明代“道德”与专制制度研究

明代不乏励精图治的皇帝,但是有一些统治者行为和历史事件却很难让我们理解,甚至有些行为在我们看来是荒诞的,但是我们从制度和统治需要来看,就会发现他们其实也在试图找到一种集权和制约的平衡。文章试图通过一些看似符合忠君道德的事件对此作一分析。

Bank Ethics: An Empirical Investigation of the Banking in China

Business ethics is considered critical for the reputation and competitive power of banks, especially in China after WTO Entry. This study applied the theory and research on ethical practices of successful managers and ethics control mechanisms to identify the ethical climates that result in ethical behaviors in the banking. 141 employees from different banks in Shanghai, China, completed measures of all scales in the survey. The results support the theorizing of the value of well-formed business ethics in the banking in China. The correlation and structural equation analysis suggests that ethical practices of successful managers and ethics control mechanisms of banks reinforce three ethical climates of ‘service’, ‘law and rules’ and ‘caring’ that promote the ethical level of employees, and the independence and instrumental climate on the contrary. This study also found that there are three ethics control mechanisms most commonly used in the banking and ethics-focused reward system is believed to be a mostly effective one by the employees of banking in China.

Management of the Higher Education Institution in the Ethical Actions Context

Managing the university in the context of ethics is one of many elements in the management of this specific organization. The task of university is functioning based on universal values, mission, vision, ethical codes, and responsibility and worthy behavior towards internal and external environment. In the era of globalization and constant changes, only a modernly managed higher education institution, acting according to principles of ethics, is able to meet requirements of surroundings. Behaviors of academic community should promote ethical actions in higher education institutions. It should be noted that the reputation, prestige in higher education, should also be based on the proceedings consistent with ethics.

Honour, Virtue and Oppression in Ann Radcliffe＇s The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne

Georgian historiography being an attempt to create a shared and self-congratulatory impression of the past serves as verbal equivalent of a national monument. Ann Radcliffe＇s Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne was written during the acme of popularity of gothified histories. This makes the novel a high drama of murder and revenge, usurpation and restoration, love and abduction, cruelty and virtue upholding common people＇s vow of joining hands to fight for ethical cause of avenging oppression against the backdrop of the Scottish highlands. On the one hand, the novel helps in perpetuating nationalist identity among English citizens by acclaiming virtuous, just, and moral act of the rightful feudal Chief Osbert and declaiming in contrast the avarice, oppression and lust of the usurper Malcolm. On the other hand, the self-devastating pride and calm resignation of the highborn women such as Mary and Louisa portrayed in the novel conform and thereby contribute to the notion of the ＂Angel in the House＂. The paper, thus, will examine the role of prevalent sense of honour and values imbibed in the major characters of the novel in bringing justice to the oppressed characters.

Ethics and Integrity in Building Employee＇s Perceptions

Malaysia has long been involved in the initiative of becoming a high income country by the year 2020. In this essence, fighting and eliminating any means of corruption in the public and private companies have been one of the key challenges in the long run. The globalization of businesses has somehow led to an increase in the number of unethical conduct and hazardous corruption. In the urge to enliven ethics and integrity in a company and among employees, the whole business processes and stakeholders should position code of ethics and integrity at its highest standard. However, can ethics and integrity really increase the company＇s reputation, strengthening its business operations and sustainability, and deliver trust amongst employees and employers？ The objective of this study is to analyze the perceptions of employees on issues pertaining ethics and integrity. The study has been conducted in one of the giant telecommunication companies in Malaysia where a sample of 7,056 employees were the participants involved in the survey. The study has used questionnaires to collect data. The data have then been analysed using the SPSS data analysis software. The findings explained that employees view the company as an ethical place to work where the finance department is deemed to have the highest level of integrity. While in matters of corruption risk areas, there are still practices of bribery. It is also founded that a majority of respondents about 93% agree that the company＇s initiatives are effective in building business integrity and that the level of business ethics and integrity has improved over the last two years. Running a business with ethics and integrity while selecting the fight business partners will create a corporation of ethics, integrity, and anti-corruption.

