人工智能自主决策系统的“透明度”伦理设计

随着人工智能(AI)“机器学习”和“自主决策”能力的提升,学界对于提高AI自主决策系统“透明度”这一主题愈发关注。首先,对AI自主决策系统“透明度”进行“美德、关系、制度”三方面解读,进而厘清其伦理意蕴;其次,在“隐私设计”经验的基础上构建“透明度设计”模型;最后,在“透明度设计”模型的基础上提出覆盖三个设计阶段的九项伦理原则。这对于应对“透明度”在AI自主决策系统的实践过程中遇到的严峻挑战,探索提高智能决策系统“透明度”的伦理路径具有重要意义。

关于供电企业“透明度”建设的研究

新形势下的社会舆论环境,对以供电企业为代表的民生事业单位提出了新的管理要求。本文从社会责任的视角,阐述了企业“透明度”建设的意义,以及供电企业开展“透明度”建设的必要性。透过对供电企业“透明度”建设的涵义解释、意义划分、根植模式的阐述,说明了供电企业推进“透明度”建设的基本方法和路径,并分析了供电企业运用“透明度”管理手段提升企业综合效益的预期成效。

论WTO“透明度原则”与电子政府建设

“透明度原则”(Principleoftransparently)是WTO的基本原则之一,它能够促进政策的可预见性,提高贸易管理的透明度和公开性。当前我国行政管理中仍没有摆脱传统体制的影响,存在与WTO“透明度原则”相悖的突出问题。电子政府(E—Government)是现代新型的电子化的政府,在现代行政管理中具有重要作用,特别是能够充分实现WTO“透明度原则”,加速与世界接轨,促进贸易的良性发展,是推进当前公共管理改革的一个重要方向。

“透明”的话题

透明,可理解为充分穿通、通过的意思.透明本身虽然什么也不占有,但是透明具有无言的巨大力量.透明不是自然能够形成的,它需要许多无私的人去为之努力.再鲜艳的色彩,也要通过透明的空间才能被传导.再崇高的目标,也要在透明的环境里才不被扭曲.

Atomic coherence in nondegenerate four-wave mixing

Two-photon resonant nondegenerate four-wave mixing （NFWM） with the addition of a coupling field in Ba atomic vapour has been studied. We find that coherence of the atomic level transitions leads to suppression of the NFWM signal, giving rise to a dip with a linewidth that is linearly proportional to the intensity of the coupling field.

Effects of spontaneously generally coherence on probe response in an open lambda type system

It is shown that in an open lambda type atomic system,the gain and dispersion of the probe field are quit sensitive to variation of spontaneously generally coherence （SGC）. The value of the parameter p reflects whether SGC effect exists and the size of SGC effect. Under certain condition, when p = 0. 002, electromagnetically induced transparency occurs; when p≠0. 002, lasing without inversion can be realized;when p = 0.95, high index of the refraction with zero absorption can be obtained.

One Step to Generate Cluster States Using Dipole-Induced Transparency in a Cavity-Waveguide System

We present a very simple scheme for generating four-qubit cluster states with one step using paritymeasurement based on dipole-induced transparency in a cavity-waveguide system.The scheme only uses the photondetectors to check the parity of the spatially separated dipole,which are the same (even parity) or different (odd parity)through measuring the light fields in the waveguide.The initial entangled states remain after nondetective identificationand they can be used for successive tasks.

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in an Atom-Molecule Bose-Einstein Condensate

We propose a new measurement scheme for the atom-molecule dark state by using electromagnetically induced transparency （FIT） technique. Based on a density-matrix formalism, we calculate the absorption coefficient numerically. The appearance of the EIT dip in the spectra profile gives clear evidence for the creation of the dark state in the atom-molecule Bose--Einstein condensate.

