“身毒”的读音

“身毒”是我国古代对今印度国的音译，可以看作一个联绵词，它本身只有记音的作用。“身毒”始见于汉代。《史记·西南夷列传》：“及元狩元年，博望侯张骞使大夏来，言居大夏时见蜀布、邛竹杖，使问所从来，曰‘从东南身毒国，可数千里，得蜀贾人市’。

“身毒”的几个读者

身毒，是中国古代对今天印度地区的称呼，一般认为是在北印度。最早见于司马迁《史记·大宛列传》，“大夏民多，可馀百万。其都曰蓝市城，有市贩贾诸物。其东南有身毒国。”“身毒在大夏东南可数千里。”

印度图书出版业概况

印度是世界四大文明古国之一，公元前2000年前后创造了灿烂的印度河文明。“印度”梵文的意思是月亮，中文名称是唐代高僧玄奘所著《大唐西域记》中的译法，在这以前称“天竺”或“身毒”。

金砖五国之 泰戈尔的印度 恒河晨浴、泰姬陵和罗摩吉电影城

在中国古代，称印度为“身毒”、“天竺”．这里还是《西游记》唐僧取经的圣地。那么，印度是一个怎样的国家？美国著名作家马克·吐温感慨：“对印度的任何评价都很正确．但是相反的观点可能也正确，因为它太复杂了。”

Etiological role of brucellosis in autoimmune hepatitis

To show that brucellosis may trigger autoimmune hepatitis(AIH), in addition to nonspecific liver involvement and toxic hepatitis, due to a class effect of tetracycline family used for treatment. We present a female patient admitted to our hospital due to partially improved fatigue and elevated liver enzymes following doxycycline and streptomycin usage for brucellosis. Brucellosis is endemic in our country, Turkey. It may involve any organ in the body. Liver is frequently involved. Doxycycline used for treatment occasionally may lead to hepatotoxicity. AIH is a necroinflammatory disease of the liver. Certain drugs (e.g. Minocycline), toxins, and viruses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, EBV, etc.) can trigger AIH. Only one case of AIH probably caused by doxycycline and brucellosis was reported. We discuss the relationship between brucellosis, AIH, and hepatotoxicity of doxycycline. Brucellosis may trigger AIH.

Acute hepatitis B or exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B-that is the question

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a serious global health problem. In countries with intermediate or high endemicity for HBV, exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B may be the first presentation of HBV infection. Some of these patients may be diagnosed mistakenly as having acute hepatitis B. Accurate diagnosis in these cases is very important for deciding whether to start treatment or not, because acute hepatitis B does not require therapy, while exacerbation of chronic hepatitis may benefit from it. Clinical and routine laboratory findings cannot help distinguishing between these two conditions. Therefore, several assays have been proposed for this purpose during the last few years. The presence of high levels of anti-HBe antibodies, HBsAg and HBV DNA are typical of chronic disease, whereas high titers of IgM anti-HBc, together with their high avidity index, characterize acute HBV infection. Starting from the description of a patient with acute hepatitis B-who recently came to our observation-we critically review the currently available assays that may help distinguishing between the different conditions and lead to the optimal management of each patient.

Autoantibodies and hepatitis C virus genotypes in chronic hepatitis C patients in Estonia

AIM: To determine the prevalence of several autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C patients, and to find out whether the pattern of autoantibodies was associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes. METHODS: Sera from 90 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C were investigated on the presence of anti-nuclear (ANA), anti-mitochondrial (AMA), anti-smooth muscle (SMA), anti-liver-kidney microsomal type 1 (LKMA1), anti-parietal cell (PCA), anti-thyroid microsomal (TMA), and anti-reticulin (ARA) autoantibodies. The autoantibodies were identified by indirect immunofluorescence. HCV genotypes were determined by a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the amplified 5' noncoding genome region. RESULTS: Forty-six (51.1%) patients were positive for at least one autoantibody. Various antibodies were presented as follows: ANA in 13 (14.4%) patients, SMA in 39 (43.3%), TMA in 2 (2.2%), and ARA in 1 (1.1%) patients. In 9 cases, sera were positive for two autoantibodies (ANA and SMA). AMA, PCA and LKMAI were not detected in the observed sera. HCV genotypes were distributed as follows: 1b in 66 (73.3%) patients, 3a in 18 (20.0%), and 2a in 6 (6.7%) patients. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ANA and SMA can be found in chronic hepatitis C patients. Autoantibodies are present at low titre (1:10) in most of the cases. Distribution of the autoantibodies show no differences in the sex groups and between patients infected with different HCV genotypes.

