The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,larg...The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices give rise to soil degradation in the region.This study analyzed the food security issues coupled with global climate change in the northeastern China during 1980–2000,which is the period of modern agriculture.The results of statistical data show that the arable land area shrank markedly in 1992,and then increased slowly,while food production generally continually increased.The stable grain yield was due to the increase of applied fertilizer and irrigated areas.Soil degradation in the northeastern China includes severe soil erosion,reduced soil nutrients,a thinner black soil layer,and deterioration of soil physical properties.The sustainable development of the northeastern China is influenced by natural-artificial binary disturbance factors which consist of meteorological conditions,climate changes,and terrain factors as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Interactions between the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in the region led to reduced accumulation of soil organic matter,which results in poor soil fertility.Human-induced factors,such as large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices,unsuitable cultivation systems,dredging,road building,illegal land occupation,and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,have led to increasingly severe soil erosion and destruction.Solutions to several problems of soil degradation in this region requiring urgent settlement are proposed.A need for clear and systematic recognition and recording of land use changes,land degradation,food production and climate change conditions is suggested,which would provide a reference for food security studies in the northeastern China.展开更多
Global food supply has for a long time been regarded as only a problem of food production. Since the turn of the century, however, other aspects have entered the debate, such as improving food quality, changing eating...Global food supply has for a long time been regarded as only a problem of food production. Since the turn of the century, however, other aspects have entered the debate, such as improving food quality, changing eating habits and avoiding food waste. The latter topic has become the subject of attention for the past I0 years and the interest in it has steadily grown. This paper focuses on food waste within the overall context. Apart from the purely quantitative （material） aspects, it draws our attention to the immaterial side of waste, which has to do with our value system. It hopes to sharpen our minds towards a responsible way of dealing with resources展开更多
Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provide...Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology （EST）. Along with today＇s rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.展开更多
Over the last two decades, food allergens are being recognized as one of the food hazards. This serious food safety issue is being addressed in different countries not only in terms of their biological and clinical ch...Over the last two decades, food allergens are being recognized as one of the food hazards. This serious food safety issue is being addressed in different countries not only in terms of their biological and clinical characteristics, but also in terms of various standards of allergen management in food industries. This abnormal immune response caused by food allergens affects the quality of life especially in children and influences their overall health and retards normal growth, along with they suffer from ailments like eating disorders, depression, sometimes even death which is the most adverse impact of food allergy. Every country has their own set of guidelines to deal with the food allergens especially developed countries, food allergen guidelines is not well documented in developing countries. FAO/WHO is providing assistance to developing countries in strengthening their food safety guidelines. The Codex Alimentarius was formulated by the two organizations FAO/WHO in the year 1960; it is a collection of food standards in a integrated, codified style, together with associated material such as codes of hygiene and good manufacturing practices that should be followed by industries during various production stages of a food item. In both developed and developing nations, the Food Chemical Codex or the Codex Alimentarius aims to protect public health and implement fair trade practises for the trading of food items.展开更多
A survey of major chicken meat hatcheries in Australia was undertaken in 2008 to identify how hatchery waste is currently managed. A weekly average of 10.4 tonnes of waste is produced by chicken meat hatcheries. The c...A survey of major chicken meat hatcheries in Australia was undertaken in 2008 to identify how hatchery waste is currently managed. A weekly average of 10.4 tonnes of waste is produced by chicken meat hatcheries. The cost of disposal （average $127/tonne） and availability of disposal sites is an emerging issue. The majority of hatchery waste is sent to land fill or for composting, with some rendered for use as pet food. Hatchery wastewater is mostly used for irrigation or disposed directly into the sewer. Most of the hatcheries have no environmental issues with hatchery waste on site but some report odour problems. Some hatcheries would like to treat the waste on site so that it could be sold as a commodity or to use methods to separate liquid from solid waste and recycle water.展开更多
The issues of food security are an important aspect of every country for its social and economic growth and the eradication of poverty. It is particularly crucial for satisfying the needs of the ever-growing populatio...The issues of food security are an important aspect of every country for its social and economic growth and the eradication of poverty. It is particularly crucial for satisfying the needs of the ever-growing population in developing countries. Agriculture is the backbone of the people and the economy for developing countries, particularly in highly populated countries such as India, China and South East Asia. The world population is anticipated to rise to 8.3 billion by 2030 and to 9.2 billion by 2050. By that time, to feed the growing population, food production must double to keep pace with the escalating food demand. Agricultural commodities showed increases of 58.9% in import dependency ratio （IDR） as compared to 32.2% in 2013. Thus, this study attempts to review and explore the challenges of food security as well as the opportunities of the seed industry in Malaysia.展开更多
Deoxynivalenol （DON） produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in durum wheat （Triticum turgidum L. var. durum） is an important food safety issue for the cereal chain. A number of agronomic practices are kn...Deoxynivalenol （DON） produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in durum wheat （Triticum turgidum L. var. durum） is an important food safety issue for the cereal chain. A number of agronomic practices are known to affect the infection and mycotoxin production by these Fusarium species in cereal grains. A field study was conducted to compare the natural occurrence of DON in durum wheat grown under conventional （n = 67 samples） and organic （n = 50） farming conditions during two consecutive crop years. DON mean levels were 95 and 194 μg/kg in conventional and organic durum wheat, respectively. The incidence and levels of DON were higher in the second crop year due to higher rainfall （〉 100 mm） during flowering. Overall, organically managed farming system may provide Lsome reduction in DON levels in durum wheat, which could be attributable to the lower intensity of cultivation in addition to the different system of cropping rotation. However, favourable weather conditions are likely to be more important for DON contamination than crop system.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171335)Hydroinformatics for Ecohydrology Program of United Nations Educational+2 种基金Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.20110490447)Beijing Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012-49)