Ethics and the Financial and Budgetary Discipline in the Ministry of Defence

This article deals with the relation between ethics and financial and budgetary discipline during economic and social recession in the Czech Republic. We find causes of economic and social recession in the Czech Republic in the loss of democratic and human values. Czech Republic was ranked the 57th place in the Corruption Perceptions index 2013 out of the 177 countries assessed, which is the same result achieved by Bahrain, Croatia, and Namibia. Among the 31 European Union （EU） member states and Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland, the Czech Republic is on the 25th site. Market as well as public sector and public finances should follow unwritten rules of ethics and ethical behavior. Such rules should be followed especially by politicians, officials, soldiers, and businessmen. Do we need ethics in present time？ How is the role of the code of ethics in increasing financial and budgetary discipline in the defence sector？ Is it possible to measure efficiency of the code of ethics for financial and budgetary discipline？ We explain the importance of codes of ethics and formulate essential elements that each code of ethics must contain. Next, we deal with the main rules of both financial and budgetary disciplines. Furthermore, this article offers a comparison of several codes of ethics and describes the main problems in our implementation. In the end, we introduce our draft of Code of Ethics for Economic Service Officer in the Ministry of Defence and talk about possible influences of these codes on the quality of employee＇s performance.

Empiricism, Moral Philosophy, and Ethical Behavior

I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.

Corporate Social Responsibility——From the Perspective of Polish Enterprises

Corporate social responsibility （CSR） is becoming more and more frequently emphasized part of management in the structure of Polish enterprises. These results from the fact that growing awareness of consumers, destructive impact of industry on the natural environment, economic scandals, unethical behavior among entrepreneurs, bring about redefining the principles of a business activity on the market by entrepreneurs. As a result of the above, such values as honesty, trust, or responsibility take on greater importance. Additionally, more and more often, Polish entrepreneurs pay attention to the influence of the company on the environment, the way the stakeholders are treated, while striving to maximize profit. The present paper looks into the subject of social responsibility from the point of view of Polish enterprises. To verify this objective, there was the analysis of the due literature performed, and also carried out the survey among 174 entrepreneurs running their business activity in the area of Southern Poland. The research tool used in the research was the questionnaire （PAPI and CAWI）. In the conducted research, there were factors analyzed referring to knowledge of social responsibility among the people holding both managerial and lower-level positions, in particular opinion, is it important for enterprises to be driven by ethical standards？ How to implement CSR in their structures？ How to understood concept of CSR？ What are the reasons for the implementation of CSR in the strategy of the company？ The considerations （both the theoretical and practical ones） confirmed that the Polish enterprises feel the increased need to implement the activities in the field of social responsibility, which, in the present conditions, constitutes an important part of running a business activity.

Social Media and Education： Ethical Considerations in an Electronic Age

This paper first explores the concepts of values and ethics, utilizing a social work framework. It proceeds to examine various dilemmas involved in communicating with others via social media tools. Historic boundary issues between students and faculty are discussed, as well as emerging dilemmas that are becoming prevalent within electronic communicative networks （e.g., Skype, Facebook, Myspace, Linkedln, Twitter, and Texting）. The need for policy guidelines within academic environments in the use of social media is emphasized, Similar to the National Association of Social Workers （NASW） Code of Ethics, Arizona State University （ASU） is cited as a model in providing some structure regarding staff responsibility and unethical conduct within its academic setting. An enhancement of these guidelines to include electronic communication is recommended. Guidance is necessary to promote responsible communication, as the right to privacy, freedom of speech, and anonymity are all illusions of invulnerability.

Nay or Jain Nyay 1： Existence Inferred from Affirmed Assertions

The Jain logic （Nay） addresses concerns elicited by sense experience of observable and measurable reality. Reality is what it is, and it exists independent of the observer. The last Jain Tirthankar Mahaveer suggested that organisms interact with such realities for survival needs and become concerned about the consequences. He suggested a code of conduct for reality-based behaviors to address concerns. Perceptions and impressions provide measures （praman） of information in sense experience, and with other evidence guide choices and decisions to act and bear consequences. Ethical behaviors rooted in reality have desirable consequences, and inconsistent and contradictory behaviors are undesirable consequences. Omniscience （God, Brahm） is discarded as a self-referential ad hoc construct inconsistent and contradictory to real world behaviors. This article is survey of assumptions and models to represent, interpret, and validate knowledge that begins with logical deduction for inference （anuman） based on evidence from sense experience （Jain 2011）. Secular and atheistic thrust of thought and practice encourages reasoning and open-ended search with affirmed assertions and independent evidence. Individual identity （atm） emerges with consistent behaviors to overcome fallibility and unreliability by minimizing doubt （Syad-Saptbhangi Nay）. The first Tirthankar Rishabh Nath （ca. 2700 BC） suggested that the content （sat） of real and abstract objects and concerns during a change is conserved as the net balance of the inputs and outputs （Tatia 1994）. Identity and content of assertions and evidence is also conserved during logical manipulations for reasoning. Each assertion and its negation are to be affirmed with independent evidence, and lack of evidence for presence is not necessarily the evidence for either non-absence or non-existence.