The Role of HIV Replicative Fitness in Perinatal Transmission of HIV

Perinatal transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),also called mother-to-child transmission(MTCT),accounts for 90% of infections in infants worldwide and occurs in 30%-45% of children born to untreated HIV-1 infected mothers.Among HIV-1 infected mothers,some viruses are transmitted from mothers to their infants while others are not.The relationship between virologic properties and the pathogenesis caused by HIV-1 remains unclear.Previous studies have demonstrated that one obvious source of selective pressure in the perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is maternal neutralizing antibodies.Recent studies have shown that viruses which are successfully transmitted to the child have growth advantages over those not transmitted,when those two viruses are grown together.Furthermore,the higher fitness is determined by the gp120 protein of the virus envelope.This suggests that the selective transmission of viruses with higher fitness occurred exclusively,regardless of transmission routes.There are many factors contributing to the selective transmission and HIV replicative fitness is an important one that should not be neglected.This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of HIV replicative fitness in HIV MTCT transmission and the determinants of viral fitness upon MTCT.

Serum concentration of sFas and sFasL in healthy HBsAg carriers,chronic viral hepatitis B and C patients

AIM:To estimate the amount of apoptosis among healthy HBsAg carriers,patients with chronic HBV infection treated wibh lamivudine and patients with chronic HCV infection treated with interferon alpha and ribavirin.Activity of apoptosis was evaluated by serum sFas/sFasL concentration measurement. Moreover dependence between apoptosis and HBV-DNA or HCV-RNA levels was studied. METHODS:Eighty-six persons were included into study:34 healthy HBsAg carders,33 patients with chronic HBV infecl^on and 19 patients with chronic HCV infection.Serum levels of sFas/sFasL were measured by ELISA assay.HBV-DNA and HCV-RNA were measured by RT-PCR assay.Levels of sFas/sFasL were determined before and 2 and 12 wk after therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C infection. HBV-DNA or HCV-RNA was detected before treatment and 6 mo after treatment. RESULTS:Twenty-four (71%) healthy HBsAg carders showed HBV-DNA over 10~5/mL,which was comparable to the patients with chronic hepatitis B.independently from HBV-DNA levels, the concentration of sFas among healthy HBsAg carders was comparable to healthy persons.Among patients with chronic hepatitis B and C,the concentration of sFas was significantly higher in comparison to healthy HBsAg carriers and healthy persons.In chronic hepatitis B patients the concentration of sFas was decreased during lamivudine treatment.Among chronic hepatitis C patients the concentration of sFas was increased during IFN alpha and ribavirin treatment,sFasL was not detected in control group.Furbhermore sFasL occurred more frequently in chronic hepatitis C patients in comparison to chronic hepatitis B patients. CONCLUSION:There are no correlations between apoptosis and HBV-DNA levels.However ther is an association between apoptosis and activity of inflammation in patients with chronic HBV infection.Apoptosis can be increased in patients with chronic hepatitis C by effective treatment which may be a result of apoptosis stimulation by IFN-α.

Effect of chemotherapy on autoimmune hepatitis in thymoma:a case report and literature review

Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH) has rarely been described as an autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome of thymoma.This case is the seventh case of AIH revealed by cholestasis few years after the diagnosis of thymoma and the first case treated with chemotherapy alone.We report in this paper a new approach to this rare severe condition.A 29 year-old man presented with chest pain and dyspnea with a history of thymoma surgically removed 4 years ago.CT scan showed the recurrence of an anterior mediastinal mass.Biology showed elevated liver enzymes and profound cholestasis.No sign of viral or toxic hepatitis or bile duct abnormalities were observed.Autoimmune antibodies,except for the anti-nuclear antibody,were negative.Liver biopsy showed active chronic AIH.The patient was diagnosed with recurrent thymoma with AIH and underwent 6 cycles of chemotherapy.A complete response on thymoma and cholestasis was obtained after 10 months of follow-up.Steroids and immunosuppressors are the standard treatment for AIH.The effect of chemotherapy as a specific treatment of this paraneoplastic syndrome needs to be considered.

Classical Hodgkin＇s Lymphoma Presenting as Acute Hepatic Failure One Case Report

A 20-year-old boy presenting daily febrile episodes was suspected to have developed acute hepatic failure. Serologic tests ruled out infectious and autoimmune causes apart from drug toxicity. During clinical examinations, he was found to have generalized enlarged lymph nodes that were then taken biopsy. It was diagnosed as classical Hodgkin＇s lymphoma based on histological examination of the lymph node. A bone marrow biopsy showed marrow infiltration by Hodgkin＇s lymphoma with hemophagocytosis and secondary myelofibrosis. A percutaneous liver biopsy demonstrated hepatic involvement of the same disease. After an extensive work-up, the cause of liver failure was figure out to be only attributed to the involvement of the lymphoma. Hodgkin＇s lymphoma as a cause of hepatic failure is rare and young patients diagnosed as Hodgkin＇s lymphoma causing hepatic failure has been reported very rarely so far.

