“须”的语法化

动词"须"经历了"助动词-副词-连词"的语法化历程。在"须"的语法化过程中,句法、语义、语用等因素均起着重要作用。从动词"须"到助动词"须",演变机制主要是扩展,表现为句法结构的复杂化、名词和动词的次类变换;助动词"须"继续语法化的动因是回溯推理以及语义预设。就语义模式而言,"须"是沿着"道义-认识"的路径发展的。

也说“必须”的词性

文章以本人提出的“评注性动词”说为背景,重新审视“必须”一词的词性。从语义功能、句法功能等角度,论证传统视为副词的“必须”应该界定为评注性动词。文章还指出,要判断一个词是否为评注性动词,首先应以动词的典型形式特征为标准,在确定了其动词身份后,再通过检视其是否具有评注性动词的形式特征来确定其是否属于这一小类。文章余论部分从国际中文教学的视角简述弄清“必须”之词类归属的必要性。

是“须”还是“需”

人教版语文教材第七册老舍先生的《养花》一文，是我们耳熟能详的名家名篇。文章的最后一名话是：“既须劳动，又长见识，这就是养花的乐趣。”对这句话中的“须”字，我有些疑问。如果按字面理解为“必须”，放到原句中理解总觉得有些拗口：“既必须劳动，又增长见识，这就是养花的乐趣。

剃“须”记

我看见爸爸剃完胡子．把剃须刀放进抽屉就出门了。我拿L叶J剃须刀，心想：“我没有胡子，剃头发吧!不行，万一剃不好，同学该笑我了，还是剃眉毛吧!”我就像爸爸一样照着镜子剃起眉毛来。妈妈回来看见我残缺的眉毛，像毛豆皮挂在脸上，打也不是，骂也不是，无奈地笑了。

表主观低量的评注性副词“总得”

文章从语义、句法、语用等维度讨论表主观低量的评注性副词“总得”的用法及功能。“总得”有两种语义,在跨层的“总得”向副词“总得”词汇化的过程中,起关键作用的是“总”由时间副词向语气副词的虚化。“总得”标记焦点项,且该焦点项所指是语用量级序列上最可能或最应该发生的。“总得”句中的谓语为非光杆性的复杂形式。“总得”句与其前后小句呈现多样的话语关联,并且“总得”多位于后续句表达描述事件进展的前景信息。根据语义指向,“总得”句的情态主要为陈情或劝说。“总得”与“必须”在分布与意义上有明显差异。

装配式钢结构“降板增高”桁架楼板技术应用

为配合珠江沿岸景观风貌、协调周围建筑风格、优化沿岸滨水景观,同时考虑设计初期已设立的建筑总高度18m红线和首层上盖结构架空高度需满足有轨电车运行安全6.1m的净空要求。解决如何保证在满足结构限高的前提下确保二层、三层楼层净空高度满足使用的问题。本文通过分析国内外常规做法采用降低钢梁标高或减小钢梁截面尺寸的方法,提出了通过改变传统装配式钢结构楼板连接形式,在不改变钢梁标高的前提下降低楼板面标高,从而达到增加楼层净空高度的目的。增加构造措施“须筋”,与钢筋楼承板焊接固定,加强楼板支座的传力能力,提高了结构楼板整体稳定性。

不能混淆同源字和通假字的界限──从两篇文章对两种文字现象的混淆谈起

2001年第10期《语文建设》的《“无须”和“无需”》主张胡须的“须”和遇雨止需不进的“需”是同源字,另一篇文章《说与》又主张有缺口环形玉的“”和器皿有缺口的“缺”是通假字。可是,考之于两对词的语源义,却发现前者的“胡须”义和遇雨不能前进的“止需”义,意义上并无联系,是典型的通假字,而后者两个字都有“有缺口”这一共同义素,是典型的同源词,这两篇文章恰恰把这两种文字现象的关系弄颠倒了。

易误同音词语三题——编辑札记

汉语中语义相近、相关的同音词语,在具体的使用中常常误用.根据编辑工作中常见的问题,遴选了"既"与"即"、"象"与"像"、"需"与"须"几组容易误用的同音词,根据有关工具书的解释,给以了剖析,希望有助于广大作者能对其正确地使用.

