明清之际文人的山水游历“适性”观

明代中期兴起的王阳明心学思想,张扬了人的个性和主体性的心学思潮,引起对人之本性的思考。心学的兴起促进了自然人性论和文学性灵说的崛起,同时也促使文人的山水游历观念发生重大变革,引发了一场对逸游败德论进行解构和颠覆的思想运动,形成了山水游历的"适性"观。山水游历的"适性"观具体表现在:在胜境之中游目骋怀、直抒胸臆;于山水间娱乐性情,让心与自然得到高度会通;以"狂放"的方式体悟自然,体会至上乐趣。

INSTABILITY OF SYMMETRIC TYPHOON CIRCULATION AND ADAPTIVE OBSERVATION

This study presents a new way to identify the sensitive areas,which are determined by invoking the negative anomalies of moist potential vorticity (MPV) for typhoon adaptive observations. It is found that the areas of negative MPV are the symmetric instability areas and can be taken as sensitive areas for typhoon adaptive observations. Three typhoons in 2008,Nuri,Fung-wong,and Fengshen,were simulated with the help of MM5 model. It is shown that these typhoons are well simulated in the first 12 hours. Based on these investigations,the calculations of MPV are carried out sequentially. The result shows that the negative maxima of MPV are always around the typhoon eyes for all the cases,which means that the sensitive areas are also near them all the time.

The Applicability of the Density Rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer and the Rule Based on Linear Isopiestic Relation

The applicability of the density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer and the rule based on the linear isopiestic relation is studied by comparison with experimental density data in the literature. Predicted and measured values for 18 electrolyte mixtures are compared. The two rules are good for mixtures with and without common ions, including those containing associating ions. The deviations of the rule based on the linear isopiestic relation are slightly higher for the mixtures involving very strong ion complexes, but the predictions are still quite satisfactory.The density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer is more accurate for these mixtures. However, it is not applicable for mixtures containing non-electrolytes. The rule based on the linear isopiestic relation is extended to mixtures involving non-electrolytes. The predictions for the mixtures containing both electrolytes and non-electrolytes and the non-electrolyte mixtures are accurate. All these results indicate that this rule is a widely applicable approach.

Sense Estimation and Instrumental Evaluation of Fabric-Evoked Prickle

In this paper, the mechanism of fabric-evoked prickle is discussed, which indicates that the mechanical stimuli aroused by the fiber ends on the fabric surface to the skin-sensory receptors are responsible for prickle. The factors influencing the intensity of prickle are specialized and anatomized. Several means of sense estimate, including the corresponding statistical measures, are described. A few groping objective methods of evaluating prickle are analyzed, including the testing principles, the advantages and the disadvantages. At last, a new concept is proposed on the objective evaluation of prickle.

Robust fault diagnosis for a class of nonlinear systems with time delay

Robust fault diagnosis problems based on adaptive observer technique are studied for a class of time delayed nonlinear system with external disturbance. Adaptive fault updating laws were designed to estimate the fault and to guarantee the stability of the diagnosis system. The effects of adjusting parameters in adaptive fault updating laws on the fault estimation accuracy were analyzed. For a designed fault diagnosis system,the super bounds of the state estimation error and fault estimation error of the adaptive observer were discussed,which further showed how the parameters in the adaptive fault updating laws influenced the fault estimation accuracy. Simulation example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the analysis results.

Sensor fault diagnosis of time-delay systems based on adaptive observer

Presents a novel approach for the sensor fault diagnosis of time-delay systems by using an adaptive observer technique. The sensor tault is modeled as an additive perturbation described by a time varying function. Systems without model uncertainty are initially considered, followed by a discussion of a general situation where the system is subjected to either model uncertainty or external disturbance. An adaptive diagnostic algorithm is developed to diagnose the fault, and a modified version is proposed for general system to improve robusiness. The stability of fault diagnosis system is proved. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

Research Status and Development Trend on the Physiological Comfort of Swimwear

The classification of the swimwear, the development of the swimwear and market situation were introduced. The main factors affecting the physiological comfort and the research status were presented. With the combination of objective and subjective evaluation methods, it is pointed out that on the physical comfort the research of wet swimwear is one of the development trends.

Observer-based hybrid control algorithm for semi-active suspension systems

In order to improve ride comfort and handling performance of the vehicle, an adaptive hybrid control algorithm is proposed for semi-active suspension systems. The virtues of sky-hook is combined with ground-hook control strategies and a more suitable compromise for the suspension systems is chosen. The hybrid coefficient is tuned according to the longitudinal and lateral acceleration so as to improve the vehicle stability especially in high speed conditions. Damping continuous adjustable absorber is used to continuously control the damping force so as to eliminate the damping force jerk instead of traditional on-off control policy. Based on suspension stroke measured by sensors, unscented Kalman filter is designed to estimate the suspension states in real-time for the realization of hybrid control, which improves the robustness of the control strategy and is adaptive to different types of road profiles. Finally, the proposed control algorithm is validated under the following two typical road profiles: half-sine speed bump road and the random road. The simulation results indicate that the hybrid control algorithm could offer a good coordination between ride comfort and handling of the vehicle.