Linear Growth of Continuous-Wave Four-Wave Mixing with Dual Induced Transparency

Using Schroedinger-Maxwell formalism, we propose and analyze an opticalfour-wave mixing (FWM) scheme for the generation of coherent light in a coherent six-level atomicmedium based on dual electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that the significantlyenhanced conversion efficiency enabled by ultraslow propagation of pump waves has no directrelationship with the single-photon detuning, which is different from the FWM with a single EIT. Themost important feature is that our scheme is also capable of inhibiting and delaying the onset ofthe detrimental three-photon destructive interference that looks like a recent scheme [Phys. Rev.Lett. 91 (2003) 243902] and may be used for generating short-wave-length coherent radiation.

Time-delayed bilateral teleoperation using wave variable with prediction in three channel control architecture

This paper proposes a novel method for incorporating wave domain prediction in a three-channel(3CH)architecture,which is the optimal architecture from a transparency point of view,to overcome the poor transparency problem of using the wave variable method in a time-delay teleoperation system.A 3CH teleoperation control architecture is established by selecting parameters of the 4CH architecture sensibly for the system without force sensor in the master side.The communication channel is divided into a two-port model by combining force and velocity information reasonably to extend the wave variable method to a 3CH architecture.Then the I/O signal of the two-port model is transformed into wave variable.A predictor is added to the wave domain of the master side to further improve the transparency of the system,and a regulator is designed to ensure the passivity of the predictor.Experimental results show that the proposed method can guarantee stability and improve the transparency of the teleoperation system with time-delay.

Transparency in Meat Production： Consumer Perceptions at the Point of Sale

As a result of a large number of food scandals, societal interest in transparency in the food sector has grown considerably. Hence, the creation of transparency in the production process has been the focus of recent legislation. In addition to tracking and tracing, one finds in the public discussion an increasing number of demands for further information on such issues as food safety, animal and environmental protection and the sustainability of food production processes. However, it has not yet been sufficiently clarified which information about the production process--and thus which level of transparency--is actually desired or can actually be processed by consumers at the point of sale. In order to analyze this topic from the viewpoint of consumers, a large-scale empirical study has been conducted. This research uses an adaptive conjoint analysis to determine what transparency expectations consumers have with regards to information on packaged pork. Initial results show a very heterogeneous demand for information. Furthermore, consumers＇ demand for more information sometimes does not match their actual benefit profiles. The results provide insight into consumers＇ information needs and their willingness to pay for greater transparency; they also have interesting implications for meat processors＇ product development strategies.

The Decisive Moment as an Event in Photographic Discourse

We propose using the concept of decisive moment in order to deconstruct the obvious ideological effects found in discourse. The subject is constituted in enunciation, and its polysemic discourse clashes with the transparency of meaning. According to Pêcheux （1988）, the contradictions in discourse simultaneously establish regularity and instability of meanings, leading it to misunderstanding, to the event. Photography destabilizes that which is already formulated and brings out that which is new, the unexpected meaning, the decisive moment. We analyze this process in the picture by Sebastiao Salgado---＂The cradle of inequality lies in the inequality of the cradle＂. （CAPES-BEX 4394/10-0, FAPESP 09/54417-4, CNPq.）

Opacity Evaluation for Passenger Diesel Vehicle Cars in Tirana

The study includes both the estimation and evaluation of the gas smoke opacity exhausted by a diesel vehicle engine and the opacity control. The evaluation and estimations were accomplished by MAHA sottware. This research work has been focused in the evaluation of the opacity coefficient and the sources that can influence in opacity value of the vehicles used in Albania.

Nature of Valuational Consciousness in Good Life

I make an attempt in the paper to argue in favor of the person-centered view of good life, where becoming a good person involves seeking to qualitatively transform oneself into a worthy human being. I maintain that becoming fully a person and respecting others as persons are achievements that are not assured for all of us. Thus, for the purpose I prepare the ground for an account of good life that rests on valuational consciousness. I propose that one may ascribe valuational consciousness to a person who is a value-sensitive rational being striving to attain a kind of inner transparency. Evidently, to say that a person has valuational consciousness is to stress the values, which are built into personal consciousness. The life of a person, whether that of truth, courage, nobility, justice, kindness, is a life marked by ego transcending personal consciousness that reaches out to humanity at large. And such a repository of values enables a human being to attain the ideal of good life. The ideal of good life, I contend, consists of attaining the higher order posture of selflessness--a posture of inner transparency. It is to shake off the egocentric partiality that characterizes our usual attitudinal stance towards one another.

