中国水稻所育出新型“超级稻”

中国水稻研究所和日本名古屋大学合作，日前首次在世界上克隆出一种可增加水稻穗粒数的水稻高产基因，并据此培育出既高产、又抗倒伏的新型超级水稻。

我国“超级稻”研究取得新突破

日前,沈阳农业大学的“籼粳稻杂交新株型创造超高产研究及其应用”项目获得国家科技进步二等奖。该项目使我国在超级稻育种研究上取得重大突破,较好地解决了水稻超高产与米质的矛盾。

“超级稻不倒”水稻专用肥在晚稻上的应用示范试验

"超级稻不倒"水稻专用肥在晚稻生产上的示范试验结果表明,"超级稻不倒"水稻专用肥有利于改善水稻的经济性状,具有很强的抗倒性,可在晚稻生产上应用。

关于我国水稻高产育种的我见

文章论述涉及:(1)我国水稻育种的历史演变和重大贡献,当前水稻育种面临因人口增长,社会经济及自然资源变化引起的严峻挑战,提出实现我国水稻育种新飞跃的内容和目标设想;(2)世界主要产稻国和地区超高产育种涉及的观念和内涵,“超级稻”称谓容易误导和误解;(3)我国水稻生产和品种选育的两条基本途径:建设高产稳产稻田,选育增产潜力大的超高产品种,改造中低产稻田,推广适应性强的高产品种;重视生态条件特异稻区的高产品种选育;(4)概述了遗传学研究发展与水稻育种发展前景的关系,强调经典遗传学理论及其指导下的育种方法和技术与生物技术相结合,在继续改良栽培稻种中的主导作用;呼吁我国新一代水稻育种学家关心遗传学的发展,提高自身的理论修养,发扬谦虚务实的传统高尚风貌,为发展水稻育种科学多作贡献。

Effects of Seed Rate on Root Twining Power and Seedling Quality of Machine-transplanted Super Rice

In order to investigate the effects of seed rate on root twining power and seedling quality of machine-transplanted super rice cultivars, Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.l, total 6 seed rates were arranged, and the growth characteris- tics, quality and root twining power of machine-transplanted rice seedlings were studied. The results showed that seed rate had great effects on root twining power and qualityof rice seedlings; with the increase of seed rate, the root twining power of rice seedlings was increased, but the quality of rice seedlings was significantly reduced; under the condition of high seed rate, rice seedlings were weak with less accumulate dry matter and nonuniform growth, and the proportion of weak seedlings was higher. When the seed rate of both rice cultivars was reduced by 10 g/tray, the average seedling height was increased by 0.5 cm, leaf age was increased by 0.1, stem base diameter was increased by 0.1 cm, and root number per plant was increased by 0.3. When the seed rate was increased by 10 g/tray, the accumulated dry matter per plant was reduced by 5.1 mg. With the increase of seed rate, the seedling quality of Zhongzheyou No.1 was decreased rapidly, and the proportion of weak seedlings was increased rapidly. However, Yongyou 12 has a larger elasticity in seed rate. When the seed rate reached to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Yongy- ou 12 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, but the shoots were sparse with lower leaf area index. However, when the seed rate was up to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Zhongzheyou No.1 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, as well as higher-density shoots. From a comprehensive point of view, the optimum seed rates of Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.1 were 65 and 50 g/tray, respectively.

Relationship between Grain Yield and Yield Components of Various Rice Cultivars

[Objective] The relationship between grain yield and yield components was investigated in .different rice cultivars at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm2, to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high-yield rice. [Method] The yield performance of various super rice and non-super rice cultivars that were cultivated in large area in Sichuan Chengdu was studied under high-yielding cultivation conditions from 2006 to 2008. [Result] The rice yield was closely correlated with the productive panicle number, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight. The four yield components showed different influences on the yield of different rice culti- vars. By adopting the high yielding cultivation technology （that the seedlings were planted in a triangle shape） at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm~, we found that the rice yield of super rice cultivars was closely correlated with productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight, negatively correlated with grain number per panicle, and significantly negatively correlated with seed setting rate; the grain yield of non- super rice cultivars was negatively correlated with grain number per panicle and seed setting rate, and significantly negatively correlated with the productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight. [Conclusion] The results revealed the relationship between grain yield and yield components in different rice cultivars, which provided references for developing reasonable cultivation measures and thus to improve the yield of super rice in large acreage.

Study on Contribution of Potassium,Nitrogen and Organic Fertilizer to Farmers' Super Rice Production Economy——Based on Empirical Study of 690 Rice Farmers in Eight Counties in Liaoning,Zhejiang and Hunan Province

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the contribution of potassium,nitrogen and organic fertilizer to super rice production.[Method] The data about the labor force input,fertilizer input,organic fertilizer input,contents of effective nitrogen and effective potassium in production,obtained through empirical study of 690 rice farmers in eight counties （cities） in Liaoning,Zhejiang and Hunan in 2009,were analyzed by using Cobb-Douglas production function model to study influence of material input （especially the fertilizer input） and labor force input to the yield of super rice,and the correlation between the input and the yield of rice production.[Result] The increase in amount of organic fertilizer has significantly increased the yield of super rice.The amount of chemical fertilizer applied is becoming more reasonable,but increase of yield does not result in increase of value.Different types of fertilizers have significantly different capabilities in increasing yields of super rice.The potassium fertilizer is superior to phosphorous fertilizer,while phosphorous is superior to nitrogenous fertilizer in improving production capacity.[Conclusion] The paper suggests that it should continue to increase the amount of organic fertilizers and potassium fertilizer and meanwhile control the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer in super rice production at present.