Moral property rights and harmonious society

To build the harmonious society needs the effect of morality.There are various kinds of moral values.Moral values can be divided into proper ones and improper ones according to whether the social benefit is bigger than the social cost of the moral behavior.The former is helpful to the optimal allocation of resources and improve the formation of the harmonious society; while the latter is harmful to the optimal allocation of resource and bad to the formation of the harmonious society.The proper and scientist moral values include： sustainable development view on ecology,fair,just and win win view on morality,credibility,right view on rich and poor,right view on consumption and so on.To build the proper and scientific moral value,the more important way is building proper moral property rights institution by recognizing properly and constructing moral property rights besides legislation,setting up moral surroundings,valuing moral penetration,strengthening moral education etc.Harmonious society;Moral property rights;Moral value

＂Winning Is Everything＂ as the Basis of Academic Misconduct Among Indonesian Students

Unethical behavior among university students such as cheating and plagiarism has weakened the character of honesty in education. This fact has challenged those who perceived education as a holistic process of internalizing values and norms that lead to the formation of students＇ moral principles and moral behaviour. Educators have played the role of ensuring the students to internalize and realized moral values and norms. A study of 360 students of the second semester who enrolled at the course of ＂ethical and personal development＂ at Atma Jaya Catholic University in Indonesia showed that unethical behavior such as cheating and plagiarism were rarely done. However, a deep look at the reason the students did academic dishonesty has prompted the permissiveness of student＇s moral life. This study proves that academic integrity among university students is worrisome, and it is worsened by the fact that they were enrolled in the course of ＂ethical and personal development＂. Seriously taking into consideration the strong desire of students to change the culture of academic misconduct, the authors argue that an educational model which is not oriented excessively to cognitive performance is needed. The authors argue that this position has to be practiced in line with the involvement of ＂clean＂ students who are involved as role models in influencing the formation of student awareness and ethical behavior.

The Ethical Dilemmas and Beyond Demands of Colleges and Universities＇ Social Services

Social Services ethical behavior is the norm university college norms and values of social service selection. The current lot of negative factors that exist in society, leading to social service ethic universities face many practical difficulties： for guiding spirit of paranoia shaken ethical orientation of social services for the blind t,argets deep extension of the apparent deviation ethics of social services, the service Preference object affects the ethical tone of social services for their properties to accommodate non-independent eroding the foundation of ethics established by the social services. Therefore, the identification of good ethical order, to call college cultural consciousness, lifting universities utilitarian development difficulties, reasonably determine the role of university social services, the ability to face the limits of educational services, social services, colleges and universities to guide ethical behavior.

The Effect of Power upon Unethical Behavior in the Organization

Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.

On the Experimental Moral Education Pattern

This thesis is designed to propose a feasible moral education pattern forming in experience and idea against the current circumstance of preferring preaching rather than taking action, results than process in moral education according to the development status of morality and the law of somatopsychic development of individual. It aims to start the feeling system of educators, stimulate the in-depth emotional experience, guarantee the smooth transition from moral cognition to moral behavior, and cultivate and create the individual with virtue, healthy mind and body and good manners so as to improve the effectiveness of moral education.

The study of corporate culture＇s influence on enterprise management innovation

It is well known to us that people are the core force of the survival and development of enterprise, and on the other hand, enterprise is both an organization of individuals and an interest organization which is based on clear development goals and the distributing and integrating existing. Culture is the temperament and style reflecting of the spirit and the consciousness of human beings and even the individuals. Enterprise is an organization which unites the established development goals and the individuals. Naturally, this humanistic enterprise groups should have a certain ＂temperament＂ and ＂style.＂ Compared with the persons, this temperament and style, is the result of the collision, agitation, adjustments, tuning and optimized, representing the collective personality. Instead leaded by the individual consciousness, it is collective, organizational personality and style expressed by individual deeds and awareness and. In other words, corporate culture is a long-term production and business activities in the form of consciousness, and the comprehensive reflection of the business purpose, values and ethical conduct abided by the majority of employees.

