化学教材中“通常”表述背后的意义

在化学教学中，“通常”表述蕴含着普遍性与特殊性的辩证关系。化学反应速率的“通常”表示方式、水的离子积常数的“通常”适用范围、化学键的“通常”判断方法等背后都隐藏着丰富的教学资源，对其进行挖掘有利于学生的知识掌握、思维发展以及科学素养的形成。

《维也纳条约法公约》第31.1条“通常含义”研究

在条约法理论和实践中,对《维也纳条约法公约》第31-33条相关解释因素的含义、价值、性质、关系、局限性等问题仍存诸多分歧。通过实证研究等方法,深入探究第31.1条"通常含义"在条约解释中的作用、词典的使用、词语的字面含义、对谁而言是"通常的"、无通常意义或无单一通常意义的处理、在WTO/ICJ等国际(准)司法实践中的应用等问题,确定条约用语"通常含义"的方法与第31-33条规定的其他解释方法间联系密切,"通常含义"仅是该要素系统的一部分,仅在上下文对此予以证实时且并不存在偏离该解释的其他因素时,"通常含义"才有决定性作用。该方法仍具局限性,几乎任何词语的含义都不止一个,且相互间可能还存在冲突。对"通常意义"与"特殊含义"问题,通常认为主张用语具有特殊意义的一方负举证责任。

ISO 9000标准中“通常隐含的”需求或期望

ISO 9000标准中“要求”定义里“通常隐含的”需求或期望,如果按中文“不言而喻”的一词来理解与应用,从理论到实践有可能存在一定疏漏或瑕疵,还可能给组织带来一定的损失。对此,用中文“可以意会的”替代“不言而喻的”,不仅更贴近ISO 9000的原义,甚至更能凸显其作为国际质量标准的先进性以及引领与增值作用。

重新审视伯恩施坦对“社会主义运动”和“最终目的”关系的认识——兼论其对恩格斯晚年思想的误解和背叛

伯恩施坦"运动就是一切,最终目的是微不足道的"这一观点,一直是学术界讨论的热点问题,但伯恩施坦关于"最终目的"的理解和当时社会民主党"通常"的理解存在差异伯恩施坦理解的最终目的是"未来社会的具体模式或设想",而社会民主党人所理解的最终目的却是"夺取政权"。伯恩施坦反复指出,如果凭空描绘未来社会详细图景,就会导致空想,但是当时社会民主党人并没有热衷描绘未来社会的图景,因而他所反对的这种空想,一是为其误解和背叛恩格斯晚年思想寻找借口,二是为进一步推行其渐进、改良的"和平长入社会主义"方式服务。

概率、频率与相关现代汉语副词

"频率"与"概率"是两个相关但又有所不同的概念,现代汉语用不同的两组词分别表示这两个概念的意义。频率副词作为现代汉语副词的一个次类,已基本达成共识,但是表示概率义的副词如"通常、往往"等也被包括其中,因此提出"概率副词"这一概念,并与"频率副词"进行比较,而"都"等范围副词实际上也是表示"概率"的。

Aberrant expression of ether à go-go potassium channel in colorectal cancer patients and cell lines

AIM: To study the expression of ether à go-go (Eag1) potassium channel in colorectal cancer and the relation- ship between their expression and clinico-pathological features. METHODS: The expression levels of Eag1 protein were determined in 76 cancer tissues with paired non- cancerous matched tissues as well as 9 colorectal adenoma tissues by immunohistochemistry. Eag1 mRNA expression was detected in 13 colorectal cancer tissues with paired non-cancerous matched tissues and 4 colorectal adenoma tissues as well as two colorectal cancer cell lines (LoVo and HT-29) by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of positive expression of Eag1 protein was 76.3% (58/76) and Eag1 mRNA was 76.9% (10/13) in colorectal cancer tissue. Expression level of Eag1 protein was dependent on the tumor size, lymphatic node metastasis, other organ metastases and Dukes’ stage (P < 0.05), while not dependent on age, sex, site and degree of differentiation. Eag1 protein and mRNA were negative in normal colorectal tissue, and absolutely negative in colorectal adenomas except that one case was positively stained for Eag1 protein. CONCLUSION: Eag1 protein and mRNA are aberrantly expressed in colorectal cancer and occasionally expressed in colorectal adenoma. The high frequency of expression of Eag1 in tumors and the restriction of normal expression to the brain suggest the potential of this protein for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.

基于流域经济与环境保护协调发展的路径探讨

本文首先简要分析了流域协调的最终目标,探讨了流域协调的二元特性及制约因素,最后提出了构建流域协调机制的有效途径,望能以此为相关研究提供些许参考。

Anomaly-based model for detecting HTTP-tunnel traffic using network behavior analysis

Increasing time-spent online has amplified users＇ exposure to tile tilreat oI miormanon leakage. Although existing security systems （such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems） can satisfy most of the security requirements of network administrators, they are not suitable for detecting the activities of applying the HTTP-tunnel technique to steal users＇ private information. This paper focuses on a network behavior-based method to address the limitations of the existing protection systems. At first, it analyzes the normal network behavior pattern over HTI＇P traffic and select four features. Then, it pres- ents an anomaly-based detection model that applies a hierarchical clustering technique and a scoring mechanism. It also uses real-world data to validate that the selected features are useful. The experiments have demonstrated that the model could achieve over 93% hit-rate with only about 3% false- positive rate. It is regarded confidently that the approach is a complementary technique to the existing security systems.

