Effects of soccer training on health-related physical fitness measures in male adolescents

Purpose: The aims of this study were to(1) investigate the health-related physical fitness profile of untrained adolescent boys in comparison to adolescent soccer players,(2) determine the intensity and enjoyment of 6 v 6 and 4 v 4 small-sided games, and(3) evaluate the health-related effects of a short-period of soccer training in the untrained group.Methods: Forty-one adolescent boys(untrained, n = 24: age = 15.9 ± 0.6 years; trained, n = 17: age = 15.7 ± 0.7 years) were recruited. For Purpose 1,the players(n = 17) and the untrained(n = 24) boys were tested for speed, jumping power, postural balance, flexibility, and aerobic capacity. After baseline testing, Purposes 2 and 3 were addressed by randomly assigning the untrained boys to either a soccer-training group(small-sided games,2 sessions per week for 8 weeks) or to a control group, followed by identical retesting.Results: At baseline, physical fitness was higher(p < 0.001) in trained players than in untrained for aerobic fitness, sprinting, jumping power, and postural balance. Small-sided games using 6 v 6 or 4 v 4 elicited similar heart rate(HR)(mean: ~ 85% peak heart rate, HR_(peak)), rate of perceived exertion, and enjoyment responses. Over 8 weeks, the between-group analysis revealed that soccer training had a large beneficial effect on postural balance(45%) when compared with control group with unclear effects on other fitness parameters.Conclusion: Adolescent soccer players had markedly higher physical fitness compared with untrained adolescents. Small-sided soccer games practiced by untrained adolescents elicited high exercise intensity. While 8 weeks of twice-weekly soccer training sessions induced significant improvement in postural balance, the short duration of the study was not sufficient to result in between-group differences in sprint and jump performance or aerobic fitness.

Public Diplomacy and Beijing City Image Research From Major International Sporting Events Perspective

This paper focuses on Beijing as the host city for the major international sporting events and its influence on the city image building of Beijing. Major international sporting events are the key channels for the exchange and dissemination of information among athletes from various countries, media coverages, national and international audiences which involves interpersonal communication, organizational communication, and mass communication at all levels. At the same time, the volunteers, especially young volunteers （mostly college student volunteers） considered as the Beijing city spokesperson and also as a group of ＂public diplomacy ambassadors＂, transfer positive energy in international communication during major international sporting events. Therefore, major international sporting events held in Beijing play an irreplaceable role in the image building of the capital city of China, Beijing.

Research on the status and development of the layout of the sports events for the youth sports reserve talents in Chongqing

In this paper, using the method of literature research, the author analyzes the current situation of the youth sports reserve talents resources in Chongqing and the distribution of the sports events. Research shows that the resources of the youth sports reserve tal- ents in Chongqing have certain advantages in some projects, but the differences in the distribution of the sports events are obvious, with low prevalence of the projects. The implementation in the vast areas of the counties, towns, and countryside is not enough, and the games lack the overall competitiveness. In this paper, the author compares and analyzes the sports reserve talents in part of the event in the south- western five provinces （Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet, and Chongqing）, and concludes that the reserve of talents in the traditional supe-rior events in Chongqing has more advantages, but the personnel reserve in part of the project is worrying. Therefore, Chongqing should broaden the channels of the resources of the reserve talents, establish the scientific and technological systems, and implement the integra-tion of science and training, to build a solid foundation for the healthy development of the youth sports in Chongqing.