初中化学“问题化学习”的实践探索

“问题化学习”就是通过问题来建构自主学习过程的活动,它要求学习活动以问题的发现与提出为开端,用问题主线来贯穿学习过程和整合各种知识,并把对问题的思考、解决、感悟作为对学习目标的追求与对学习结果的检验。问题化学习的关键组件包括“三位一体问题观”、“问题卡”和合作学习。

Alternative Monte Carlo Approach for General Global Illumination

An alternative Monte Carlo strategy for the computation of global illumination problem was presented.The proposed approach provided a new and optimal way for solving Monte Carlo global illumination based on the zero variance importance sampling procedure. A new importance driven Monte Carlo global illumination algorithm in the framework of the new computing scheme was developed and implemented. Results, which were obtained by rendering test scenes, show that this new framework and the newly derived algorithm are effective and promising.

HYBRID FILTER WITH PREDICT-ESTIMATOR AND COMPENSATOR FOR THE LINEAR TIME INVARIANT DELAYED SYSTEM

This paper investigates the problem of real-time estimation for one kind of linear time invariant systems which subject to limited communication capacity. The communication limitations include signal transmission delay, the out-of-sequence measurements and data packet dropout, which appear typically in a network environment. The kernel of filter design is equally to formularize the traditional Kalman filter as one linear weighted summation which is composed of the initial state estimate and all sequential sampled measurements. For it can adapt aforementioned information limitations, the linear weighted summation is then decomposed into two stages. One is a predict-estimator composed by all reached measurements, another is one compensator constructed by those time-delayed data. In the network environment, there are obvious differences between the new hybrid filter and those existing delayed Kalman filters. For example, the novel filter can be optimal in the sense of linear minimum mean square error as soon as all measurements available and has the lowest running time than these existing delayed filters. One simulation, including two cases, is utilized to illustrate the design procedures proposed in this paper.

Particle Filter for Estimation and Tracking

In recent years, the particle filter technique has been widely used in tracking, estimation and navigation. In this paper, the authors described several practical filters including the general practical, the extended Kaman practical, and the unsented particle filters. And they explained the degeneracy problem in the practical filter protess, and introduced some solved methods. Finally they demonstrated the estimation of different particle filters in non-liner and non-Gaussian situation respectively. The result proved the unscented particle filter had the best performance.

Why Does Personalism Turn Towards Animal Ethics？

The intellectual heritage of modernity needs rethinking. It is marked by radical humanism and implied by the ideas of Descartes and Kant above all, which introduces an unbridgeable gap between animals and human persons （nonhuman and human animals）. Intuitive sensibility to the question of the welfare of nonhuman animals meets a theoretical ally in the rapidly growing knowledge on their subjectivity and makes us pose a questions about their ontological status. This context arouses a possibility of a turn to personalist ethics, yet not to its anthropocentric version implied by Kant, but to personalism conceived of as an instance of value ethics as exemplified by Antonio Rosmini and Karol Wojtyta （John Paul II）.

The Theoretical Perspectives and Managerial Implications of the Balanced Scorecard （BSC） in the Italian Public Utilities

The present work aims to conduct a critical analysis of control systems and tools of performance assessment in local public services companies, with a particular reference to the public transport sector. The interest in this issue arises for various reasons, from the growing economic significance of the sector at a national level, measurable in terms of production value and the number of operators involved, to the spread of outsourcing policies, liberalization and privatization, and the use of the standard cost to establish the level of funding. In the field of public utilities, until a few years ago, the concept of control was intended only in a ＂bureaucratic＂ sense as the capacity to fulfill the formal obligations linked to the strong regulatory context, ignoring aspects that have become fundamental today, such as economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of management. The approach used is deductive and the study ends with the presentation of the possible implications of the use of standard cost and the presentation of an application hypothesis of a balanced scorecard （BSC） for local public transport （LPT）.

Study on High Order Perturbation-based Nonlinear Stochastic Finite Element Method for Dynamic Problems

Several algorithms were proposed relating to the development of a framework of the perturbation-based stochastic finite element method (PSFEM) for large variation nonlinear dynamic problems. For this purpose, algorithms and a framework related to SFEM based on the stochastic virtual work principle were studied. To prove the validity and practicality of the algorithms and framework, numerical examples for nonlinear dynamic problems with large variations were calculated and compared with the Monte-Carlo Simulation method. This comparison shows that the proposed approaches are accurate and effective for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures with random parameters.

Karl Popper＇s Critical Rationalism＂ Corroboration versus Confirmation＊

This paper reviews and adds to previous arguments for the thesis that Karl Popper was mistaken to have rejected hypothetico-deductive confirmation. By turning from the positive idea of verification to the negative idea of criticism, Popper believed that he had turned his back on induction. He believed he had ＂solved＂ the ＂problem of induction＂ by providing a non-inductive account of corroboration. Popper used the term ＂corroboration＂ rather than confirmation which he believed was too closely allied to the notion of the inductive or probabilistic support that a theory can receive from evidence. Wesley Salmon＇s （1967） ＂concept of confirming evidence＂ and Clark Glymour＇s （1980） ＂bootstrap conception of evidence for theory＂ both defended respectively the thesis that passed tests can be confirmed by evidence or warranted by the degree of probability. Using a sequence of symbols in logical form or analysis, I shall further defend the concept to hypothetico-deductive confirmation in order to show that the known weaknesses of Popper＇s critical rationalism are remediable, once the notion of evidence for theories is brought back into consideration.

Variable Selection for Structural Equation with Endogeneity

This paper studies variable selection problem in structural equation of a two-stage least squares （2SLS） model in presence of endogeneity which is commonly encountered in empirical economic studies. Model uncertainty and variable selection in the structural equation is an important issue as described in Andrews and Lu （2001） and Caner （2009）. The authors propose an adaptive Lasso 2SLS estimator for linear structural equation with endogeneity and show that it enjoys the oracle properties, i.e., the consistency in both estimation and model selection. In Monte Carlo simulations, the authors demonstrate that the proposed estimator has smaller bias and MSE compared with the bridge-type GMM estimator （Caner, 2009）. In a case study, the authors revisit the classic returns to education problem （Angrist and Krueger, 1991） using the China Population census data. The authors find that the education level not only has strong effects on income but also shows heterogeneity in different age cohorts.