate volume of relocated volume suitable for relocation in assumption that volume handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port scenario by scenario, analyze the effects of relocated volume, and suggest alternatives for vitalizing Ulsan port.

CFD Based Simulation of LNG Release during Bunkering and Cargo Loading/Unloading Simultaneous Operations of a Containership

In order to reduce waiting time in port for large LNG （liquefied natural gas） fueled ships, it is suggested that LNG STS （ship to ship） bunkering and cargo loading/unloading should be carried out simultaneously. This study investigated the safety zone of an LNG bunkering vessel with 10,000 cubic meters capacity transferring LNG fuel to an LNG fueled 18,000 TEU containership. Four LNG leakage scenarios were identified based on failure frequencies analysis of piping systems and severity of consequence, three-dimension CFD software FLACS was adopted to calculate flammable cloud dispersion after LNG leakage. As a result, we obtained a rectangle dangerous zone （41.3 m ~ 126 m）, outside of this dangerous zone can be def＇med as safety zone. It is concluded that safety zone of LNG STS bunkering and cargo loading/unloading SIMOPS （simultaneous operations） cannot keep the same, there are different results for different designs and operation locations. Due to high frequencies and severe consequences, two typical scenarios, the leakage of LNG hose and the natural gas releases from bunkering tank＇s safety relief valve during bunkering, cannot be ignored in similar study.

A Simulation-Based Probabilistic Design Method for Arctic Sea Transport Systems

When designing an arctic cargo ship, it is necessary to consider multiple stochastic factors. This paper evaluates the merits of a simulation-based probabilistic design method specifically developed to deal with this challenge. The outcome of the paper indicates that the incorporation of simulations and probabilistic design parameters into the design process enables more informed design decisions. For instance, it enables the assessment of the stochastic transport capacity of an arctic ship, as well as of its long-term ice exposure that can be used to determine an appropriate level of ice-strengthening. The outcome of the paper also indicates that significant gains in transport system cost-efficiency can be obtained by extending the boundaries of the design task beyond the individual vessel. In the case of industrial shipping, this allows for instance the consideration of port-based cargo storage facilities allowing for temporary shortages in transport capacity and thus a reduction in the required fleet size / ship capacity.

FORGING ASIA′S GLOBAL TRANSPARK IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA AT ZHUHAI

The main purpose of the paper is to introduce the concept of the Global TransPark (GTP). It is a critical time to develop air logistics infrastructure in the New Economy. The paper also presents a brief review of the air cargo industry in the Asian-Pacific region and China,in particular China’s development in the industry as its economy has grown rapidly and globalized in the past two decades. The paper argues that China needs to develop a GTP to support its future growth,and explains why the Pearl River Delta-Hong Kong-Macao city-region or Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) is the best location. Finally,it proposes that Zhuhai Airport,one of the five airports in the EMR,is the best site for the GTP. New policies from Chinese government as well as close cooperation between local governments of Guangdong and the two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao will be needed to make the establishment of the GTP possible.

Optimization in Allocating Goods to Shop Shelves Utilizing Genetic Algorithm for Yogurt Sales Data

How to allocate goods to shop shelves makes great influence to sales amount. Searching the best fit allocation of goods to the shelves is a kind of combinatorial problem. This becomes a problem of integer programming and utilizing genetic algorithm （GA） being an effective method. Reviewing past researches, there are few researches made on this. Formerly, the paper concerning optimization in allocating goods to shop shelves utilizing the GA was presented by us. In those papers, the problem that goods were allowed to allocate in multiple shelves was pursued. In this paper, the problem that does not allow goods to be allocated in multiple shelves is examined and the concept of sales profits and sales probabilities is introduced. Optimization in allocating goods to shop shelves is investigated. An application to the shop shelves for yogurt is executed. Utilizing GA, the optimum solution is pursued and verified by a numerical example. Various patterns of problems must be examined hereafter.

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

In recent years,scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries.In this article,the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector,and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption.The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained.From the data of international trade,the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001.During this period,the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones.As a country with a surplus in international goods trade,China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years.The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.

The Importance of the Creation of CEFTA-2006 for the Western Balkans＇ Trade Exchange of Goods

By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade area among the following member-states： Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Monte Negro and Serbia.l The free trade area was supposed to be fully functional by the end of 2010 and should provide trade liberalization by elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, as well as trade facilitation by simplification of rules of origin and transit procedures. It should also provide mutual recognition of national sanitary, phytosanitary and technical standards. The free trade area should also enable free trade of services, full protection of intellectual rights, fair rules of public procurement procedures and liberalization of capital investment. The beginning of the creation of the free trade area of the Western Balkan countries created a positive effect upon the increment of the trade exchange of goods among its member-states. However, the weak individual economic capacity of each of them immediately caused a decrement in the exports of goods towards trading partners out of CEFTA-2006. Positive effects realized in the beginning of the creation of the free-trade area were very soon annulated by the influence of the economic crises in 2008. At present, the region experiences a slight, but very slow recovery.