Celiac disease markers in patients with liver diseases: A single center large scale screening study

AIM:To study the coincidence of celiac disease, we tested its serological markers in patients with various liver diseases.METHODS:Large-scale screening of serum antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (tTG), and deamidated gliadin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum antibodies against endomysium using immunohistochemistry, in patients with various liver diseases (n = 962) and patients who underwent liver transplantation (OLTx, n = 523) was performed. The expression of tTG in liver tissue samples of patients simultaneously suffering from celiac disease and from various liver diseases using immunohistochemistry was carried out. The final diagnosis of celiac disease was confirmed by histological analysis of small-intestinal biopsy. RESULTS:We found that 29 of 962 patients (3%) with liver diseases and 5 of 523 patients (0.8%) who underwent OLTx were seropositive for IgA and IgG anti-tTG antibodies. However, celiac disease was biopsy-diagnosed in 16 patients:4 with autoimmune hepatitis type Ⅰ, 3 with Wilson's disease, 3 with celiac hepatitis, 2 with primary sclerosing cholangitis, 1 with primary biliary cirrhosis, 1 with Budd-Chiari syndrome, 1 with toxic hepatitis, and 1 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Unexpectedly, the highest prevalence of celiac disease was found in patients with Wilson's disease (9.7%), with which it is only rarely associated. On the other hand, no OLTx patients were diagnosed with celiac disease in our study. A pilot study of the expression of tTG in liver tissue using immunohistochemistry documented the overexpression of this molecule in endothelial cells and periportal hepatocytes of patients simultaneously suffering from celiac disease and toxic hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis or autoimmune hepatitis type Ⅰ. CONCLUSION:We suggest that screening for celiac disease may be beneficial not only in patients with associated liver diseases, but also in patients with Wilson's disease.

The effect of exposure of iron and its oxide dust to the body

Iron overload is closely related to many diseases. Iron overload is a risk factor that triggers a series of health problems. The toxicity of iron is that iron can catalyze the formation of oxygen free radicals and can be used as a nutrient necessary for the growth of microorganisms and tumor cells. The sensitivity of human cells to iron toxicity varies widely. Causes of iron overload include genetic factors, behavioral factors and environmental factors. With the rapid development of modem industry, iron and its compound dust distribution industry and the increasingly widespread, in the iron pigment production, mechanical casting, iron ore mining and iron smelting operations will produce a lot of iron and its compound dust, Its impact on the human body has been of concern. Long-term exposure to iron and its compounds can cause different degrees of damage to the respiratory system, resulting in iron in vivo disorder. The relationship between iron metabolism and lung injury has also begun to be concerned, and maintaining iron homeostasis is important for lung injury and its protection.

西汉长安与南海诸国的交通及往来

本文论述西汉一代与南海诸国 (即今东南亚地区 )的交通及往来 ,主要分两部分 :一是叙述西汉长安至南海诸国的两条主要交通道路 ,即由蜀至缅甸的“身毒道”和由南越经海上的“南海道”,以及两道的形成和具体路线等 ;一是论述西汉遣译长出使南海诸国 ,以及南海诸国的“朝贡”和长安的南海珍物 ;

略评翻印本严译《天演论》译文及校勘

一、严译自标信、达、雅三义，故通途称其精审，然智者之失，亦所在有之 就译名言，其音译者往往异译杂陈而不知抉择。如既译称“颉里斯”矣，旋又称“希腊”；既译称“日斯巴尼亚”矣，旋又称“西班牙”；皆其例也。又沿用佛典旧译者则尤乱。如“乔答摩”与“瞿昙”，“印度”与“天竺”、“身毒”，“涅槊”与“泥洹”，常于同一篇中先后互见，一若不知佛典之最严于区别新旧异译也。

Biomaterial scaffold-based local drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention due to the remarkable clinical successes for treating a broad spectrum of tumors. One challenge for cancer immunotherapy is the inability to control localization and sustain concentrations of therapeutics at tumor sites. Local drug delivery systems(LDDSs) like the biomaterial scaffold-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach for delivering immunotherapeutic agents facilely and intensively in situ with reduced systemic toxicity. In this review, recent advances in biomaterial scaffold-based LDDSs for the administration of immunotherapeutic agents including vaccines, immunomodulators, and immune cells are summarized. Moreover, codelivery systems are also evaluated for local immunotherapy-involving combination anti-tumor therapy,including chemotherapy-immunotherapy, photothermal-immunotherapy, and other combination therapies. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on the development of next-generation LDDSs for cancer immunotherapy are discussed.