A Focus： Epitomizing Approaches of Effective Employability Skills

The present paper reveals the pivotal challenges of fast changing global work environment and industrial needs. Employability skills need to be checked rather than unemployment problem in India. The paper further aims to explore the necessary skills to the challenges of globalizing trends. The issues, approaches, and remedial strategies are focused with reference to the people＇s skills. As the reflections of quality and competence depend on transparency and accountability of the organization, it is necessary to improve the required skills which enhance the levels of confidence. The potential employer＇s requirements are need to be worked very keenly by the institutions. The paper also deals with the effective learning process, which is at par with global counter parts. Exposure to the universal student-centered learning is emphasized to enhance the very crucial pace of work place. Finally this paper studies effective micro and macro issues regarding the dynamics of the industry by applying a broad range of employability skills complementing the technical skills.

Does International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） Adoption Matter？ The Effects on Financial Transparency and Earnings Management

This paper aims to examine whether or not the adoption of fair value accounting （FVA） has an effect on the level of information transparency and the degree of earnings management, to identify whether the legal institutions have powers to explain those effects of the adoption of FVA, and to explore the relationship between the effects of the adoption of FVA and several specific characteristics of the banking industry. By investigating the banking sectors of four Asian countries/regions including China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Singapore which have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS）, this paper finds that after the application of FVA, the estimated cost of equity of the sampled banks significantly decreases and the relationship between banks＇ loan loss provisions （LLP） and earnings before provisions and tax （EBPT） becomes irrelevant. The evidence supports the effects of FVA adoption on the enhancement of accounting quality. In addition, sound legal/extra-legal systems are closely linked to the degree of accounting quality and still have a strong influence on FVA.

Journalistic Transparency in the Media Orient： How Journalists From Egypt and the UAE Deal With Instruments Creating Journalistic Transparency

Driven by the political upheavals in the Arab world, media in Egypt and in the United Arab Emirates （UAE） is on its way to find new ways about how to deal with their audiences. Initial signs suggest that Emirati as well as Egyptian media have drawn some first findings from the upheavals of the ＂Arab Spring＂, so that the first flimsy form of media accountability and a new openness is to be found in the media orient. Moreover, this study tries to draw some parallels between the ＂old＂ Arab sphere （Egypt） and the ＂new＂ Arab world （UAE） in order to generate new knowledge exploratively. Twelve journalists and media professionals from both countries have been qualitatively interviewed between November 2011 and May 2012 in this regard at spot and via phone or skype. This study distinguishes between two different media systems within the Arab sphere. International comparative studies on the media systems within the heterogeneous world of Arabia are considered as a desideratum in the field of journalistic research.

The Effect of Political Influence and Corporate Transparency on Firm Performance： Empirical Evidence From Indonesian Listed Companies

The paper aims to examine the effect of political influence on corporate transparency, and performance of Indonesian listed companies, Seventy-three large public firms from hundred of the largest companies in Indonesia were selected as the sample. Data for corporate transparency are collected from annual reports for the years 2005-2007. Corporate transparency is indexed by the amount of information disclosed in company＇s annual report. The disclosure index reporting model developed in the current research is based on the Annual Report Award （ARA, an award given annually to Indonesian listed and non-listed companies）, and firm performance is measured using two indicators： ROA （return on assets） and Tobin-Q. The political influence variable is proxied by two indicators： government ownership and the existence of politicians in Board of Directors （BOD）. Results demonstrate that contrary to the hypothesis, government ownership （political influence） has positive relation to corporate transparency, as well as to ROA （firm performance）. Results also support the hypothesis that transparency act as a mediating variable for the relationship between political influence and firm performance. However, when political influence is pmxied by existence of politicians in BOD and fm＇n performance proxied by Tobin-Q, data seems to give support to the hypotheses proposed. The discussion and implications of the findings and suggestions for future research arc discussed.