Embodied Pollution in China-U.S.Trade——An Empirical Study Based on Estimation of Input-Output Technology Matrix

Using input-output tables of China and the U.S., this paper has calculated the pollution embodied in trade and structure of pollution, the balance of emissions embodied in trade （BEET） and the pollution terms of trade （PTT） for 18 manufacturing sectors of China and the US. between 2001 and 2010. The calculation aims to verify whether China has become a ＂pollution haven＂ in bilateral trade with developed countries represented by the U.S., and whether Chinese exports are ＂dirtier＂ compared with imports from the U.S., and further conducting an industry structure analysis and effect decomposition study on pollution embodied in trade in industrial goods between China and U.S.. Result of our research indicates that according to our calculation of the BEET, China remains a country with environmental deficits in bilateral trade with the U.S. while the gaps between pollution embodied in China＇s export and import are narrowing. Pollution embodied in China＇s export has the tendency of increase before decline while pollution embodied in import demonstrates no significant tendency of decline. Through effect decomposition, we further found that the effect of technology arising from the substantial decline of pollution intensity effectively lowered pollution embodied in export and narrowed the environmental deficits of China in its bilateral trade. The effect of scale arising from growing export volumes significantly increased China＇s environmental deficits while the structural effect arising from changes in the structure of import and export is insignificant in reducing environmental deficits. Our calculation of the PTT led to the finding that China＇s export goods are more pollution intensive compared with import goods and that the structure of US exports to China is cleaner than the structure of Chinese exports to the US., which requires further improvements of China＇s import and export structure.

Transport Risk Assessment for the Environment

Transport risk assessment for the environment has two important aspects--problem solving model and solution veracity. Problem solving model is larger understanding of tasks interconnection, which represents in itself partial solution of general risk assessment. Veracity of solution means how the results are consistent with the reality. By researching of both aspects, it rises many unanswered questions. It is concerned about verification and validation of risk assessment results. By risk assessment for the environment it is possible to meet wide variety of more or less good soluble problems. It exists simple problems based on risk assessment of common traffic accidents connected with service charge outflow. On the other site, it exists complex problems of risk assessment connected with dangerous goods transport by traffic or pipelines. By simple problems solving there are not many questions about risk assessment veracity. It is possible to determine traffic accidents frequencies and service charge outflows consequences on the basis of examined events in transportation with great veracity. By complex problems the situation is quite different. The frequencies of large accidents are very low but the consequences for the environment may be large. Both are encumbered by large level of uncertainty. That is why the question is rising. To what degree, it is in these cases correct to make decision based on risk assessment.

Analysis of the Competition of Ports in the Middle East Container Ports Using HHI

The market concentration of selected 24 container port/terminal in the Middle East region was evaluated. Data collected for 6 years （2009-2014）, HHI （Herfindahl-Hirschman index technique） was used to analyse the market behaviour and the movement of the market towards monopoly or to lead to PPC （pure and perfect competition）. Based on the above, by analyzing the defined market data, it was found to be a promising market and tends to competition. Of course, this serves the interest of the client, which is the efficiency and speed of cargo handling safely and at the lowest cost.

Vehicle Tracking in the Process of Transport of Dangerous Goods GPS/GSM Technology

In the paper it has reviewed the monitoring of vehicles in the transport of hazardous substances based on the using of GPS/GSM technology. The basic principles of the GPS concept and hardware have been exhibited which are implemented in locating the vehicle. They have also identified the locating techniques underlying the monitoring process. It has presented an active system for monitoring parameters of the means of transport.

A tentative study on security management based on dangerous goods road transportation

The paper conducts analysis on the causes of dangerous goods road transportation accidents by applying analytic technique of security system science - Event Tree Analysis （ETA）. By computing minimum cut and minimal path set of event tree and the important level of elementary event, the paper elicits the results that the factors of causing road transportation accident are multiple and its hazard is great while the paper also elicits the sorting of structural important level of elementary event. The paper offers the security countermeasures for dangerous goods road transportation which plays a vital role in safeguarding dangerous goods road transportation security.

Freight Transport Using Short Sea Shipping

The increasing imbalance between road and maritime transport has led to saturation of the terrestrial infrastructures. For this reason, the development and analysis of an intermodal freight transport which is safe, reliable and sustainable is the first step to a more balanced growth of other transport options. In this sense, SSS （Short Sea Shipping） rises like a real and efficient alternative to the land road-based transport as well as integrated to a multimodal system door to door for the freight distribution. This paper aims to evaluate and identify all those parameters required to determine the characteristics ofa SSS service under a theoretical approach. The increasing growth of the transport market demands to the maritime transport an adaptation effort to the redistribution space processes of production centers and consumption and, as a result of it, of the logistic flows and transport. For this reason, a specific methodology has been developed to model all those phases integrated in the logistic chain of SSS. The final purpose is to determine costs and time of each one of them, for its later implementation in a heuristic algorithm of routing analysis. The main driving factors that determine under which conditions the SSS represents an effective and a feasible solution to road freight are also identified. Information regarding European Union programs to promote the SSS is also presented for a better understanding of the ways of funding sustainable freight transport projects. This investigation states an initial basis for evaluating the competitiveness of SSS concepts, and shows where market and environmental circumstances could be handled in order to enhance the competitiveness of SSS.