“随便”谈

一次到武汉出差,陪几位朋友去一家酒楼吃饭,坐定之后,请朋友点菜,大家推来推去,都说"随便、随便".小姐笑着说:"我们这儿正好有道菜叫‘随便',是用黄瓜片、西芹片、红辣椒做成的."我们不禁愕然.既然这样,为何不叫黄瓜炒西芹呢?

“随便”的词汇化和语法化——兼论述宾短语演化的一般规律

“随便”的词汇化和语法化与“便”的语义变化密切相关，而“便”的语义与其领有者相联系。“随＋X＋便”中定语“X”有客观情况领有者和主观意愿领有者两类。一定语境中，“X”能省略，但唐代以前只限于客观情况领有者，“便”指“客观情况之便”。唐代时，省去的“X”可以是主观意愿领有者，受句法组合成分的浸染和“便”的领有者的变化，“便”指“主观意愿之便”，“随＋便”词汇化为形容词。在清代，受句法位置、“便”的领有者丢失的影响，“便”的语义进一步虚化，“随便”语法化为连词。

基于语料库的“随意”“随便”的多角度辨析

用语料库获得数据来观察近义词在使用方法上的区别从而发现它们的使用规律是一种有效方法。文章通过自建书面语语料库和口语语料库,对"随意"和"随便"的用法进行了定量考察,归结出二者在句法、语义、语用等方面的区别与联系,为使用者和教学实践提供帮助。

解读女儿的“随便”

生活中，我们会经常听到这样的回答： “今晚我们吃什么？” “随便。” “明天你穿什么衣服” “随便。” “咱们周末去哪儿玩？” “随便。”在《现代汉语词典》里，对“随便”的解释有三条：1。不在范围、数量等方面加以限制。2．怎么方便就怎么做，不多加考虑。3．任凭、无论。

普通话任指构式“随便WhP”研究——兼论连词“随便”的语法化

“随便WhP”是普通话中表任指的构式,可作主语、宾语和定语,也可单说。“随便WhP”还有“具备条件最简单”的主观评价义。主观义的来源和构式化有关,其构式化路径为:无条件复句经过结构省缩,形成周遍义单句“随便+WhP+都+VP”,单句中动词前的“随便WhP”被重新分析为一个成分。“随便”包含言者无所谓的态度,这一情态义制约了连词“随便”以及构式“随便WhP”的使用。

Clinical study on the treatment of functional constipation in infants and younger children with pediatric Tuina based on Baliao points

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage),basically Yi Zhi Chan pushing at Baliao points in the treatment of functional constipation in infants and children aged 1-3 years old.Methods:Seventy kids were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 35 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional Tuina manipulation,while the observation group was treated with Tuina manipulation based on Yi Zhi Chan pushing at Baliao points.Both groups were treated once every other day,with 10 times as 1 course of treatment.The score on the self-developed constipation rating scale and clinical efficacy were compared after 1 course of treatment.Results:The total effective rate was 90.6%in the observation group and 76.7%in the control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).The degree of defecation difficulty in the children in the observation group was milder than that in the control group(P<0.01).Conclusion:Tuina manipulation based on Yi Zhi Chan pushing at Baliao points can significantly improve the degree of defecation difficulty in children,and the total effective rate is better than that of conventional Tuina manipulation.

话说“随便”

“随便”可能是一种最苛刻的要求，它充满不确定。“随便”有时还作为一种尺度来把握。交往时不要过于拘谨，随便一些是对的，但不能太随便。随便与太随便之间就有一个度的问题。“太随便”有上几次，会“溃之千里”不可收拾，触了法网之后，就容不得你任何的随便了。

“随便”

我来中国已经九个月了。我和朋友们住在大连理工大学北门附近，经常去那儿附近的食堂吃饭。

没有“随便”这份工作

有人问罗斯福总统夫人：“尊敬的夫人，你能给那些渴求成功特别是那些年轻、刚刚走出校门的人一些建议吗？”

让儿童作文“随便写”

在作文教学中，教师需变“成人本位”为“儿童本位”，倡导儿童作文“随便写”，使学生的作文中充分保留儿童的天性。教师应改变作文讲评的姿态，变单向的习作技巧指导与训练者为与“童年”积极对话的交流者，把看学生作文当作“听天使说话”，在倾听的同时，以长者的宽厚、智慧，对学生习作做“无痕指导”。

幼儿园一日保教活动中的“随便现象”探析

幼儿园一日活动中的"随便现象"普遍存在,尤其是教师对幼儿使用"随便"一词发出指令或指导方向的环节还比较多。教师应从留给幼儿想象空间、结合幼儿现实需要、幼儿随便挑选搭档几方面对随便现象进行分析,减少这种现象的出现。

