宋杂剧金院本“酸目”新探

宋杂剧和金院本中有一些包含"酸"字的剧目,由于资料的缺乏,对这些剧目的考证只能略涉一二,且难下定论。笔者在前辈学者研究的基础上,对这些"酸目"进行了新探索,提出了几点不同的认识:1."酸"指秀才一类的读书人,"哮"仅仅指这类读书人中的某一类型,二者不能等同;2."酸目"所演内容均以文人、秀士为主人公,"酸"指人物类型,并非以"酸"的角色行当来扮演江湖郎中、乞丐、嫖客等各类喜剧人物;3.明代朱有燉《李亚仙花酒曲江池》第四折中四秀才打诨片段是官本杂剧段数中的《秀才下酸擂》,亦即金院本名目中的《四酸擂》,并非题目院本中的《呆秀才》。

Phylogenetic relationships of 18 passerines based on Adenylate Kinase Intron 5 sequences

The 18 species of bird studied originally are known to belong to muscicapids, robins and sylviids of passerines, but some dis- putations are always present in their classification systems. In this experiment, phylogenetic relationships of 18 species of passerines were studied using Adenylate Kinase lntron 5 （AKS） sequences and DNA techniques. Through sequences analysis in comparison with each other, phylogenetic tree figures of 18 species of passerines were constructed using Neighbor-Joining （N J） and Maximum-Parsimony （MP） meth- ods . The results showed that sylviids should be listed as an independent family, while robins and flycatchers should be listed into Musci- capidae. Since the phylogenetic relationships between long-tailed tits and old world warblers are closer than that between long-tailed tits and parids, the long-tailed tits should be independent of paridae and be categorized into aegithalidae. Muscicapidae and Paridae are known to be two monophylitic families, but Sylviidae is not a monophyletic group. AK5 sequences had better efficacy in resolving close relationships of interspecies among intrageneric groups.

ERYTHROMYCIN POLYLACTIC ACID MICROSPHERES FOR LUNG TARGETING

AIM: To prepare polylactic acid microspheres of Erythromycin for Lung targeting. METHEDS: The orthogonal test design was used to optimize the technology of preparation. The character of the microspheres, drug release in vitro, stability and tissue distribution were examined. RESULTS: The Erythromycin polylactic acid microspheres was regular in its morphology. Drug was enveloped in microspheres but not physically mixed with PDLLA. The average particle size was 11.65mm with over 94% of the microspheres being in the range of 5~20mm; The drug loading and the incorporation efficiency were 18% and 60% respectively. The microspheres were stable for three month at 4℃ and room temperature. The in vitro release properties could be expressed by the Higuchi抯 equation: y = 28.067 + 3.8515t1/2 (r = 0.9834). Comparing with injection, the drug in microspheres was more concentrated in lung tissue. CONCLUSION: Erythromycin polylactic acid microspheres showed significant sustained release and lung targeting.

Multi-objective Optimization of Industrial Purified Terephthalic Acid Oxidation Process

Multi-objective optimization of a purified terephthalic acid (PTA) oxidation unit is carried out in this paper by using a process modei that has been proved to describe industrial process quite well. The modei is a semi-empirical structured into two series ideal continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) models. The optimal objectives include maximizing the yield or inlet rate and minimizing the concentration of 4-carboxy-benzaldhyde, which is the main undesirable intermediate product in the reaction process. The multi-objective optimization algorithra applied in this study is non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ). The performance of NSGA-Ⅱ is further illustrated by application to the title process.

Cloning and sequence analysis of a full-length cDNA of SmPP1cb encoding turbot protein phosphatase 1 beta catalytic subunit

Reversible protein phosphorylation, catalyzed by protein kinases and phosphatases, is an important and versatile mechanism by which eukaryotic cells regulate almost all the signaling processes. Protein phosphatase 1 （PP1） is the first and well-characterized member of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase family. In the present study, a full-length cDNA encoding the beta isoform of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase l（PPlcb）, was for the first time isolated and sequenced from the skin tissue of flatfish turbot Scophthalmus maximus, designated SmPPlcb, by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） technique. The cDNA sequence of SmPPlcb we obtained contains a 984 bp open reading frame （ORF）, flanked by a complete 39 bp 5＇ untranslated region and 462 bp 3＇ untranslated region. The ORF encodes a putative 327 amino acid protein, and the N-terminal section of this protein is highly acidic, Met-Ala-Glu-Gly-Glu-Leu-Asp-Val-Asp, a common feature for PP1 catalytic subunit but absent in protein phosphatase 2B （PP2B）. And its calculated molecular mass is 37 193 Da and pI 5.8. Sequence analysis indicated that, SmPPlcb is extremely conserved in both amino acid and nucleotide acid levels compared with the PPlcb of other vertebrates and invertebrates, and its Kozak motif contained in the 5＇UTR around ATG start codon is GXXAXXGXXATGG, which is different from mammalian in two positions A6 and G3, indicating the possibility of different initiation of translation in turbot, and also the 3＇UTR of SmPPlcb is highly diverse in the sequence similarity and length compared with other animals, especially zebraf＇lsh. The cloning and sequencing of SmPPlcb gene lays a good foundation for the future work on the biological functions of PP1 in the flatfish turbot.

