盐碱胁迫对两个葡萄品种光合作用-光响应特性的影响

在3种不同盐碱胁迫:低度、中度、重度盐碱胁迫条件下,分析了葡萄品种"克瑞森"和"青提"2a生叶片的光合作用-光响应特性、叶绿素含量及长势情况。结果表明:"克瑞森"、"青提"光合作用-光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线模型。盐碱胁迫没有降低2个葡萄品种的光合能力,而是增强其光合能力,表观量子效率AQY值的上升表明盐碱胁迫下2个葡萄品种对光的响应敏感性较强,对弱光的利用能力较高。净光合速率(Pn)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、叶绿素含量及长势情况说明"青提"较"克瑞森"具有更强的盐碱适应性能力。同时,2种葡萄在受到盐碱胁迫后其净光合速率的降低不是由于气孔的关闭引起CO2供应不足造成的,而是受强光下光抑制的加强等非气孔限制因素的影响,包括叶肉阻力增大、羧化酶活性和RuBP再生速率降低等。

RP-HPLC Determination of Pinoresinol Diglucopyranoside in Qing′e Pill Extract

Aim To develop and determine pinoresinol diglucopyranoside in Qing'e Pill, atraditional Chinese compound preparation containing Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. as the principal drug,by a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) . Methods The extract ofQing'e Pill was refluxed with 75% ethanol, purified on an AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin columnand then injected into HPLC system. The HPLC assay was performed on an ODS analytical column with amixture of methanol-acetonitrile-water (24:3:78, V/V/V) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0mL·min^(-1), and a UV detector set at 227 nm. Results Good linearity between peak area andconcentration was found in the range of 5.5 - 170 μg·mL^(-1) for pinoresinol diglucopyranoside ( r> 0.9998) . The average recovery was 99.3%. The intra-day assay RSD and the inter-day assay RSDwere 1.3% and 2.8%, respectively (n = 5). The content of pinoresinol diglucopyranoside in Qing'ePill was determined to be 0.446 +- 0.012 mg·g^(-1) (n = 10). Conclusion The RP-HPLC method wasproved to be sensitive, specific, accurate and precise for the determination of pinoresinoldiglucopyranoside in Qing' e Pill.

An Improved Method of Extracting Artemisia abrotanum Genomic DNA

[ Objective ] The objective of this study is to explore a rapid and efficient method of extracting genomic DNA from Artemisia abrotanum. [ Method] Three methods of Cutting Method, Liquid Nitrogen Method and Quartz Sand Method based on SDS method were employed to extract Artemisia abrotanum genomlc DNA from tender leaf at seedling stage, tender spike and old leaf at heading stage. The obtained DNAs were detected by absorbance detection, agarose gel and PCR amplification. [ Result ] Cutting Method performed better than the other two methods compared in purity, extracting cycle and cost, accordingly more suitable for PCR amplification. The results also show that young spike is the best material for extracting genomic DNA from Artemisia Annua.

Optimized Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Proacyanidins from Purple Cabbage

[Objective] The paper was to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of proacyanidins from purple cabbage. [Method] The ultrasound-assisted extraction technology was used to study the extraction of proacyanidins from purple cabbage. The effect of ethanol concentration, temperature, time, material-solution ratio and the power of ultrasound on extracting efficiency were studied by single-factor experiment. Based on this, L16（4%orthogonal test were conducted to determine the optimal condi- tion for extraction of proacyanidins from purple cabbage. [Result] The optimal condi- tion for extraction of proacyanidins from purple cabbage was as follows： ethanol concentration 50%, extraction temperature 50℃, extraction time 1 h, extraction power 540 W, material-liquid ratio 1：20. The extraction rate of procyanidins under this condition reached 104.8 mg/g. [Conclusion] The study provided a theoretical basis for scientific and reasonable utilization of procyanidins in purple cabbage.

Elicitation on Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua Hairy Roots by the Oligosaccharide Extract from the Endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501

The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.

Research Progresses on Extraction and Detection Techniques of Artemisinin

[Objective] The aim was to make a summary on research progresses on extraction and detection techniques of artemisinin. [Method] In the research, the concerning progress was made based on physicochemical property, source, extraction methods and detection technology of artemisinin. [Result] Artemisinin is colorless acicular crystal and easier to be dissolved in organic solvent. The extraction methods of artemisinin include organic solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction and supercritical fluid extraction; the detection technologies include ultraviolet spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography and HPLC-evaporative light-scattering. [Conclusion] The research laid foundation for further exploration and global market.

