侗族村寨与文化

"侗族聚族而居,每个村寨都有风雨桥、鼓楼、戏台、寨门等公共建筑。

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

Role of Black Carbon-Induced Changes in Snow Albedo in Predictions of Temperature and Precipitation during a Snowstorm

In this study the authors apply the chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model （WRF-Chem） to examine the impacts of black carbon （BC）-induced changes in snow albedo on simulated temperature and precipitation during the severe snowstorm that occurred in southern China during 0800 26 January to 0800 29 January 2008 （Note that all times are local time except when otherwise stated）. Black carbon aerosol was simulated online within the WRF-Chem. The model resuits showed that surface-albedo, averaged over 27-28 January, can be reduced by up to 10% by the deposition of BC. As a result, relative to a simulation that does not consider deposition of BC on snow/ice, the authors predicted surface air temperatures during 27-28 January can differ by -1.95 to 2.70 K, and the authors predicted accumulated precipitation over 27-28 January can differ by -2.91 to 3.10 mm over Areas A and B with large BC deposition. Different signs of changes are determined by the feedback of clouds and by the availability of water vapor in the atmosphere.

Risk assessment model of tunnel water inrush based on improved attribute mathematical theory

Tunnel water inrush is one of the common geological disasters in the underground engineering construction.In order to effectively evaluate and control the occurrence of water inrush,the risk assessment model of tunnel water inrush was proposed based on improved attribute mathematical theory.The trigonometric functions were adopted to optimize the attribute mathematical theory,avoiding the influence of mutation points and linear variation zones in traditional linear measurement functions on the accuracy of the model.Based on comprehensive analysis of various factors,five parameters were selected as the evaluation indicators for the model,including tunnel head pressure,permeability coefficient of surrounding rock,crushing degree of surrounding rock,relative angle of joint plane and tunnel section size,under the principle of dimension rationality,independence,directness and quantification.The indicator classifications were determined.The links among measured data were analyzed in detail,and the objective weight of each indicator was determined by using similar weight method.Thereby the tunnel water inrush risk assessment model is established and applied in four target segments of two different tunnels in engineering.The evaluation results and the actual excavation data agree well,which indicates that the model is of high credibility and feasibility.

Is Fengshui Science or Superstition？ A New Criterion for Judging the Value of Knowledge Systems

Fengshui, which can be translated as Wind-Water literally in English, is an ancient Chinese system of laws considered to govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to the flow of Qi, and whose favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into account when sitting and designing buildings. Similar systems exist in many other cultures such as Vastu Shastra in India, which consists of precepts born out of a traditional and archaic view on how the laws of nature affect human dwellings. Although prospered in ancient society, modem reactions to Fengshui are mixed. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience states that principles of Fengshui are quite rational, but folk remedies and superstitions have been incorporated into its eclectic mix. In this paper, we do not distinguish Fengshui and other similar systems between science and superstition, but try to propose a criterion for judging whether a knowledge system is valuable, and if so, to whom it is valuable. We will end up arguing that, a knowledge system satisfying the criterion of relatively true property is valuable at least to its community of believers, and the problem of whether a knowledge system has greater value is essentially a problem of whether it is relatable to other knowledge systems, so as to expand its community of believers

Safety of Dams： A Pathological Approach of Qualitative and Quantitative Risks

Dams are critical and essential elements in any infrastructure and, in front of accidents occurred in many countries, it is extremely important to know the risk of these structures. Inserted in this context, it was found in the technical literature, methods and tools capable of measuring the exposure value by means of indicators. In the study, the highlights were 12 methods of qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative risk analysis, representing an overview of risk analysis methods available in the literature with potential use in dams, that it has been done into electronic spreadsheets. The case study is performed on a sample of concrete dam and earth/rockfill built and operated by Eletrobr^s Furnas Company, supported by documentary research, projects, field inspections and interviews with experts. After applying the methods and the analysis thereof, has been prepared the Eletrobras Fumas dam risk analysis method which is characterized by adapting the criteria analyzed to the reality of the company＇s dams and it was also performed the portfolio risk analysis of 18 dams. In spite of the variety and subjectivity of qualitative and semiquantitative methods, the results show that they tend to converge on the analysis of dam based on risk. The application methodology demonstrates the feasibility assessment stage, covering the preliminary analysis for portfolio dams, followed by formal and individual risk analyzes for the most critical structures. These results confirm the applicability of risk analysis techniques, contributing to the consolidation of this toot as fundamental in the dam safety.