Dynamic Responses of Super Rice IIyou602 Plants to Different Nitrogen Levels and Configuration Modes

[Objective] The paper was to study the dynamic responses of super rice Ilyou602 plants to different nitrogen levels and configuration modes. [Method] With super rice Ilyou602 as test material, the dynamic changes of total N content in functional leaves, leaf sheaths and stems under different, application amount of nitrogen and configuration modes were analyzed. [Result] The highest total N content of functional leaves under different N levels appeared in the different periods, which was the highest during rehydration period in A3 level. The total N content in various plant positions during full heading stage and maturity stage showed fertilization treatments 〉 CK, functional leaves 〉 leaf sheaths 〉 stems. The total N content in different plant positions showed obvious difference in different treatments. When the super rice Ilyou602 was planted in Chengdu plain, the proper application level of N and configuration mode was as follows： 165 kg/hm2, fertilizer： topdressing = 6：4. [Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for nitrogen regulation of high yield cultivation of super hybrid rice.

Effects of Tiller-inhibitor on Growth and Yield Formation of Super Early Hybrid Rice Jinyou458

[Objective]The paper was to study the effect of tiller-inhibitor on the growth and yield formation of super early rice Jinyou 458.[Method] Two treatments including spraying tiller-inhibitor（TI） and spraying water（CK） at the SN-n stage were set in the test,the effect of tiller-inhibitor on yield and its components,leaf and plant morphology,field microclimate at booting stage and quality characteristics of rice population were studied.[Result] Spraying tiller-inhibitor could effectively reduce the occurrence of invalid and inefficient tillers,increase the proportion of high effective tillers（tiller with 4 or more leaves） in tiller composition at the maximal tiller stage.The panicle length,spikelets per panicle,spikelets density,number of secondary branches and the secondary spikelets,seed setting rate of rice plant sprayed with tiller-inhibitor were significantly higher than CK.Meanwhile,spraying tiller-inhibitor could increase plant height,biomass weight and leaf area index of rice population during middle and late stages of rice growing,improve the leaf temperature of top three leaves and the light transmittance of rice population at the booting stage,increase the leaf SPAD value,thus enhance photosynthetic capacity of rice plants.It also showed the characteristics of elongating the internode of rice plant and decreasing the stem thickness,etc.[Conclusion] The panicle-bearing rate of stems and tillers,effective panicles,spikelets per panicle,seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight had coordinately increased after spraying tiller-inhibitor,thus increased the yield.

Studies on Endogenous Hormones and Nutritional Physiology Related to the Premature Senescence of Super-hybrid Rice Liangyoupeijiu and Its Parents at Late Growth Stage

The amount of root bleeding sap, contents of chlorophyl , nutrients and hormones in flag leaves of a super-hybrid rice cultivar Liangyoupeijiu （LYPJ） and its parents 9311 and Pei’ai 64S after heading were measured in this study. The re-sults revealed that compared with 9311, the chlorophyl content of LYPJ reduced more quickly after heading, and then kept at a lower level, which was an obvious characteristic of premature senescence. The other physiological indices of LYPJ af-ter heading except abscisic acid （ABA） content in leaf and root also maintained at a lower level than 9311, while al the physiological indices of the sterile line Pei＇ai 64S were lower than LYPJ. So it was speculated that the early-aging characteristic of LYPJ may be inherited from Pei’ai 64S. Al the leaf and root early-aging traits reduced for LYPJ and its parent lines after heading, their leaf and root aged grad-ual y, which indicated that the above-ground （leaf） and under-ground （root） parts cor-related to each other closely, but there was not absolute correlations between them judged from the data.

Research on Economic Impact of Super Rice on Rice Growers and Contribution to Food Security

Super rice is an essendal part of China＇s rice production. Through survey on actual situation of 1568 households of rice growers in Heilongjiang, Hunan and Zhejiang provinces, this paper focused on influence of super rice development on increase of China＇s grain yield, influence on increase of rice growers＇ economic in- come, difference in production cost and profit between the North and the South, as well as profit percentage of super rice in production, processing, and sales. It obtained following results： rice price determines rice growers＇ income; expansion of super rice extension area plays a great role in increase of China＇s grain yield; by 2015 and 2020, keeping the yield of other crops not changed, merely the extension of super rice can increase grain for 5 million tons and 11 million tons separately; super rice significantly increases rice growers＇ economic income; for production cost of super rice, the South is higher than the North, and the profit ratio of cost is up to 35.54% on average; with respect of profit in production, processing, and sales, the ratio is 1：2：1.5; with the yield of other crops unchanged, every increase of 1% in area percentage of super rice to rice will additionally produce 1 million tons of grain for China, which is equivalent to saving the yield of 133 300 hm2 farmland and can additional feed 3.5 million people. In view of importance of super rice production, at the same time of strengthening research on super rice variety, it is required to accelerate expanding production area of super rice in suitable areas. Since the development of super rice can support China＇s ration demand of increasing population, China should make effort to realize ＂one yuan for one mu＂ financial subsidy for super rice of main grain production provinces and counties. Besides, China should establish special financial plan for extension of super rice.