Preparation of MgO whisker from magnesite tailings and its application

Magnesium carbonate whisker as precursor was prepared from the low-grade magnesite tailings by the route of calcination, hydration, carbonation and thermal decomposition, and then MgO whisker was prepared by calcining the precursor. In addition, the effect of MgO whisker addition on sintering and thermal shock resistance of refractory was also investigated. The results show that the thermal decomposition product is MgCO3·3H2O and its morphology is remarkably influenced by the types of additives, and magnesium carbonate whisker with the length of 10-60 μm and length-diameter ratio of 10-20 is successfully prepared when a type of soluble magnesium salt is added. MgO whisker with the length of 10-40 μm is derived from precursor with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min. The thermal shock resistance of refractory is significantly improved by the addition of MgO whisker due to its effect on binding and preventing crack expanding, and the proper amount of whisker addition is around 3%.

A Systematic Revision of "Barbodes" Fishes in China

The genus Barbodes Bleeker is a catchall group.The species assigned to this genus in China actually belong to at least four distinct genera.After comparing all the Barbodes fishes included in this research to the system used by Rainboth,reassign Barbodes fishes in China as following:①B.baoshanensis,B.benasi and B.heterostomus are assigned to genus Neolissochilus;②B.parvus are assigned as Discherodontus parvus;③B.pierrei in Yunnan is conspecific with B.vernayi and B.vernayi should be assigned to the genus Hypsibarbus as Hypsibarbus vernayi;④the remaining Barbodes fishes,B.fuxianhuensis,B.chonglingchungi,B.margarianus,B.huangchuchieni,B.cogginii (=B.daliensis),B.rhomboides,B.carinatus,B.opisthopterus and B.exiguus are assigned to genus Poropuntius.

Comparison between the Medullary Indexes of Hairs from Apodemus orestes and A.draco,with Discussion about the Taxonomic Status of A.orestes

The taxonomic status of long-tailed field mouse (Apodemus orestes) is still uncertain up to now.Some scholars regarded it as a subspecies or a synonym of dragon field mouse (A.draco),while other scholars considered it a valid species.In the study,five specimens of adult long-tailed field mouse,dragon field mouse and Chevrier's field mouse (A.chevrieri) (as a contrast) were chosen respectively.After treated,with the eyepiece micrometer in the inverted microscope,we made measurements of the widths of hairs and medullas and then calculated the medullary indexes of straight guard hairs from around the mouth,head,back,abdomen and forelimb of each species.The results indicate that,viewing at each of the five parts and the mixture of the five parts,there are no significant differences between A.orestes and A.draco,Significant differences can be found between A.orestes & A.chevrieri and A.draco & A.chevrieri though.The standpoint that A.orestes was listed as a valid species is not supported by this study.

Residual elastic stress strain field and geometrically necessary dislocation density distribution around nano-indentation in TA15 titanium alloy

Nanoindentation and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD） were combined to examine the elastic modulus and hardness of α and β phases,anisotropy in residual elastic stress strain fields and distributions of geometrically necessary dislocation（GND） density around the indentations within TA15 titanium alloy.The nano-indention tests were conducted on α and β phases,respectively.The residual stress strain fields surrounding the indentation were calculated through crosscorrelation method from recorded patterns.The GND density distribution around the indentation was calculated based on the strain gradient theories to reveal the micro-mechanism of plastic deformation.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness for α p hase are 129.05 GPas and 6.44 GPa,while for β phase,their values are 109.80 GPa and 4.29 GPa,respectively.The residual Mises stress distribution around the indentation is relatively heterogeneous and significantly influenced by neighboring soft β phase.The region with low residual stress around the indentation is accompanied with markedly high a type and prismatic-GND density.

Morphology and optical properties of tetrapod-like zinc oxide whiskers synthesized via equilibrium gas expanding method

The zinc oxide whiskers were synthesized by the equilibrium gas expanding method at the temperature of 700 C with metallic zinc as the main raw material without any catalysts. The effects of the growth time on microstructure and photoluminescence properties were investigated. The results show that the as-grown samples are composed of uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers. The length and diameter of the arms of the tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers increase obviously with the increase of the growth time. The strong single ultraviolet （UV） emission centering 385-391 nm without any accompanying deep-level emission is observed in the room temperature photoluminescence （PL） spectra of the whiskers. The intensity of UV emission increases markedly with the increase of growth time.