Human Dignity and Human Rights： A Universal Language for Bioethics

One of the aims of the Universal Declaration on B ioethics and Human Rights （UNESCO） is to ＂promote respect for human dignity and protect human rights＂,l Here are two overarching principles at work, ensuring that the biomedical sciences fulfill their task within an ethical framework. The principle of respect for human dignity is a universal moral concept, meant to be applied in human encounters. Protecting human rights underscores the legal principle of not only affirming the fundamental equality of all human beings, but equally safeguarding it. These two principles are universally defined, but are ordinarily specified by the particular value system of individual cultures in which they are employed. It is within such particular cultural application that their relevance stands out. The thrust of this paper is that, since principles are general action guides, they actually constitute a universal language for the analysis and evaluation of all human conduct. However, there is also recognition of the fact that moral contexts vary from culture to culture, and that while the scope of the two principles above is not restricted by any particular culture, it is indeed those cultural specifics of each moral context that constitute the framework within which the principles become operational. As general action guides, I will argue that these principles lack moral relevance outside of those particular cultural settings wherein they are contextualized. Without such relevance, these principles become meaningless mantras. I will further show that such principles do not merely uphold values informed by particular cultures, but they are an embodiment of values inherent to human nature in general. Consequently, these principles do not just serve as instruments for addressing issues peculiar to ＂Western bioethics＂ or any other particular cultural setting in an exclusive sense, but are also used for moderating bioethics discourse that transcend particular cultural boundaries. I will further explain that such universal discourse is potentially instructive with regards to how cultural universals are viewed in relation to the cultural particulars, and that this discourse essentially becomes a lingua franca for cross-cultural dialogue in bioethics.

Sexual Ethics; A Need Indeed, Buddhist Ethics as a Model

According to Psychological theories of motivation, sexuality is a biological need which urges to satisfy sexual desire. Though it is not essential for the survival of an individual, it plays a major role in the growth, development, adjustment and well-being. Therefore, sexuality is a common aspect in the existence and it should not be neglected. However, in many religious ethical issues, sexuality had been treated negatively and identified as a barrier for an advanced spiritual life. Even in tribal societies there were some sexual taboos that controlled man＇s sexual behavior to some extent. Among religious ethical codes, one may find that it had been placed an important position for controlling or completely eliminating sexual behaviors. In modem world, what is evident is that this so called sexual need has been used for many commercial and marketing purposes. Even in advertising field, sexual desire of man is used as a mean of attracting public. Phonograph has become a very profitable illegal professional today. Sexual medicines, drugs and tools are available everywhere in the society. Though sexual education had been included into the curriculum in schools and higher education institutions, the awareness of sexuality among people seems to be in a low level. While biologically man is compelled to fulfill sexual desire internally, it is motivated externally by many social factors. So that not only misconceptions of sexuality, but also misbehaviors of sexuality can be observed in the society today. By examining these current situations of man＇s sexual behaviors, there is a big need to formulate a sexual ethical code--a code of law with the help of religious teachings. Otherwise these various sexual behaviors may create more and more social and world problems. In this paper, my aim is to examine Buddhist ethics in order to formulate a sexual ethical code.

Against Holocaust Denial： Between Criminality and Immorality

Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the right to free expression Holocaust Denial concerns denying facts and therefore, it is not a question of freedom of speech. At the same vein, inquiring into the conceptual grounds of the theory of criminalization, the article provides that Holocaust Denial cannot and should not be criminalized.

＂Questionable＂ Behaviors and Practices in Academic Productivity in Postgraduate Studies in Mexico

This paper reports the results acquired in a research work about ＂questionable＂ practices and behaviors in the academic production of researches and postgraduate social sciences and humanities studies of the programs that are appointed by the National Program of Quality Postgraduate Studies （PNPC, by its acronym in Spanish） in Mexico. Through a qualitative methodology, the authors interpreted some of the arguments that explain and/or justify certain practices in relation to doubled production, authorship, and coauthorship of academic products. In this paper, the authors present and analyze the results that they obtained after reviewing documents produced by professors and students of six postgraduate programs that are taught in two Mexican public universities. At the same time, the authors examine some of the practices that take place within said programs, given the institutional demands of improving finished studies efficiency. One of the hypotheses of this work is the demands that are imposed by external evaluations of academic processes on professors and their programs in order to reach desirable rates with the purpose of maintaining or increasing the levels of productivity, gives way to certain practices that must be analyzed. This work＇s theoretic framework is constituted by the contributions of career sociology and professional ethics.