海峡两岸“透过”用法的多样性与倾向性考察

"透过"在海峡两岸的用法同中有异,可以作为了解汉民族共同语在两岸现状及其发展变化的一个窗口。本文提出"在多样性基础上进行倾向性考察"的语法比较思路,以两岸同形词"透过"为例,对其动词用法和介词用法进行多样性与倾向性的考察,并做出趋同性分析,以期把两岸词语异同比较研究引向深入。

“透过”的功能及其概念隐喻

"透过"一词不见于辞书,研究者和学习者均未加注意"。透过"可作二词性,一为动词,义为"穿过、通过";二为介词,在句中引出动作发生或者完成所需要的凭借,相当于介词"通过"。两种用法之间是借助概念隐喻而发生演变的。

中国古代经典中的“文学梦”——评林顺夫教授《透过梦之窗口:中国古典文学与文艺理论论丛》

美国密西根大学林顺夫教授曾撷取"透过梦之窗口"这一精巧比喻诠释了中国古代经典文本中的"文学梦"。从《庄子》到晏几道、苏轼、吴文英的词再到《红楼梦》,他的研究指出这些"文学梦"并非仅仅以实际的梦境经验为基础,而是将作家特殊的哲学思考付之于特定语境的再度创造。"文学梦"既包括"我思故我梦"的层次,也包括"我思,我梦"的内容。"梦之窗口"既是一种特殊的观物方式,又创造出一种新现实。

Effects of Exogenous Calcium(Ca) on the Growth of Watermelon Seedlings under NaCl Stress

[Objective] This study was conducted to reveal the effect of exogenous calcium （Ca） in mitigating the damage caused by NaCI stress to watermelon seedlings. [Method] To the liquid medium containing 100 mmol/L NaCI, CaSO4 was added to the final concentrations of 4, 6, 10 and 14 mmol/L. The morphological and physiological indices including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, seedling fresh weight and dry weight, malondialdehyde （MDA） content, relative permeability of plasma membrane, ascorbic acid （AsA） content, free proline content, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content in leaves of the seedlings treated with above media for 10 d were measured. [Result] NaCI stress significantly inhibited the growth of watermelon seedlings. The membrane permeability and MDA content in leaves were significantly increased under NaCI stress, and the contents of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and AsA were increased to different extents. Exogenous CaSO4 influenced the morphological and physiological indices of seedlings under NaCI stress in a manner. Treated with 6 mmol/L CaSO4, the growth of seedlings under salinity was significantly improved; membrane permeability and MDA content were drastically reduced, the contents of proline, soluble sugar, soluble pro- tein and AsA in leaves were significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous CaSO＋ alleviates lipid peroxidation and inhibition of seedling growth under NaCI stress by improving the abilities of antioxidation and osmotic adjustment, and 6 mmol/L CaSO4 showed the best effect.

Intestinal permeability in rats with CCI4-induced portal hypertension

AIM： To investigate the intestinal barrier changes in rats with CCh-induced portal hypertension. METHODS： The permeability of intestinal barrier detected by Lanthanum as a tracer was evaluated in rats. Bacterial translocation and plasma endotoxin were also determined. RESULTS： The incidence of bacterial translocation was 85% in rats with CCh-induced portal hypertension, which was significantly higher than that in control rats （20%, P〈0.01）. Plasma endotoxin level was significantly higher in experimental group than in control group. Permeability of the epithelial mucosa and pathological alteration were increased in the ileum and the microvilli became shorter and thinner in rats with portal hypertension. CONCLUSION： Bacterial translocation occurs in rats with CCh-induced portal hypertension and increased permeability between epithelial cells contributes to the translocation.

Hydrogen permeability of slags containing calcium fluoride

To investigate the hydrogen permeability of calcium fluoride used for electroslag remelting （ESR） process, ＂Gas-slag- metal＂ osmosis process under argon atmosphere saturated with water vapor at 318 K was used to study the hydrogen permeability of slag containing calcium fluoride. The results indicate that the conventional slag, consisting of 70% CaF2 and 30% A1203, has the lowest hydrogen permeability. A parameter EH was proposed for evaluation of the hydrogen permeability of slags containing calcium fluoride. The hydrogen permeability decreases with increasing EH to a certain extent. An appropriate choice of slag for the ESR process can be obtained. These results also suggest that the hydrogen pick-up in steel after remelting might be reduced when a slag with low hydrogen permeability is used.