Optimization of acidic extraction of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma

Optimization of a process for extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma by acidic method was investigated, regarding several extraction factors such as acids, organic solvents, temperature and time. Fractional factorial design, central composite design and response surface methodology were used to derive a statistically optimal model, which corresponded to the following optimal condition： concentration of lactic acid at 5.55 mol/L, ratio of ethanol to yeast dry weight at 20.25 ml/g, temperature for cell-disruption at 30 ℃, and extraction time for 3 min. Under this condition, astaxanthin and the total carotenoids could be extracted in amounts of 1294.7 μg/g and 1516.0 μg/g, respectively. This acidic method has advantages such as high extraction efficiency, low chemical toxicity and no special requirement of instruments. Therefore, it might be a more feasible and practical method for industrial practice.

Efficient Extraction of Astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with Polar and Non-polar Solvents after Acid Washing

method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated. The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P. rhodozyma cells. When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol.L^-1, the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control. Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most ef- fective solvent in our research. With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane （volume ratio of 2 ： 1）, the maxi- mal extraction efficiency was achieved, approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent. The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.

Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt pavement binder stiffness without extraction and recovery

A new testing procedure to estimate the low-temperature stiffness of the reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） binder was developed. In the testing procedure, the SuperpaveTM Bending Beam Rheometer （BBR） with special modifications and binder blending charts by Asphalt Institute were utilized. Modifications involved the development of a new kind of sample mold and different testing parameters were made to BBR testing procedure to capture the theological properties of bitumen mortars produced by mixing fresh binder with fine RAP materials or RAP aggregate. The stiffness relationship between binder and bitumen mortar was established based on the BBR test results. The blended binder stiffness in bitumen RAP mortar was estimated from the RAP mortar stiffness based on the binder-mortar relationship. And finally, the RAP binder stiffness was estimated from the blended binder and fresh binder stiffness based on the blending charts by Asphalt Institute. The results indicate that the new procedure can capture the rheological properties of bitumen mortar and can be used to estimate the low temperature stiffness of RAP binder without binder extraction and/or any chemical treatments.

Integrative Extraction of Ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-Glucan and Chitosan from Penicillium chrysogenum Mycelia

Abstract Ergosterol,（1→3）-α-D-glucan and chitosan are important biomaterials. In this research, a process has been developed to integratively extract ergosterol, （1→3）-α-D-glucan, and chitosan from Penicillium chrysongenum mycelium. First the mycelia are pretreated with 0.1mol·L^-1 of NaOH. After recovery by centrifugation the solid portion is made to undergo saponification and deacetylation reactaons by addition of 2mol·L^-1 NaOH and et anol.After reaction, extraction is carried out by addition of petroleum ether, which separates the reaction mixture into two phases. The upper layer of petroleum ether contains extracted ergosterol, and the .bottom layer of NaOH solution contains （1→3）-α-DEglucan; the chitosan is on the mycelia residuum. After isolation, the recovery yield of ergosterol is 0.52% of dry mycelium. That of （1→3）-α-D-glucan is about 8.2%; and chitosan is 5.7% with 86% deacetylation. The compositions have been characterized by 1R, HPLC analyses.

Extraction of Astaxanthin from Euphausia pacific Using Subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane

Euphausia pacific is an important source of natural astaxanthin. Studies were carried out to assess the extractability of astaxanthin from E. pacific using subcritical 1, 1, 1,2-tetrafluoroethane （R134a）. To examine the effects of multiple process variables on the extraction yield, astaxanthin was extracted under various conditions of pressure （30-150bar）, temperature （303-343 K）, time （10-50rain）, flow rate （2-10gmin-1）, moisture content （5.5%-63.61%）, and particle size （0.25-0.109mm）. The results showed that the extraction yield increased with temperature, pressure, time and flow rate, but decreased with moisture content and particle size. A maximum yield of 87.74% was obtained under conditions of 100bar, 333K, and 30min with a flow rate of 6gmin-1 and a moisture content of 5.5%. The substantial astaxanthin yield obtained under low-pressure conditions demonstrates that subcritical R134a is a good alternative to CO2 for extraction of astaxanthin from E. pacific.

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Accurate quantification of astaxanthin from Haematococcus crude extract spectrophotometrically

The influence of alkali on astaxanthin and the optimal working wave length for measurement of astaxanthin from Haematocoecus crude extract were investigated, and a spectrophotometric method for precise quantification of the astaxanthin based on the method of Boussiba et al. was established. According to Boussiba＇s method, alkali treatment destroys chlorophyll. However, we found that： 1） carotenoid content declined for about 25% in Haematococcus fresh cysts and up to 30% in dry powder of Haematococcus broken cysts after alkali treatment; and 2） dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）-extracted chlorophyll of green Haematococeus bares little absorption at 520-550 nm. Interestingly, a good linear relationship existed between absorbance at 530 nm and astaxanthin content, while an unknown interference at 540-550 nm was detected in our study. Therefore, with 530 nm as working wavelength, the alkali treatment to destroy chlorophyll was not necessary and the influence of chlorophyll, other carotenoids, and the unknown interference could be avoided. The astaxanthin contents of two samples were measured at 492 nm and 530 nm; the measured values at 530 nm were 2.617 g/100 g and 1.811 g/100 g. When compared with the measured values at 492 nm, the measured values at 530 nm decreased by 6.93% and 11.96%, respectively. The measured values at 530 nm are closer to the true astaxanthin contents in the samples. The data show that 530 nm is the most suitable wave length for spectrophotometric determination to the astaxanthin in Haematococcus crude extract.