Consensus statement AIGO/SICCR diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation(Part Ⅱ:Treatment)

The second part of the Consensus Statement of the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Italian Society of Colo-Rectal Surgery reports on the treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation. There is no evidence that increasing fluid intake and physical activity can relieve the symptoms of chronic constipation. Patients with normal-transit constipation should increase their fibre intake through their diet or with commercial fibre. Osmotic laxatives may be effective in patients who do not respond to fibre supplements. Stimulant laxatives should be re- served for patients who do not respond to osmotic laxatives. Controlled trials have shown that serotonin- ergic enterokinetic agents, such as prucalopride, and prosecretory agents, such as lubiprostone, are effec- tive in the treatment of patients with chronic constipa- tion. Surgery is sometimes necessary. Total colectomy with ileorectostomy may be considered in patients with slow-transit constipation and inertia coil who are resistant to medical therapy and who do not have defecatory disorders, generalised motility disorders or psychological disorders. Randomised controlled trials have established the efficacy of rehabilitative treat- ment in dys-synergic defecation. Many surgical proce- dures may be used to treat obstructed defecation in patients with acquired anatomical defects, but none is considered to be the gold standard. Surgery should be reserved for selected patients with an impaired quality of life. Obstructed defecation is often associated with pelvic organ prolapse. Surgery with the placement of prostheses is replacing fascial surgery in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, but the efficacy and safety of such procedures have not yet been established.

Effect of dietary fiber on constipation:A meta analysis

AIM:To investigate the effect of dietary fiber intake on constipation by a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs).METHODS:We searched Ovid MEDLINE(from 1946 to October 2011),Cochrane Library(2011),PubMed for articles on dietary fiber intake and constipation using the terms:constipation,fiber,cellulose,plant extracts,cereals,bran,psyllium,or plantago.References of important articles were searched manually for relevant studies.Articles were eligible for the meta-analysis if they were high-quality RCTs and reported data on stool frequency,stool consistency,treatment success,laxative use and gastrointestinal symptoms.The data were extracted independently by two researchers(Yang J and Wang HP) according to the described selection criteria.Review manager version 5 software was used for analysis and test.Weighted mean difference with 95%CI was used for quantitative data,odds ratio(OR)with 95%CI was used for dichotomous data.Both I2 statistic with a cut-off of ≥ 50% and the χ2 test with a P value < 0.10 were used to define a significant degree of heterogeneity.RESULTS:We searched 1322 potential relevant articles,19 of which were retrieved for further assessment,14 studies were excluded for various reasons,five studies were included in the analysis.Dietary fiber showed significant advantage over placebo in stool frequency(OR = 1.19;95%CI:0.58-1.80,P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in stool consistency,treatment success,laxative use and painful defecation between the two groups.Stool frequency were reported by five RCTs,all results showed either a trend or a significant difference in favor of the treatment group,number of stools per week increased in treatment group than in placebo group(OR = 1.19;95%CI:0.58-1.80,P < 0.05),with no significant heterogeneity among studies(I2= 0,P = 0.77).Four studies evaluated stool consistency,one of them presented outcome in terms of percentage of hard stool,which was different from others,so we included the other three studies for analysis.Two studies reported treatment success.There was significant heterogeneity between the studies(P < 0.1,I2 > 50%).Three studies reported laxative use,quantitative data was shown in one study,and the pooled analysis of the other two studies showed no significant difference between treatment and placebo groups in laxative use(OR = 1.07;95%CI 0.51-2.25),and no heterogeneity was found(P = 0.84,I2= 0).Three studies evaluated painful defecation:one study presented both quantitative and dichotomous data,the other two studies reported quantitative and dichotomous data separately.We used dichotomous data for analysis.CONCLUSION:Dietary fiber intake can obviously increase stool frequency in patients with constipation.It does not obviously improve stool consistency,treatment success,laxative use and painful defecation.