Preparation and characterization of the porous ceramics from fly ash

Porous ceramics was made from coal fly ash, and the microstructure and other properties were characterized as a function of the amount of the pore-forming agent and firing temperature. The results indicated that the proper sintering temperature for the useful ceramic materials is 1 250℃, and a liquid-phase was involved in the densification process.

Catchment-based Imperviousness Metrics Impacts on Floods in Niushou River Basin,Nanjing City,East China

Concerns regarding urbanization impacts on floods gradually moved from end-of-pipe solutions, based on open channel hydraulics improvement, to imperviousness ratio limiting and then to land use control and to integrated planning at local and large scale levels. The Niushou River basin is one of the fastest urbanizing areas in Nanjing City, East China, however, the high urban land percentage has leaded to series of flooding events. The paper aims to reveal the impact of imperviousness ratio, patterns and drainage system on flooding areas based on the unit of catchment and Storm Water Management Model(SWMM). The following conclusions were reached. 1) The ratio or spatial characteristics of the impervious surface affected the runoff volumes and associated floods areas. Despite the well-established drainage system, the high imperviousness ratio, particularly clustered pattern in locations such as hydrological sensitive zones aggravated the flooding tension across the basin. 2) The poor drainage hydraulic efficiency in local areas, and the lack of integral processes of infiltration, yield, storage and discharge in local catchment and larger basin are also significant factors. 3) The Niushou River basin development should improve the drainage transformations from a single local, short-term drainage process into integral, elastic processes of infiltration, yield, storage, and discharge.

A method of determining the permeability coefficient of coal seam based on the permeability of loaded coal

This study developed the equipment for thermo-fluid–solid coupling of methane-containing coal, and investigated the seepage character of loaded coal under different working conditions. Regarding the effective pressure as a variable, the variation characteristics of the gas permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been studied under the conditions of different confining pressures and pore pressures. The qualitative and quantitative relationship between effective stress and permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been established, considering the adsorption of deformation, amount of pore gas compression and temperature variation. The results show that the permeability of coal samples decreases along with the increasing effective stress. Based on the Darcy law, the correlation equation between the effective stress and permeability coefficient of coal seam has been established by combining the permeability coefficient of loaded coal and effective stress. On the basis of experimental data, this equation is used for calculation, and the results are in accordance with the measured gas permeability coefficient of coal seam. In conclusion, this method can be accurate and convenient to determine the gas permeability coefficient of coal seam, and provide evidence for forecasting that of the deep coal seam.

Spectral Transmittance of Di-methyl Silicon Oil as a Heat Transfer Material for Concentrator Solar Cells

The accelerated life test was carded out to investigate the change of spectral transmittance of di-methyl silicon oil and the effects on the electrical performance of silicon solar cell. The di-methyl silicon oil samples be- fore and after accelerated life test were analyzed by FT-IR, GC-MS and LC-MS. The ring compounds and linear compounds with larger molecular weight were detected. The spectral transmittance of di-methyl silicon oil de- creased because the chromophore and auxochrome of the products made a sunlight receive decrease on the surface of the solar celt, and resulted in the reduction of cell performance. According to the decrease of spectral transmit- tance of di-methyl silicon oil, two recovery methods were proposed. The results showed that extraction was supe- rior to vacuum distillation in recovering the aged di-methyl silicon oil.

Dynamic measurement on infiltration process and formation mechanism of infiltration front

An infiltration measurement device was developed to research the infiltration process of molten AZ91D magnesium alloy into the Al2O3 short fibre preform.The variation of relationship between the heights of measuring points and the time for molten alloy to reach the measuring points was illustrated.The effect of infiltration process parameters on the infiltration front was analyzed. It is found that pressure and pouring temperature are the most important factors which affect the infiltration velocity and composite quality.Furthermore,considering the influence of temperature field,an infiltration model of molten AZ91D into the short fibre preform was constructed on the basis of experimental results and Darcy’s Law.The analysis shows that the results predicted by this model are consistent with the experimental results.