Adaptive Observer-Based Fault Estimate for Nonlinear Systems

An approach for adaptive observer-based fault estimate for nonlinear system is proposed.H-infinity theory is applied to analyzing the design method and stable conditions of the adaptive observer, from which both system state and fault can be estimated. It is proved that the fault estimate error is related to the given H-infinity track performance indexes,as well as to the changing rate of the fault and the Lipschitz constant of the nonlinear item.The design steps of the adaptive observer are proposed.The simulation results show that the observer has good performance for fault estimate even when the system includes nonlinear terms, which confirms the effectiveness of the method.

Participatory Action Research for Catalyzing Adaptive Management： Analysis of a ＂Fits and Starts＂ Process

This paper argues that contextual constraints can significantly interfere with the conduct of research and development, and accordingly should be analyzed more honestly. It describes a five country research project, Landscape Mosaics, in which participatory action research （PAR） was intended as one of two central approaches in the original research design （the other approach being more conventional research）. The five sites, in Cameroon, Indonesia, Laos, Madagascar, and Tanzania, are described, with an emphasis on their implementation of PAR. The fact that personnel and partners on three of the five sites failed to implement PAR is analyzed, to determine the constraints to such action. These findings are then compared with our experience with two other similar projects in which PAR was more widely implemented. We conclude by identifying the most important constraints to be overcome in implementing a PAR process, something we consider important in efforts to deal with change processes in developing countries.

Evaluation on Pipao＇ s Construction Comfort by Fuzzy Theory

Comfort is one of the most important attributes demanded by bra consumers. It reflects the psychological feeling of a wearer.Different kinds of knitted fabric are chosen as bra samples in this paper. This subject studied the bra＇s comfort sensations by carrying out a series of subjective wear at temperature at 21± 2℃ and humidity of 65±3%. By exploratory analysis of the subjective ratings on 3 mainly sensory factors （thermal, moisture and tightness）, the relationships between 3 factors are studied under three conditions, before, during and after movement. This study is focused on subjective evaluation ofbra＇ s comfort sensations of made of different knitted fabrics. Finally, based on fuzzy theory, the comprehensive comfort sensations of these fabrics in different wear conditions are analyzed and evaluated.

Identifying the sensitive area in adaptive observation for predicting the upstream Kuroshio transport variation in a 3-D ocean model

Using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) approach, sensitive areas of adaptive observation for predicting the seasonal reduction of the upstream Kuroshio transport(UKT) were investigated in the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS). The vertically integrated energy scheme was utilized to identify sensitive areas based on two factors: the specific energy scheme and sensitive area size. Totally 27 sensitive areas, characterized by three energy schemes and nine sensitive area sizes, were evaluated. The results show that the total energy(TE) scheme was the most effective because it includes both the kinetic and potential components of CNOP. Generally, larger sensitive areas led to better predictions. The size of 0.5% of the model domain was chosen after balancing the effectiveness and efficiency of adaptive observation. The optimal sensitive area OSen was determined accordingly. Sensitivity experiments on OSen were then conducted, and the following results were obtained:(1) In OSen, initial errors with CNOP or CNOP-like patterns were more likely to yield worse predictions, and the CNOP pattern was the most unstable.(2) Initial errors in OSen rather than in other regions tended to cause larger prediction errors. Therefore, adaptive observation in OSen can be more beneficial for predicting the seasonal reduction of UKT.

The Chinese Logic of Consultative Governance

Contemporary China needs to change from a Western to a Chinese-style governance discourse so as to form and explore a consultative governance discourse with Chinese characteristics. This is profoundly evident in the following： the Marxist philosophy of the state is the theoretical premise of contemporary China＇s consultative governance; traditional Chinese thought on governance and practice are the soil in which contemporary Chinese consultative govemance grows; socialism with Chinese characteristics is the realm in which contemporary Chinese consultative governance exists; the masses under the leadership of the CPC are the necessary subjects of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; and the target of contemporary Chinese consultative governance is a multi-layered and diverse existence. Realization of national governance through consultative democracy is the basic form of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; the balanced development ofpublic, collective and individual interests is the basic objective of contemporary Chinese consultative governance; the basic principles of contemporary Chinese consultative governance are equality, inclusiveness and peace; and the criteria for assessing contemporary Chinese consultative governance are authority, consensus, institutions and the rule of law. Guided by the Marxist view of the state, rooted in the tradition of China＇s fine political culture, and founded on the theoretical and practical claims of socialism with Chinese characteristics, socialist consultative governance with Chinese characteristics constitutes the Chinese form of contemporary governance theory.

FEARCF a multidimensional free energy method for investigating conformational landscapes and chemical reaction mechanisms

The development and implementation of a computational method able to produce free energies in multiple dimensions,descriptively named the free energies from adaptive reaction coordinate forces(FEARCF) method is described in this paper.While the method can be used to calculate free energies of association,conformation and reactivity here it is shown in the context of chemical reaction landscapes.A reaction free energy surface for the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate is used as an illustration of the method's efficient convergence.FEARCF simulations are shown to achieve flat histograms for complex multidimensional free energy volumes.The sampling efficiency by which it produces multidimensional free energies is demonstrated on the complex puckering of a pyranose ring,that is described by a three dimensional W(θ1,θ2,θ3) potential of mean force.