乳化炸药线型切割器对薄壳弹药销毁效果的数值模拟研究

针对目前的弹药销毁状况,为了减轻直接爆破的环境压力,利用理论分析及数值模拟的方法,首先对设计的简易乳化炸药线型切割器的药型罩材料进行确定,数值模拟表明:铝质药型罩所形成的射流侵彻能力要比紫铜材质的提高28%,而后利用ANSYS数值模拟得出该切割器最佳炸高为15 mm。最后对乳化炸药线型切割器切割薄壳弹药的过程进行数值模拟,证明该切割器可以达到切去弹药外壳而不产生剧烈爆轰及高速破片的效果。

《通俗常言疏证》同义词研究

清末民初孙锦标辑录的《通俗常言疏证》收录了许多同义词,这些同义词主要来源于释义、文献、通俗用法以及不同词目等。此书同义词的辑录体现出两个特点:一是以词条内部为主体;二是名词性同义词占绝大多数。同时,由于同义词内部的词义表现形式不同,这些同义词在类型上也存在一定差异。

SDCMA BLIND DETECTION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN FOR MC DS-CDMA SYSTEMS

This paper proposes Steepest Decreasing Constant Modulus Algorithm （SDCMA） detection in frequency dornain for MultiCarrier Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access （MC DS-CDMA） systems. The proposed algorithm is used to equalize independent ladings of all subcarriers. At the same time we compare the SDCMA blind detection with subspace-based Minimum Mean-Squared Error （MMSE） detection. The simulation results show that the pertbrmance of SDCMA blind detection is superior to that of subspace-based MMSE detection and the complexity of the former is much lower than that of the latter.

Approach to Anomaly Traffic Detection in a Local Network

The research intends to solve the problem of the occupation of bandwidth of local network by abnormal traffic which affects normal user's network behaviors.Firstly,a new algorithm in this paper named danger-theory-based abnormal traffic detection was presented.Then an advanced ID3 algorithm was presented to classify the abnormal traffic.Finally a new model of anomaly traffic detection was built upon the two algorithms above and the detection results were integrated with firewall.The firewall limits the bandwidth based on different types of abnormal traffic.Experiments show the outstanding performance of the proposed approach in real-time property,high detection rate,and unsupervised learning.

Application of Fast and Robust Equalization in Communication Technology

In this paper, the authors explore the potential of several popular equalization techniques while overcoming their disadvantages. First, extensive literature survey on equalization is conducted. The focus is on popular linear equalization algorithms such as the conventional least mean square (LMS ) algorithm, the recursive least squares ( RLS ) algorithm, the filtered X LMS algorithm and their development. To overcome the slow convergence problem while keeping the simplicity of the LMS based algorithms, an H 2 optimal initialization is proposed.

Multi-objective Optimization Based on Unsteady Analysis Considering the Efficiency and Radial Force of a Single-Channel Pump for Wastewater Treatment

A multidisciplinary optimization was conducted to simultaneously improve the efficiency and reduce the radial force of a single-channel pump for wastewater treatment. A hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm was coupled with a surrogate model to optimize the geometry of the single-channel pump volute. Steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a shear stress transport turbulence model were discretized using finite volume approximations and were then solved on tetrahedral grids to analyze the flow in the single-channel pump. The three objective functions represented the total efficiency, the sweep area of the radial force during one revolution, and the distance of the mass center of sweep area from the origin while the two design variables were related to the cross-sectional area of the internal flow of the volute. Latin hypercube sampling was employed to generate twelve design points within the design space, and response surface approximation models were constructed as surrogate models for the objectives based on the values of the objective function at the given design points. A fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for local search was coupled with the surrogate models to determine the global Pareto-optimal solutions. The trade-off between the objectives was determined and was described in terms of the Pareto-optimal solutions. The results of the multi-objective optimization showed that the optimum design simultaneously improved the efficiency and reduced the radial force relative to those of the reference design.

Variations of SST and Thermocline Depth in the Tropical Indian Ocean During Indian Ocean Dipole Events

Interannual variations in the surface and subsurface tropical Indian Ocean were studied using HadlSST and SODA datasets. Wind and heat flux datasets were used to discuss the mechanisms for these variations. Our results indicate that the surface and subsurface variations of the tropical Indian Ocean during Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） events are significantly different. A prominent characteristic of the eastern pole is the SSTA rebound after a cooling process, which does not take place at the subsurface layer. In the western pole, the surface anomalies last longer than the subsurface anomalies. The subsurface anomalies are strongly correlated with ENSO, while the relationship between the surface anomalies and ENSO is much weaker. And the subsurface anomalies of the two poles are negatively correlated while they are positively correlated at the surface layer. The wind and surface heat flux analysis suggests that the thermocline depth variations are mainly determined by wind stress fields, while the heat flux effect is important on SST.