Adsorption behavior of carbon dioxide and methane in bituminous coal:A molecular simulation study

The adsorption behavior of CO_2, CH_4 and their mixtures in bituminous coal was investigated in this study. First, a bituminous coal model was built through molecular dynamic(MD) simulations, and it was confirmed to be reasonable by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)simulations were then carried out to investigate the single and binary component adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4with the built bituminous coal model. For the single component adsorption, the isosteric heat of CO_2 adsorption is greater than that of CH_4 adsorption. CO_2 also exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with the heteroatom groups in the bituminous coal model compared with CH_4, which can account for the larger adsorption capacity of CO_2 in the bituminous coal model. In the case of binary adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4mixtures, CO_2 exhibits the preferential adsorption compared with CH_4 under the studied conditions. The adsorption selectivity of CO_2 exhibited obvious change with increasing pressure. At lower pressure, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 shows a rapid decrease with increasing the temperature, whereas it becomes insensitive to temperature at higher pressure. Additionally, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 decreases gradually with the increase of the bulk CO_2 mole fraction and the depth of CO_2 injection site.

Modeling Effect of Bitumen Extraction Processes on Oil Sands Tailings Ponds

In the oil sands industry, high temperature with the addition of a caustic dispersing agent has formed the basis of the Clark hot water extraction process used successfully on a commercial scale to recover bitumen from surface mined oil sands ore since 1967. Processes different from the established Clark process （high temperature and caustic） have been developed to work at a range of temperatures with or without the use of sodium hydroxide. Large scale bitumen extraction pilot tests were performed with two different extraction processes and large strain consolidation tests were performed on the resulting different railings. These consolidation tests determined the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity relationships with void ratio which are engineering properties that influence the long-term disposal of the fine tailings. They were used in large strain consolidation numerical analyses of storage ponds to predict water release rates and changes to surface elevations that impact storage volumes and elevation of reclamation surfaces.

Alarm cue induces an antipredator morphological defense in juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis

Olfactory cues that indicate predation risk elicit a number of defensive behaviors in fishes, but whether they are sufficient to also induce morphological defenses has received little attention. Cichlids are characterized by a high level of morphological plasticity during development, and the few species that have been tested do exhibit defensive behaviors when exposed to alarm cues released from the damaged skin of conspecifics. We utilized young juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis to test if the perception of predation risk from alarm cue （conspecific skin extract） alone induces an increased relative body depth which is a defense against gape-limited predators. After two weeks of exposure, siblings that were exposed to conspecific alarm cue increased their relative body depth nearly double the amount of those exposed to distilled water （control） and zebrafish Danio rerio alarm cue. We repeated our measurements over the last two weeks （12 and 14） of cue exposure when the fish were late-stage juveniles to test if the rate of increase was sustained; there were no differences in final dimensions between the three treatments. Our results show that 1） the Nicaragua cichlid has an innate response to conspecific alarm cue which is not a generalized response to an injured fish, and 2） this innate recognition ultimately results in developing a deeper body at a stage of the life history where predation risk is high [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 36-42, 2010].

Changes of NF-κB activity in colon carcinoma cells treated with different crude extracts of abrotani herba

Objective: To study changes of NF-κB activity in colon carcinoma cell lines treated with different crude extracts of abrotani herba obtained through solvent extraction methods. Methods: Crude extracts of abrotani herba were extracted with ligarine, chloroform, acetoacetate and n-butanol in separating funnel. Exposure concentration of crude extracts were obtained through detecting viability of HT-29 cells by MTT. Then HT-29 cells and Lovo cells were treated with different crude extracts respectively. Changes of NF-κB activity in HT-29 cells and Lovo cells using different crude extracts were observed by EMSA. Results: Successfully extracted different crude extracts of abrotani herba and called them ligarine extract, chloroform extract, acetoacetate extract, n-butanol extract and remaining extract for short. NF-κB activity was significantly inhibited in HT-29 cells treated with chloroform extract, there were no significant differences in other groups compared with the control. The same change of NF-κB activity was observed in Lovo cells using different crude extracts of abrotani herba. Conclusion: NF-κB activity can be inhibited in colon carcinoma HT-29 cells and Lovo cells treated with chloroform extract obtained from abrotani herba through the method of solvent extraction.

Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Phyllanthus niruri L. （Phyllanthaceae） and Morinda lucida Benth （Rubiaceae） Extracts

The antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of P. niruri and All. lucida leaves and stem parts have been evaluated in different solvent （aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane）. Phytochemical analysis has been done using 5-methoxyflavone 10-4 M andα-gluconolactone 10-4 M in methanol 80% （pH 2） solvent to the HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） and the TLC （thin layer chromatography）. RPMI 1640 （Rose Park Memorial Institute medium 1640） has been used for plasmodium strain culture and the antiplasmodial activity has been evaluated under microscopy with infected blood colored by Giemsa-stained thick. IC50 （The inhibitory concentration of extract would be killed 50% of parasites） was estimated. The results show that extracts of P. niruri exhibit more antiplasmodial activities （IC50：3.98 μg/50 μL for aqueous extract, between 9.5-19 μg/50 p.L for ethanolic extract and 5.3 Itg/50 laL for dichloromethane extract） than those of M. lucida （IC50：5.39 to 10.78 μg/50 μL, 12.265 μg/50 μL and 24.53 μg/50 μL） successively for queous, ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. For the same antiplasmodial activity, the amount of extract of M. lucida is still higher than that of P. niruri. These results are explained by the composition of phenolic compounds that are found in P. niruri. This plant has therefore presented more spectra in the chromatogram （20 peaks for hydrolyzed extract and 27 peaks for unhydrolyzed extracts） comparing that ofM. lucida hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts with 13 and 14 peaks. TLC revealed compounds such as flavonols, flavan-3-ols. Nevertheless, quinine used as positive control presented the same antiplasmodial activity for the low doses for the drugs and our extracts presented weak antiplasmodial activity comparing previous works. The studies could continue for the isolation of active principle that of P. niruri.

Extraction of coal-tar pitch using NMP/ILs mixed solvents

Coal-tar pitch(CP)is a promising carbon raw material for producing needle coke,carbon fiber etc.During processing,the H/C ratio,ash content,and quinoline insoluble(QI)in the CP are the key factors that influence the material preparation.In this study,NMP was selected to extract CP first;then[BMIM]Cl/NMP mixed solvent was used;and finally a series of ionic liquids(ILs)mixtures with NMP were developed for the extraction of CP to obtain the refined pitch.The extracts were analyzed via elemental analysis,TGA,FT-IR,and 13C-NMR.Results indicate that different NMP/IL mass ratios or different kinds of ILs have impact on the extraction yield.The relationship of the hydrogen to carbon(H/C)ratio changed with different solvents and QI extracts were obtained.Results showed that the H/C ratios changed little between NMP extracts and could be adjusted by changing the NMP/ILs mass ratio or using different ILs.The extracts are suitable for preparation mesophase pitch because of no ash content,low QI,and appropriate H/C ratios.As a result,NMP can be used to refine pitch.In addition,[BMIM]Cl is good mixed with NMP for CP extraction,because it can obtain a relatively high yield under the same extraction conditions.

Application of orthogonal design to the extraction and HPLC analysis of sedimentary pigments from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau

Sedimentary pigments are useful proxy indicators of phytoplankton biomass, community structure, primary productivity and human influence in lacustrine and oceanic ecosystems. Pigments are relatively labile due to their complex chemical structures, which makes the extraction and analysis of sedimentary pigments challenging. In addition, it is important to select appropriate methods to study sedimentary pigments in regions which lack previous investigations. In this study, we adopted the L9（34） orthogonal design to develop methods of extraction and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） analysis of sedimentary pigments at two lakes on the Tibetan Plateau： meromictic lake-Dagze Co and dimictic lake-Jiang Co. The orthogonal design comprises 9 combinations of various parameters for extraction and HPLC analysis. The results show that the type and volume of solvent are the most important factors for pigment extraction, and the mobile phase and column selection are the most important for HPLC analysis. For the study sites, we found that the best methods to extract sedimentary pigments are as follows： the use of a mixture of acetone：methanol：water （80： 15：5, v：v：v） as the extraction solvent; sol- vent/sample ratio of 10 mL/g; sonication for 30 s and standing extraction for 6 h. The best methods for HPLC analysis are as follows： Zorbax Eclipse plus C8 column with mobile phase A, methanol：acetonitrile：0.25 M aqueous pyridine （50： 25：25, v ： v ： v） and mobile phase B, methanol： acetonitrile： acetone （20： 60： 20, v： v： v）; pH of mobile phase A adjusted to 6 with acetic acid; and HPLC column temperature maintained at 40~C. The study provides an experimental basis for future investigations of past changes in primary productivity and the response of lake ecosystems to climate change and human activities on the Tibetan Plateau.