大学设“贫困生楼”，压力？动力？

今年秋季开学,扬州大学的姚同学没有住进每年1200元的公寓楼,而是与几个同学住进了每年500元的专门为贫困学生安排的宿舍,即所谓的"贫困生楼".

大学生欠学费问题研究

近年来大学生欠学费情况的蔓延,已成为社会关注的焦点。文章从高等教育成本分析理论、政府投入、贫困生认证机制、社会道德、就业形势、学校德育等方面对其进行了分析研究,并提出了相应对策。

Discussion on Calculation Method of Poverty Incidence in the Exit Evaluation of Poverty-Stricken Counties and Villages

Poverty incidence is the key index that needs to be measured in the poverty exit examination and evaluation of 832 poverty-stricken counties and 128 000 poverty-stricken villages. In this paper, based on the statement of general concept and conventional calculation method of the poverty incidence, the calculation method of poverty incidence in the exit evaluation of poverty-stricken counties （also including poverty-stricken township and poverty-stricken villages） was investigated through the view of the third-party evaluation. In addition to considering the previous ＂number of planned poverty remaining population＂, the method also needed to give consideration to the exiting mistaken population, evaluation missing population. Based on the case in Yuanyang County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, the poverty incidences of 10 exit planning villages by the end of 2017 in Yuanyang County were investigated and estimated, and suggestions were proposed to promote the precise poverty alleviation and poverty relief of the county.

视点

焦点贫困生楼将击碎社会的焊接点郭松民在《新京报》撰文认为:当我看到扬州大学专门设立“贫困生楼”时,我的第一反应是,再没有什么方式能比这种做法,更有效地撕裂我们的社会了。

Microcredit as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction： A Case Study of the Sudan

Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.

Energy Poverty and UN Development Goals

The importance of energy has been rooted in every aspect of human life. If we have no access to electricity and depend on traditional biomass fuels to meet household energy demands, it will mean we cannot enjoy the modern energy service. With the deepening international understanding of the issue, many countries have been promoting the practice of eliminating energy poverty, and the "universal access to affordable, clean and sustainable energy" has become one of the post 2015 UN development goals.

Brazil After Lula and Dilma Administrations： The Bolsa Familia and Implantation of a Basic Income

The Family Stipend Program （Bolsa Famflia--BF） has been implemented since 2003 as the main strategy to face poverty in Brazil. Its benefit is the transfer of income to poor and extremely poor families as well as to articulate the monetary income transfer with some structural policies, mainly education, health, and work. The BF has already reached almost 14 million of families and is implemented in all the 5,545 Brazilian municipalities, i.e. about ~ of the Brazilian population. The program requires the fulfillment of some conditionalities in the field of education and health, such as： enrollment and attendance of the children and adolescents in school; children must get basic health care; and pregnant women must receive prenatal care. The BF is considered in Brazil, according to Eduardo Suplicy＇s Law Bill 266/2001 sanctioned by President Lula on ]anuary 8 of 2004, as the first step towards creating a Citizenship Basic Income. The goal of this proposal is to present and to problematize the recent political and economic post Lula and Dilma Administrations situation in order to demonstrate the climate of regression in the social protection programs and the dismantling of the same social rights already conquered by the worker class and the poor population. Among the programs to be mentioned is the BF. The intention is to highlight the economic situation of a long recession and rise in unemployment rates besides the decrease of the workers＇ income and the repression of social movements, in order to develop an analysis of the BF in this context.

Regulating services in poverty ecosystems dynamics: evidences from South Asia

Valuation of ecosystem services has been sought as effective tools that enable the decision makers in designing the cost effective response policies for management of ecosystems towards alleviating the poverty especially in economically poor regions like South Asia. Various directions and linkages between poverty and degradation of ecosystem and reduced flow of ecosystem services can better be understood if the regulating services like hydrological flow and carbon sequestration by forest, and nutrient cycling and bioremediation： by wetlandv can be captured in monetary unit. South Asian Countries including India. Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the hotspots of poverty where poor depend upon various ecosystem services for their livelihoods and allocation of resource for conservation of ecosystems would have additional merit if regulating services are captured and internalized into the pubtic policy.The paperfirst raises problematic issues in valuation of regulatig ecosystem services, and attempts to link it withthe dependence of poor. Second, complexities of poverty-ecosystem dynamics are discussed. Thirdly, the possible in-tervention to achieve poverty alleviation goal is analyzed with the help of some examples from accounting and valua-tion of regulating services of lndian forest. Finally, the paper suggests that greater attention is needed to do credibleand better valuation of regulating Services so that insight from these ean be used in understanding the impact of degradation of ecosysterns On poor people.