Effect of Microbial Inoculum Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Super Hybrid Rice

The research designed four application quantities of 0, 2 250, 4 500 and 6 750 g/hm2 based on Liangyou No. 959 to explore the effects of microbial inocu- lure fertilizer on growth and yield of super hybrid rice. The results indicate that the treatment with traditional fertilizers and 4 500 g/hm2 HYT microbial inoculum fertilizer performed the best, where average number of tiller was 2.4 more than that of the control; the number of effective ear was 11.05% higher; yield increased by 10.3%. These have demonstrated that microbial inoculum fertilizer is of great value in pro- motion on super hybrid rice production.

A Study on the Effects of Oxygenation Irrigation on Some Growth Agronomic Traits of Super Rice Shenyou 9516

In the growing process of rice, roots need aerobic respiration. Oxygenation irrigation means oxygenation in accordance with the demand of crops for oxygen for their growth. This experiment designed three treatments： mechanical oxygenation, chemical oxygenation and conventional irrigation. The mechanical oxygenation group A was divided into 6 small treatment groups and the chemical oxygenation group B was divided into 3 small treatment groups. Each treatment group had 3 replications and the average was used for analysis. Some agronomic traits of the roots and the plants of super rice were examined. The result showed that the two oxygenation treatments significantly promoted the growth of the roots and the plants. In the me- chanical oxygenation group A4, the number of filled grain per panicle was 37.6% higher than that of the conventional treatment group, and the kilo-grain weight was 7.4% higher than that of the conventional treatment group. The study results provide a theoretical basis for the application of oxygenation irrigation to super rice.

Population Construction and Super-high Yield Characteristics of Japonica Super Rice in Cold Regions

[Objective] This study was conducted to construct a super-high yield population of Japnica rice in cold regions of North China and to explore its characteristics. [Method] The super rice variety Longjing 21 was selected as the experimental material. Different row spacing（two levels）, plant spacing（three levels） and seedling number per hill（three levels） were designed in field trials. Then, the growth stages,dry matter accumulation, leaf area, yield and yield components of these different treatments were measured. [Result] Rice yield had significantly negative correlation with plant spacing and row spacing, but no significant correlation with seedling number per hill. Rice yield was mainly affected by plant spacing, and less affected by seedling number per hill. The best recommended specifications for plant spacing of super rice variety Longjing 21 were 24 cm for row spacing, 12 cm for plant spacing and five seedlings per hill, and the expected yield was 10 473.0 kg/hm^2.The increased number of total spikelets（4.5×108hm2or more） in populations was the major reason for high yield. Super-high yield populations had fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved the expected number of productive tillers at critical leaf-age（June 25）, and tiller number peaked at jointing stage（July 6） and was about 1.2 times of the expected number. The percentage of productive tillers in total tillers of super-high yield population was more than 85% at heading stage. At middle growth stage（from jointing to heading stage）, the dry matter accumulation, leaf area index（LAI） at heading stage, effective leaf area, spikelet number of population,spikelet number per leaf area unit（cm2）, and culm-sheath weight per stem of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations.At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate of super-high yield population was significantly smaller than that of other populations. At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass accumulation, number of filled grains per leaf area unit（cm^2） and grain weight per leaf area unit（cm^2） of high-yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. Output and translocation of dry matter（weight per stem and sheath and total filling rate at maturity） from heading to milky stage of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. [Conclusion] The characteristics of superhigh yield rice in cold region of North China are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through improving photosynthetic efficiency from heading to maturity stage on the basis of enough panicle numbers.

Prospects for Study on High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Super Hybrid Rice

Great progresses have been made in super hybrid rice in China. From the perspectives of dry matter production, nutrient absorption, sink and source, pho-tosynthesis, graln fiI ing and roots, the eco-physioIogical characteristics and high-yielding cuItivation techniques of super hybrid rice in China were discussed. In addi-tion, the probIems that restricted the high and stabIe yielding of super hybrid rice were analyzed, and the deveIopment directions of high-yielding cuItivation techniques for super hybrid rice were also discussed.

Economic Evaluation on "Planting Three to Produce Four" High-yielding Project of Super Hybrid-rice in Hunan

The research conducted investigation and survey on 186 farm households in 2014 and carried out economic evaluation on ＂planting three to produce four＂ highyielding project of super hybrid rice. The results showed that the project of ＂planting three to produce four＂ performed significantly in terms of increasing yields and incomes. For example, per unit area yield of one-season late hybrid rice and middleseason hybrid rice proved the highest, and net income from middle-season rice in Longhui was the highest. It is obvious that to increase per unit yield is key for improving net incomes and to reduce machine fees and worker fees is crucial for decreasing fees.