Lipid and Fatty Acid Compositions of Cod (Gadus morhua),Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

This study was conducted to compare lipid and fatty acid composition of cod,haddock and halibut.Three groups of cod（276 g±61 g）,haddock（538 g±83 g）and halibut（3704 g±221 g）were maintained with commercial feeds mainly based on fish meal and marine fish oil for 12 weeks prior to sampling.The fatty acid compositions of muscle and liver were determined by GC/FID after derivatization of extracted lipids into fatty acid methyl esters（FAME）.Lipids were also fractionated into neutral and polar lipids using Waters silica Sep-Pak（R）.The phospholipid fraction was further separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography（HPTLC）and the FAME profile was obtained.Results of the present study showed that cod and haddock were lean fish and their total muscle lipid contents were 0.8% and 0.7%,respectively,with phospholipid constituting 83.6% and 87.5% of the total muscle lipid,respectively.Halibut was a medium-fat fish and its muscle lipid content was 8%,with 84% of the total muscle lipid being neutral lipid.Total liver lipid contents of cod,haddock and halibut were 36.9%,67.2% and 30.7%,respectively,of which the neutral lipids accounted for the major fraction（88.1%-97.1%）.Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in cod and haddock muscle neutral lipid.Monounsaturated fatty acid level was the highest in halibut muscle neutral lipid.Fatty acid compositions of phospholipid were relatively constant.In summary,the liver of cod and haddock as lean fish was the main lipid reserve organ,and structural phospholipid is the major lipid form in flesh.However,as a medium-fat fish,halibut stored lipid in both their liver and muscle.

A Simplified Method for Purifying Osteoclasts from Human Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Objective: To purify and identify the osteoclasts from the tissue of humangiant cell tumor of bone. Methods: We have developed a new method that allows the purification oflarge numbers of authentic osteoclasts (OCs). The OCs were isolated from tissue of human giant celltumor of bone by 0.25% trypsin and collagenase. We characterized OCs in terms of the expression ofdifferent phenotypic markers of OCs. The phenotypic markers of OC included Tartrate-resistant acidphosphatase staining (TRAP). The expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR), cathepsin K and receptoractivator of necrosis factor κB (RANK) mRNA were examined by RT-PCR. Results: The OC cell purifiedby above method functioned normally in vitro. The purity was about 79.7%. They showed the normalosteoclast phenotypes markers of OC. Conclusion: The method provides a system for performingbiochemical and molecular studies of OCs. The study indicates that the method of purifying theosteoclasts from human GCT cell can be used for research of bone metabolism.

Molecular phylogeny of Bactrocera species （Diptera： Tephritidae） inferred from mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences

The fruit flies of the Bactrocera （Diptera： Tephritidae） are one of the major economically important insects in Asia. So far, there are at least seven species found in Chongqing, China. By using mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences, the phylogenetic relationships among seven Bactrocera species, Bactrocera cucurbitae （Coquillett）, B. tau （Walker）, B. diaphora （Hendel）, B. caudata （Fabricius）, B. scutellata （Hendel）, B. dorsalis （Hendel）, and B. minax （Enderlein） were investigated. Nucleotide diversity within species ranged from 0.3% to 10.9%. According to the result, B. cucurbitae （Coquillett）, B. tau （Walker）, B. diaphora （Hendel）, and B. caudata （Fabricius） have no enough sites to be distinguished among the other species in the 347bp nucleotide sequences of the 16s rDNA gene. At the same time, excluding B. scutellata （Hendel） and B. minax （Enderlein）, the other species recognition sites are not only too little but also discontinuous. Phylogenetic trees calculated from both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis methods showed that B. cucurbitae and B. tau were closely related, B. diaphora （Hendel） and B. caudata （Fabricius） also had a close relationship. B. minax （Enderlein） has a furthest relationship from the other 6 species. From the results, we can infer that the our data supports previous classification of Bactrocera based on morphological characters in other words, but the Bactrocera subgenera, Zeugodacus is polyphyletic.

The Possibility of Agricultural Drainage Water Reuse in Agricultural Project

Agricultural drainage water in Ashkada-Barak agricultural project is a major source of wasted water, which amount to about 35 million liters per day. This huge sum of wasted water cause a formation of pools around the area and therefore a lot of environmental problems such as the proliferation of mosquitoes, and other health problems, while it can be reuse in a variety purposes such as agriculture, fish farming and drinking, so the goal of this research is to study quality of water and determine its suitability. Different samples were taken over a period of year for testing the most important elements of which were estimated concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia. The results show a presence of high concentrations of nitrogen compounds in studied water. Temperature had been identified as environmental factor dynamically controlled the process of nitrification.

The New Pest Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for Spirulina Ponds

The goal of this study was to discover Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for the first time as a pest on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis. This algae has been recognized as a very important commercial product in the world today and as one of the most promising ones among the other microscopic algae due to its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as in gamma-linolenic acid （GLA）, and in pigments including phycocyanin, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin. Both immature and adult development stages ofS. tenuicosta have been studied under the temperature of 15±2℃. The development times for eggs, larval stages, including first, second, and third one, and for pupae as well as for adults were found to be 1.4, 1.0, 1.1, 1.1, 3.0 and 8.7 respectively. Some pest control practices ofS. tenuicosta on S. platensis have been also examined in this study.