Perception Survey of Carbon Monoxide Risk in Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer Populations

Carbon monoxide （CO） intoxication is one of the most common types of poisoning in the modem world. To better tailor messages and communication needs to the public, a perception survey of CO and his risk was conducted among the population of Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer. The authors included 400 people in this survey. The demographic characteristics of the respondents consisted of： 85.0% female, 92.9% adults, 29.7% had a high level of education, 49.6% unemployed, 89.5% were home owners and 53.9% lived in apartments. Water heaters were present in the homes of 91.0% of respondents and 6.5% of them used gas. Gas was used as fuel in 45.4% of cases. For water heaters, 20.8% had an exhaust duct, 9.9% were serviced regularly and 47.5% were installed in a well ventilated area. Regarding the media, television was the medium that allowed 73.4% of the CO to know, regardless of age, sex and level of education among the 94.3% of who ever heard of this deadly gas before the survey.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Borehole Water in Rumukalagbor, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

The physicochemical and microbiological assessments of thirteen accessible boreholes in Rumukalagbor in Port Harcourt were ascertained. The studies were carried out in April （onset of the rains） and June （peak of the rains） and the results obtained showed that all the water samples tested were acidic （pH 3.12-5.18） with the samples having lower values in June. Eight boreholes （61.5%） had high conductivity values and all boreholes recorded high TDS （total dissolved solids）.These are indications of the presence of dissolved minerals/polluting agents. TH （total hardness） values for all the borehole samples were very low （20 mg/L-60 mg/L）, which are below WHO （World Health Organization） set limit of 200 mg/L. The levels of Ca and Mg ions were determined using AAS （atomic absorption spectroscopy） and these were also observed to be very low. Ca ion concentrations were 0.15 mg/L-20.1 mg/L and Mg ion concentrations were 0.10 mg/L-10.3 mg/L. All the samples but one exceeded the WHO limit for chloride ion concentration for potable water. These high levels can account for the high pH and conductivity values and since water from some boreholes are soft, they are prone to plumbosolvacy. Sulphate and nitrate concentrations in the samples are within the WHO allowable limits. The water samples showed minimal microbial load with 38.5% not having any microbial load.

Chemical Contamination and Radiological Risk Assessment of Water Sources in Richards Bay

South Africa is pronounced a dry country. Though KwaZulu-Natal has a higher rain fall than most part of the country, it has recorded cases of austere droughts. The present study was aimed at examining the quality of water within Richards Bay precinct in relation to South African target water quality range （TWQR）. Fifty water samples were collected from five water sources （effluent, stream, Mzingazi River, Indian Ocean and Esikawini drinking tap water） and analyzed using ICP-MS technique to determine the concentrations of some traced metals i.e., Fe, Cu, T1, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Ni. The main impurities were found to be Cd, Mn and As with concentrations of 2.21 × 10^0mg. l-1, 7.19 × 10-1mg.l-1and 2.72 ×10-3mg. 1-1 respectively. The surface gross alpha contamination of mineral stores within the facilities ranges from 1.00 × 10-4 ± 1.5 × 10-2 Bq.cm-2 to 1.45× 10-2 ±4.20 ×10-3Bq.cm-2 with a mean concentration of 1.15 × 10-2 ±1.36 ×10-2Bq.cm-2while the gross beta contamination ranges from 1.00 ×10-3 ± 1.14 × 10-ZBq, cm-2 to 4.15 × 10-2 ± 2.17 × 10-2Bq. cm-2 with a mean concentration of 2.15 ×10-2 ±1.80×10-2Bq. cm-2. The result indicated that the water quality was acceptable.

Insurance ratemaking method for risk of construction diversion project

Based on analyzing risk factors of diversion project,synthetic risk rate and engineering insurance period,the frequency and distribution law of loss are researched on the grounds that foundation pit is submerged after diversion project ceases to be effective.And then,the standpoint that these total loss is subject to non-homogeneous compound Poisson processes is put forward.Furthermore,the collective risk model of the total loss about engineering insurance is established on the basis of construction diversion project risk.Ultimately,insurance ratemaking method for construction engineering risk and its mathematical expression are presented,which provides theoretical method for the insurance ratemaking of hydropower engineering to some extent.