Energy poverty in Greek mountainous areas： a comparative study

The paper studied the energy poverty in the mountainous areas of Greece through parallel primary surveys, in comparison with the country-level conditions. The surveys are based on objective financial and expenditure data as well as on subjective views about housing conditions. The objective approach showed that mountainous areas of Greece are burdened with much higher energy expenditure while also having lower annual incomes. Under these circumstances, the energy poverty rate skyrocketed to73.5%. The subjective indicators reveal significant aspects of the problem, such as the intense problem of damp walls and mold growth at home or the restriction of other basic needs in order to cover heating needs. However, despite the proven high vulnerability of Greek mountainous areas, current energy policy actually ignores the special features of mountainous areas, implementing horizontal policies.Therefore, a specialized energy plan targeted to alleviating energy poverty in mountainous areas in Greece is an urgent imperative.

Study on migrant workers of intergenerational transmission of poverty and social assistance problems

With the accelerated pace of urbanization, the construction of the city needs a large number of labor force, more and more farmers come out of the countryside to work in the city, forming a special group of migrant workers. With the emergence of migrant workers groups, there has been a new generation of migrant workers. This article from the perspective ofintergenerational transfer of migrant workers poverty, social assistance as the breakthrough point, through the transfer phenomenon and social relief situation of migrant workers in poverty from generation to generation, according to international advanced experience put forward the blocking of migrant workers in the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Poverty and Agroforestry Adoption： The Cases of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis in Godohou Village （Southern Benin）

The decomposition of the environmental degradation cost in Benin Republic revealed that the agricultural activities are responsible of the greatest amount of this cost （76.1%）. This situation is strengthened by the fallow periods shortening （and even suppression） in the southern Benin in general, because of demographic pressure. The promotion of some improved fallow technologies （IFT） was then launched some decades ago. This study focused on two IFT of high agro-ecological value, Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis, in order to determine the influence of the farmers＇ wellbeing state on their farming systems in general, and on the adoption level of these two technologies in Godohou village （southern Benin）. The data analysis revealed that： There was no significant difference between the farmers＇ amount knowing the agronomic and ecological value of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis from a level of prosperity to another; Three wealth levels were distinguished： The poor class （Ayatonon class）, the less poor class （Metchivo-Houedeka class） and the non poor class （Hotonon class） which represented respectively 35.4%, 55.9% and 8.7%;The adoption rate of Mucuna and Acacia fallow was globally low in Godohou village （25.7%）, but this adoption rate was lesser in the poorest class than in all other classes. This trend was confirmed if we integrate a global agro-ecological analysis of the farming systems practiced by the farmers.

Current Situation of University Poor Student

Education is rejuvenating the country, education is the talent in the country and rejuvenating the beginning. Popularization of higher education is thc ultimate goal in the development of the national education levcl, to enhance the knowledge of the entire Chinese nation, the quality level is important. In recent years, the university has gone through college enrollment, fee system reform policy changes, the gross enrollment rate is 40% in 2015, exceeding the average level of middle income countries, is a big step forward on education in China. Along with the change in universities, the proportion of poor students has been expanded, and therefore the state has increased concern about the poor students in colleges and univcrsities. To prevent students drop out of school because of family difficulties, the use of government scholarships, grants in thc form of direct or indirect funding for poor students in colleges and universities. However, many problems still arise in College student poverty measures to implement the process, such as a lack of material poverty Branch precision, ＂the material poverty, spiritual poverty of light＂, the students lack credibility, etc. These problems lead to the expected results of poverty alleviation has not really achieved. This article will be poor college students, the poor student＇s current development summarized and analyzed from multiple levels of student poverty problems generated in the process.

Solar Power Highlights China’s Manufacturing Future

CHINA’s achievements in economic development and poverty reduction are historically unprecedented.But,it must never be forgotten from what an extremely low base China began its development in 1949 after a century of foreign invasions and wars.In 1950 only 10 countries for which there is data had lower per capita GDPs than China.