从“排排坐”到“随便站”——兼论儿童的自由

最近,一些幼教同行提倡用“随便站”来代替以前的“排排坐”,认为这是解放儿童的身体和精神,还他们真正的自由。“随便站”的儿童就一定比“排排坐”的儿童更自由吗?儿童的自由到底是什么?不是什么?什么样的自由才是儿童能享用的自由?教师如何做才是尊重儿童的自由?本文试对这些问题谈点看法。

Systematic Review of Acupuncture for Functional Constipation

Objective： To systematically analyze the therapeutic efficacy and safety of acupuncture in treating functional constipation （FC）. Methods： By searching the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CBM, CNKI, WanFang databases, the randomized controlled trials （RCTs） comparing acupuncture with Western medication in treating FC were retrieved, from the inception of the databases to September 2013. When the literatures were arranged according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the methodological qualities were evaluated, RevMan 5.2 was adopted for meta-analysis. Results： Ten RCTs were included, covering 1 041 cases of FC. The meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference in comparing spontaneous bowel movements per week between shallow acupuncture at Tianshu （ST 25） and Western medication [MD=0.47, 95% CI （-1.28, 0.34）]; there was a significant difference in comparing the spontaneous bowel movements per week between deep acupuncture at Tianshu （ST 25） and Western medication [MD =0.53, 95% CI （0.13, 0.92）], but the difference was insignificant according to the sensitivity analysis [MD=0.38, 95% Cl （-0.03, 0.80）], indicating the low reliability of the conclusion. Regarding the Cleveland clinic score （CCS）, the difference between shallow acupuncture at Tianshu （ST 25） and Western medication was insignificant [MD = 0.39, 95% Cl （-1.13, 1.91）]; the difference between deep acupuncture at Tianshu （ST 25） and Western medication was significant [MD=2.64, 95% Cl （1.32, 3.97）]. In the evaluation of security, the incidence rate of adverse events in acupuncture treatment （0.31%） was significantly lower than that in Western medication treatment （3.4%）. Conclusion： Although the present systematic review showed that deep acupuncture at Tianshu （ST 25） should have better therapeutic efficacy than Western medication, the reliability and quality of the evidences were poor, and thus the above results require proving by more RCTs of higher quality.

System evaluation and Meta analysis on clinical effi cacy of heat-sensitive moxibustion in treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of heat-sensitive moxibustion in treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy（CSR）. Methods Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）, China Biology Medical（CBM） database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database（VIP）, Wan Fang Data, Pubmed and Cochrane Library were retrieved to search the randomized controlled trials（RCT） on heat-sensitive moxibustion in treatment of CSR, and Meta analysis was conducted by applying Rev Man 5.3 software. Results Eventually, 10 papers were included in this study, including 1008 subjects. Meta analysis result showed： the total effective rate of treatment group was higher than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant [RR=1.13, 95%CI（1.06, 1.21）, Z=3.54, P=0.000 4]; the cure rate of treatment group was higher than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant [RR=1.80, 95%CI（1.52, 2.13）, Z=6.82, P〈0.000 01]; the improvement of short-form Mc Gill pain questionnaire（SF-MPQ） of treatment group was superior to that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant [MD=–4.44, 95%CI（–6.38,-2.50）, Z=4.49, P〈0.000 01]; visual analogue scale（VAS） of treatment group was lower than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant [MD=-0.36, 95%CI（-0.50, –0.23）, Z=5.42, P〈0.00001]; and the improvement of interleukin-6（IL-6） of treatment group was superior to that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant [MD=–7.32, 95%CI（-11.49, –3.14）, Z=3.44, P=0.000 6]. Conclusion It is indicated from the Meta analysis result that the clinical efficacy of heat-sensitive moxibustion or acupuncture combined with heat-sensitive moxibustion in treatment of CSR is superior to that of simple acupuncture or traditional suspended moxibustion, providing a new therapeutic method for treatment of CSR. However, the abovementioned conclusion still needs to be confirmed through randomized blind controlled trials with high quality and large sample size since the sample size of included studies was small, and the quality was low.

Treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by focusing on the liver in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine:a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by focusing on the liver.METHODS:Databases(domestic and foreign)were searched with the key words"irritable bowel syndrome","constipation",and"Chinese medicine";the relevant articles were retrieved and evaluated.Cure rate,"remarkable efficacy",recurrence rate and the incidence of adverse reactions were the outcome indicators.Review Manager ver 5.1 was used for this meta-analysis,and funnel plots used to detect publication bias.RESULTS:Nineteen randomized controlled trials were included and 1510 patients involved.The treatment guided byTCM based on the liver was superior to Western Medicine[odds ratio(OR)=2.46,95%confidence interval(CI)1.80,3.35)],cure rate[OR=2.61,95%CI(1.93,3.52)],remarkable efficacy[OR=2.68,95%CI(1.82,3.95)],recurrence rate[OR=0.19,95%CI(0.12,0.29)]and the incidence of adverse reactions[OR=0.24,95%CI(0.09,0.65)].However,funnel plots showed publication bias.CONCLUSION:Compared with Western Medicine,the treatment of IBS-C based on the liver is significantly better but the results must be treated with caution because publication bias was recorded.