Modeling transmittance through submicron silver slit arrays

Mid-infrared transmittance of submicron silver slit arrays was numerically studied with the finite difference time domain method. The slit width varies from 50 nm to 300 nm and a square feature may attach at either or both slit sides. Although the side length of features is one or two orders of magnitude shorter than the wavelength, the attached nanoscale features can modify the transmittance significantly. The transmittance was also further investigated in detail by looking into the electromagnetic fields and Poynting vectors of selected slit geometries. The investigation results show that such change can be attributed to the cavity resonance effect inside the slit arrays. The work is of great importance to the wavelength-selective devices design in optical devices and thermal application fields.

Effects of intense rainfall on stability of infinite terraced slope

For fully understanding the hydrological dynamics of an infinite terraced slope, the infiltration process was studied by employing the Green and Ampt infiltration model. The limit equilibrium method and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion were adopted to derive a stability model for the infinite terraced slope subjected to an intense rainfall. Numerical simulation was performed for verifying its applicability. The results of numerical simulation indicate that a set of stepped wetting fronts are found during infiltration, and the infiltration of terraced slope covered by coarse-textured soils can be approximated as one-dimensional infiltration. The potential sliding surfaces from the numerical method are all parallel to the slope line, and the proposed model and framework can provide an approximate method of estimating how the infiltration affects the stability of an infinite terraced slope.

Optimized water vapor permeability of sodium alginate films using response surface methodology

The water vapor permeability （WVP） of films is important when developing pharmaceutical applications. Films are frequently used as coatings, and as such directly influence the quality of the medicine. The optimization of processing conditions for sodium alginate films was investigated using response surface methodology. Single-factor tests and Box-Behnken experimental design were employed. WVP was selected as the response variable, and the operating parameters for the single-factor tests were sodium alginate concentration, carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） concentration and CaClz solution immersion time. The coefficient of determination （R2） was 0.97, indicating statistical significance. A minimal WVP of 0.389 8 g-mm/（m^2.h.kPa） was achieved under the optimum conditions. These were found to be a sodium alginate concentration, CMC concentration and CaCl2 solution immersion time at 8.04%, 0.13%, and 12 min, respectively. This provides a reference for potential applications in manufacturing film-coated hard capsule shells.

An easily recoverable thermo-sensitive polyelectrolyte as draw agent for forward osmosis process

As a potential solution to the crises of energy and resources, forward osmosis(FO) has been limited by the development of draw agents. An ideal draw agent should be able to generate high osmotic pressure and can be easily recovered. In this study, a thermo-sensitive polyelectrolyte of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)(PNA)is developed as an efficient draw agent, and two easy and simple methods are proposed to effectively recover the polyelectrolytes. After adjusting the pH value of polyelectrolyte solutions to around 6.0, the polyelectrolyte can generate relatively high osmotic pressure, and induce average water fluxes of 2.09 and 2.95 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1) during12 h FO processes when the polyelectrolyte concentrations are 0.20 and 0.38 g·ml^(-1) respectively. After acidifying and heating to 70 °C, the PNA-10 polyelectrolyte can aggregate together because of hydrophobic association and separate from water, so it can be easily recovered by either simple centrifugation or gravitational sedimentation. The recovery ratios of PNA-10 polyelectrolyte in both methods are as high as 89%, and the recovered polyelectrolytes can be reused with almost the same FO performance as fresh ones. The results in this study provide valuable guidance for designing efficient and easily recoverable draw agents for FO processes.

Utilization of Starch to Accelerate the Growth of Degrading Microorganisms on the Surface of Natural Rubber Latex Films

NRL （natural rubber latex） films with 0 （control） and 10 phr sago starch loading were buried in compost soil for 4 weeks. The biodegradation assessments were carried out through films WVT （water vapor transmission） and mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to identify and monitor the properties of rubber degrading organism colonies. Results showed that incorporation of sago starch increased the formation and rates of propagation for microorganism colonies on NRL films with duration of biodegradation. The results also indicate the mechanism of sago starch granules utilization as sole source of energy for microbial growth. The behavior and characteristics of microorganisms involved in NRL films degradation also successfully discussed.