Mechanical properties of tungsten nanowhiskers characterized by nanoindentation

The Mechanical properties of the hexagonal tungsten nanowhiskers, which were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, were characterized by instrumented nanoindentation and atomic force microscope （AFM）. The nanoindentation results show that tungsten nanowhiskers exhibit a hardness of （6.2±1.7） GPa and an elastic modulus of （225±20） GPa. According to the comparative test results, the tungsten nanowhiskers possess a comparable hardness to tungsten microwhiskers, and an hardness increase of 35% to the bulk single-crystal tungsten. The increase in the hardness of whiskers is attributed to the lacking of dislocation avalanche observed in the bulk single-crystal tungsten. The measured modulus is about 80% that of the tungsten microwhiskers, which can be contributed to the size effects of the nanowhiskers and the substrate effects in the nanoindentation test.

Mechanical properties of calcium carbonate whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar

In order to improve the brittleness of high-strength cement mortar,calcium carbonate（CaCO3） whiskers are incorporated to strengthen and toughen the high-strength cement mortar.The compressive strength,flexural strength,split tensile strength and work of fracture are measured.Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors are investigated using scanning electron microscopy.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms and the efficiency of whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar are discussed.The results show that the addition of CaCO3 whiskers brings positive effects on the high-strength cement mortar.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms are whisker-cement coalition debonding,whisker peeling,whisker impact breakage and whisker bridging.Crack deflection is one efficient mechanism,but it is hard to be achieved in high-strength cement mortar.And the interfacial bonding strength between whiskers and the cement mortar matrix should be appropriately weak to introduce more crack deflection mechanisms to strengthen and toughen the cement mortar efficiently.

Tensile properties and hot extrusion behavior of Zn O-coated Mg_2B_2O_(5w)/6061 Al composites

The 6061 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with ZnO-coated Mg_2B_2O_5w were fabricated by squeeze casting method and followed by extruded under a technical equivalent condition. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the elastic modulus of the as-cast composites increased straightly with increasing ZnO coating content. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the as-cast composites rapidly increased initially and then declined with increasing ZnO coating content. However, the elongations of all the as-cast composites had similar values. The elongations of the composites were highly enhanced and the ultimate tensile strength of the composite without ZnO coating was the largest after extrusion. A number of whiskers in the composites with ZnO coating were fractured during the extrusion process, but the whiskers＇ breakage extent was limited with the increase of coating content.

Three New Species of the Anthomyiidae from Yunnan Province,China(Diptera:Anthomyiidae)

The present paper deals with three new species of the genera Phorbia,Pegoplata and Pegomya from Yunnan Province,China,namely Phorbia fani sp nov , Pegoplata lengshanensis sp nov.and Pegomya yunnanensis sp nov.All the type specimens are deposited in Institute of Entomology,Shenyang Normal University,Shenyang.

Study on the Morphological Differences of Four Carp Populations

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the morphological differences of four carp populations.[Method] Based on traditional morphological data（including countable and measurable characters） and framework data,the morphological differences and phylogenesis of Yellow River carp population（YR）,wild four-naris carp population（WF）,farmed four-naris carp population（FF） and carp population from Suzhou section of Wusong River（WR） were studied by means of multivariate analysis.[Result] There was no significant difference（P〉0.05） in countable characters among four carp populations.Discriminant analysis showed the discriminating accuracy of YR,WF,FF and WR population were 87.5%,78.1%,73.5% and 96.8% respectively,and the synthetic discriminating accuracy of four populations was up to 83.7%.In addition,cluster analysis revealed that YR population and WF population clustered together,while FF population and WR population clustered together.Principal component analysis indicated that the morphological differences among four populations mainly came from the head,tail and vertical axis of fish.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the purification and rejuvenation of rare four-naris carp.

A New Species of Aphonoides Chopard (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Eneopteridae) from China

This paper describes a new species, Aphonoides wuyiensis Yin, sp. nov. collected from Fujian Province, China. A key to Chinese species is also given. The type specimens are deposited in Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.