文摘The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices give rise to soil degradation in the region.This study analyzed the food security issues coupled with global climate change in the northeastern China during 1980–2000,which is the period of modern agriculture.The results of statistical data show that the arable land area shrank markedly in 1992,and then increased slowly,while food production generally continually increased.The stable grain yield was due to the increase of applied fertilizer and irrigated areas.Soil degradation in the northeastern China includes severe soil erosion,reduced soil nutrients,a thinner black soil layer,and deterioration of soil physical properties.The sustainable development of the northeastern China is influenced by natural-artificial binary disturbance factors which consist of meteorological conditions,climate changes,and terrain factors as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Interactions between the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in the region led to reduced accumulation of soil organic matter,which results in poor soil fertility.Human-induced factors,such as large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices,unsuitable cultivation systems,dredging,road building,illegal land occupation,and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,have led to increasingly severe soil erosion and destruction.Solutions to several problems of soil degradation in this region requiring urgent settlement are proposed.A need for clear and systematic recognition and recording of land use changes,land degradation,food production and climate change conditions is suggested,which would provide a reference for food security studies in the northeastern China.
文摘Global food supply has for a long time been regarded as only a problem of food production. Since the turn of the century, however, other aspects have entered the debate, such as improving food quality, changing eating habits and avoiding food waste. The latter topic has become the subject of attention for the past I0 years and the interest in it has steadily grown. This paper focuses on food waste within the overall context. Apart from the purely quantitative （material） aspects, it draws our attention to the immaterial side of waste, which has to do with our value system. It hopes to sharpen our minds towards a responsible way of dealing with resources
文摘Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology （EST）. Along with today＇s rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.
文摘Over the last two decades, food allergens are being recognized as one of the food hazards. This serious food safety issue is being addressed in different countries not only in terms of their biological and clinical characteristics, but also in terms of various standards of allergen management in food industries. This abnormal immune response caused by food allergens affects the quality of life especially in children and influences their overall health and retards normal growth, along with they suffer from ailments like eating disorders, depression, sometimes even death which is the most adverse impact of food allergy. Every country has their own set of guidelines to deal with the food allergens especially developed countries, food allergen guidelines is not well documented in developing countries. FAO/WHO is providing assistance to developing countries in strengthening their food safety guidelines. The Codex Alimentarius was formulated by the two organizations FAO/WHO in the year 1960; it is a collection of food standards in a integrated, codified style, together with associated material such as codes of hygiene and good manufacturing practices that should be followed by industries during various production stages of a food item. In both developed and developing nations, the Food Chemical Codex or the Codex Alimentarius aims to protect public health and implement fair trade practises for the trading of food items.
文摘A survey of major chicken meat hatcheries in Australia was undertaken in 2008 to identify how hatchery waste is currently managed. A weekly average of 10.4 tonnes of waste is produced by chicken meat hatcheries. The cost of disposal （average $127/tonne） and availability of disposal sites is an emerging issue. The majority of hatchery waste is sent to land fill or for composting, with some rendered for use as pet food. Hatchery wastewater is mostly used for irrigation or disposed directly into the sewer. Most of the hatcheries have no environmental issues with hatchery waste on site but some report odour problems. Some hatcheries would like to treat the waste on site so that it could be sold as a commodity or to use methods to separate liquid from solid waste and recycle water.
文摘The issues of food security are an important aspect of every country for its social and economic growth and the eradication of poverty. It is particularly crucial for satisfying the needs of the ever-growing population in developing countries. Agriculture is the backbone of the people and the economy for developing countries, particularly in highly populated countries such as India, China and South East Asia. The world population is anticipated to rise to 8.3 billion by 2030 and to 9.2 billion by 2050. By that time, to feed the growing population, food production must double to keep pace with the escalating food demand. Agricultural commodities showed increases of 58.9% in import dependency ratio （IDR） as compared to 32.2% in 2013. Thus, this study attempts to review and explore the challenges of food security as well as the opportunities of the seed industry in Malaysia.
文摘Deoxynivalenol （DON） produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in durum wheat （Triticum turgidum L. var. durum） is an important food safety issue for the cereal chain. A number of agronomic practices are known to affect the infection and mycotoxin production by these Fusarium species in cereal grains. A field study was conducted to compare the natural occurrence of DON in durum wheat grown under conventional （n = 67 samples） and organic （n = 50） farming conditions during two consecutive crop years. DON mean levels were 95 and 194 μg/kg in conventional and organic durum wheat, respectively. The incidence and levels of DON were higher in the second crop year due to higher rainfall （〉 100 mm） during flowering. Overall, organically managed farming system may provide Lsome reduction in DON levels in durum wheat, which could be attributable to the lower intensity of cultivation in addition to the different system of cropping rotation. However, favourable weather conditions are likely to be more important for DON contamination than crop system.