Metric Expansion from Microscopic Dynamics in an Inhomogeneous Universe

Theories with ingredients like the Higgs mechanism, gravitons, and inflaton fields rejuvenate the idea that relativistic kinematics is dynamically emergent. Eternal inflation treats the Hubble constant H as depending on location. Microscopic dynamics implies that H is over much smaller lengths than pocket universes to be understood as a local space reproduction rate. We illustrate this via discussing that even exponential inflation in TeV-gravity is slow on the relevant time scale. In our on small scales inhomogeneous cosmos, a reproduction rate H depends on position. We therefore discuss Einstein-Strauss vacuoles and a Lindquist-Wheeler like lattice to connect the local rate properly with the scaling of an expanding cosmos. Consistency allows H to locally depend on Weyl curvature similar to vacuum polarization. We derive a proportionality constant known from Kepler＇s third law and discuss the implications for the finiteness of the cosmological constant.

Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO and IOD

The Northern Indian Ocean （NIO） sea surface temperature （SST） warming, associated with the E1 Nifio/Southern Oscillations （ENSO） and the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） mode, is investigated using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set （ICOADS） monthly data for the period 1979-2010. Statistical analy- ses are used to identify respective contribution from ENSO and IOD. The results indicate that the first NIO SST warming in September-November is associated with an IOD event, while the second NIO SST warming in spring-summer following the mature phase of ENSO is associated with an ENSO event. In the year that IOD co-occurred with ENSO, NIO SST warms twice, rising in the ENSO developing year and decay year. Both short- wave radiation and latent heat flux contribute to the NIO SST variation. The change in shortwave radiation is due to the change in cloudiness. A cloud-SST feedback plays an important role in NIO SST warming. The latent heat flux is related to the change in monsoonal wind. In the first NIO warming, the SST anomaly is mainly due to the change in the latent heat flux. In the second NIO warming, both factors are important.

Perception Survey of Carbon Monoxide Risk in Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer Populations

Carbon monoxide （CO） intoxication is one of the most common types of poisoning in the modem world. To better tailor messages and communication needs to the public, a perception survey of CO and his risk was conducted among the population of Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer. The authors included 400 people in this survey. The demographic characteristics of the respondents consisted of： 85.0% female, 92.9% adults, 29.7% had a high level of education, 49.6% unemployed, 89.5% were home owners and 53.9% lived in apartments. Water heaters were present in the homes of 91.0% of respondents and 6.5% of them used gas. Gas was used as fuel in 45.4% of cases. For water heaters, 20.8% had an exhaust duct, 9.9% were serviced regularly and 47.5% were installed in a well ventilated area. Regarding the media, television was the medium that allowed 73.4% of the CO to know, regardless of age, sex and level of education among the 94.3% of who ever heard of this deadly gas before the survey.

Effects of atmospheric pressure fluctuations on hill-side coal fires and surface anomalies

This paper presents numerical studies on the effects of atmospheric pressure fluctuations on hill-side coal fires and their surface anomalies. Based on the single-particle reaction–diffusion model, a formula to estimate oxygen consumption rate at high temperature controlled by oxygen transport is proposed.Daily fluctuant atmospheric pressure was imposed on boundaries, including the abandoned gallery and cracks. Simulated results show that the effects of atmospheric pressure fluctuations on coal fires and surface anomalies depend on two factors: the fluctuant amplitude and the pressure difference between inlet(s) and outlet(s) of the air ventilation system. If the pressure difference is close to the fluctuant amplitude, atmospheric pressure fluctuations greatly enhance gas flow motion and temperatures of the combustion zone and outtake(s). If the pressure difference is much larger than the fluctuant amplitude, atmospheric pressure fluctuations exert no impact on underground coal fires and surface anomalies.

Grout diffusion characteristics during chemical grouting in a deep water-bearing sand layer

This paper is devoted to application of ordinary kriging method in Choghart north anomaly iron ore deposit in Yazd province, Iran. In order to estimate the deposit, 2329 input data gained from 26 boreholes were used. Fe grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5 m composites so that statistical regularization could be reached. Studies indicated that iron grade input data had single-population characteristics. To carry out ordinary kriging, a spherical model was fitted over empirical variogram. Then the model was verified through cross validation method and proved to be valid with a coherence coefficient of 0.773 between the estimated and real data. Plotting the empirical variogram in different directions showed no geometric anisotropy for the deposit. To estimate the Iron grade, ordinary kriging method was used according to which, all of the exploitable blocks with dimensions 20 m x 20 m x 12.5 m were block esti- mated within the estimation space. Finally tonnage-grade curve has been drawn and reserve classified into measured, indicated and inferred.