Study on the Impact of Filter Layer Permeability on Revetment Top Layer Stability under Wave Action

In the design of revetment engineering under wave action, to resist the wave action, the pattern of top layer-filter layer-core （subsoil） is often adopted. In general, the structure of top layer is usually single discrete blocks, typically accropode blocks, four-leg square hollow blocks and barrier boards, and also acropode, riprap, paved rock blocks or concrete slabs with smaller waves. Such top layer has been provided with many research findings on its stability and is widely used in engineering. Setting a filter layer between the top layer and the lower dike core mainly has two functions： （1） giving certain permeability, to minimize the hydrodynamic load directly acting on the lower foundation soil; （2） giving certain hydraulic tightness, to prevent fine sediment of the lower foundation soil from being washed out. This paper is focused on a special filter layer with geotextile as its upper structure and coarse aggregate as its lower structure. By simulating geotextile with different permeability and coarse aggregate with different size, the pressure of top of cover layer and the down side of the geotextile is tested under wave actions, and compared with theoretical analysis, in this way, how the permeability of geotextile impacts the stability of top layer is studied. The research shows that when the filter layer under the geotextile has high permeability and the geotextile＇s permeability gets poorer, the uplift force to geotextile and the top layer will be increased under wave action, which will cause damage to the top layer when it is greater than the vertical component of the underwater gravity along the slope surface.

NEUTROPHILIC TRANSIENT ACIDIFICATION AND SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION IN PERITONEAL DIALYSATE

Aim. To elucidate whether an inhibited superoxide production(O 2 ) of neutrophils induced by commercial lactate based peritoneal dialysates(PDS) could be corrected after a transient intracellular acidosis. Methods. The intracellular pH([pHi]) of human neutrophils incubatd in PDS was monitored with a spectrofluorometer with a pH sensitive dye (BCECF AM). Neutrophilic O 2 stimulated by zymosan was determined in PDS with the superoxide dismutase inhibitable ferricytochrome c reduction, using a spectrophotometer. Results. The severe intracellular acidosis induced within 5 min by PDS at an extracellular pH of 5.2 could be promptly and completely recovered by a neutralization of the pH of media. However, O 2 by neutrophils exposed to the PDS for as little as 5 min was drastically and persistently inhibited, even the acidic [pHi] of cells had been fully returned for 1h. Conclusions. The intracellular acidification of cells in the initial phase could be transient and reversible, but impaired cell functions, at least in part including O 2 generating system, might be consistent and irreversible in the early stage of the cellular acidosis in the peritoneal cavity of CAPD patients. The findings above may be of particular importance in both clinic and cell biology.

A study of particles penetration in sieving process on a linear vibration screen

This paper presented an investigation of particle collision and penetration using the discrete element method to understand the motion of particles and improve theoretical treatment in the sieving process. The process progressively was divided into looseness, stratification, collision, and penetration. Particle penetration has a direct effect on the screening performance. The penetration probability was defined, and the mathematical relationships between particle penetration and vibration parameters were established using the least squares method. To obtain the ideal penetration probability for materials the amplitude and frequency should preferably be near 3.0 mm and 25 Hz, respectively. The vibration direction angle has only a slight effect on penetration. The stage of the screening process from 0.1 to 0.7 s is the primary region for collision and penetration. This paper focused on the sieving process to more fully understand how particle collision and penetration influence the screening efficiency.

Nonlinear Diffusion and Transient Osmosis

We investigate both analytically and numerically the concentration dynamics of a solution in two containers connected by a narrow and short channel, in which diffusion obeys a porous medium equation. We also consider the variation of the pressure in the containers due to the flow of matter in the channel. In particular, we identify a phenomenon, which depends on the transport of matter across nano-porous membranes, which we call ＂transient osmosis＂. We find that nonlinear diffusion of the porous medium equation type allows numerous different osmotic-like phenomena, which are not present in the case of ordinary Fickian diffusion. Experimental results suggest one possible candidate for transiently osmotic processes.