Fuel Poverty and Comfort in Modern Residential Apartments in Developing Countries： A Case from Jordan

Energy is one of the most important resources in the economy of developing countries. Jordan depends mainly on imported oil and gas at international prices. This creates a heavy burden upon Jordanian national economy, which is reflected in the same time on other sectors of the Jordanian society. The ever increasing fuel prices make it very necessary to look for new renewable energy resources. Jordan as a developing country with its fast growing urban development and construction projects will be studied. It is worthy to study the dynamic relationship between end user, fuel and comfort in the residential sector. Energy is a chronic problem in Jordan, due to lack of non renewable energy resources, the end consumer is influenced by this fact, in achieving his basic energy needs. This study tries to shed light on the fuel poverty line, definitions and parameters of fuel poverty. And to study what has been done in this regard on both international and local level. No studies have been identified in Jordan which, explore the problem of fuel poverty, especially after the vast and recent increase in fuel prices internationally and locally. This study will follow theoretical and field survey to understand the relationship between comfort, energy and building fabric. Method will depend mainly on field survey and statistical data, and necessary measurements, questionnaires will be adopted when necessary to explore comfort levels related to fuel consumption. Summary and recommendations will be concerned with how thermal comfort could be achieved within the ranges of fuel accessibility, building fabric, minimum pollution and cost.

Rural Poverty Patterns and Influencing Factors in Yunnan Province,China:Based on County Level Dataset

The identification of poverty at the county level is the precondition for poverty alleviation by formulating accurate strategies that are targeted for a certain area.Yunnan Province has the largest number of poverty counties in China.The vast number of people living under the poverty-line,and the deep degree of poverty across a wide distribution range,pose major challenges.Based on the rural poverty incidence data,this paper describes the rural poverty patterns in Yunnan Province in 2010 and 2015,and then it explores the main factors which influence the incidence and changes in rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province using a stepwise regression analysis method.This study found that the rural poverty in counties of Yunnan Province was deeply affected by natural conditions and the geographical environment.In 2010 and 2015,the rural poverty situation in the middle region of Yunnan Province was relatively light,while it was more serious in the northwest,northeast and south regions.The pattern of county poverty is in good agreement with the topography and landforms of Yunnan Province and the poverty-stricken areas.There are strong correlations between the incidence of rural poverty in Yunnan Province with both the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization.These factors are related to the living standards and agricultural production necessary for the peasantry to sustain their livelihood.The change in the incidence of rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2015 is significantly correlated with changes in the value-added of the primary industries and the degree of agricultural mechanization.These correlations indicate that the development of primary industry plays a key role in the process of lifting rural residents in Yunnan Province out of poverty so they can achieve prosperity.Therefore,improving the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization for rural areas in Yunnan Province are still the main points for focused efforts.In the current phase of poverty alleviation,Yunnan Province should emphasize increasing rural residents'income and agricultural production and management in order to formulate effective policies and measures for poverty alleviation.

Contribution of Community Forestry in Poverty Reduction: Case Study of Multiple Community Forests of Bajhang District, Nepal

In Nepal,nearly half of the total land is covered by forest,which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty.The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy,a fragile ecology,and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today.Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976,poverty still remains widespread,persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal,where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes,clothing,housing,healthcare,education,sanitary facilities and human rights.Thus,Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia,with 25.2%people living below the poverty line.The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program,in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities.For this study,Bajhang district was chosen as the study site,which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal.Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews,focus group discussions and key informants’interviews including secondary data were used to gather information.The findings showed that the forest users'participation in meetings,discussion and other activities,like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry,was high.The assessment found that 42.3%,32.6%and 25.1%of respondents strongly agreed,agreed and were neutral,respectively,towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred.The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods.Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines,aesthetic value and ecotourism,control of soil erosion/land-slides,water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter.This was apparent from the formulation of community forests.Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted,Therefore,the government,policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal.

Problems and thoughts on the present system of assisting impoverished students in Chinese higher education institutes

By sending out questionnaires to 106 counselors of 98 colleges and universities,panel discussion and interviewing,the authors implement a fairly comprehensive survey on the development of the financial aid system of assisting impoverished students in higher education institutes(HEIs)in China,including national student loans,award fund supported by government,on campus workstudy and subsidy,etc.This paper aims at probing into some major problems that exist in this system and offer some suggestions and countermeasures on how to improve and develop the system.

Empowerment of an Aging Population and Rural Women Farmers: a Small Business Model-A Japanese Case Study

Using the combined approach of questionnaire and semi-structured interview, this study aims to exam- ine the characteristics of a small agricultural business, and benefits perceived by the participants, and challenges. The ＂multi-industrial system＂ regional initiative for creating new high-value-added businesses project encourages rural residents to commercialize their surplus agricultural and forestry products, such as pickled or dried wild and cultivated plants. Knowledgeable older people, women farmers in particular, are motivated to market their vegeta- bles directly to the urban market, and their home-processed wild plants to local restaurants and hotels. It found that the older people involved in the business considered that their health and economic situation had been improved through participating in vegetable cultivation and sales. Some lessons from this case study can be identified： the empowerment of older people and women farmers, through active interaction with the market and learning new technologies, including internet-based information search strategies.