《说文解字》“食”部字研究

《说文解字》是我国语言学史上第一部按部首编排的字典,是我国文字学史上的一部集大成之作。《说文解字》"食"部字大多与"食物"或"吃"有关,这篇文章通过对《说文解字》"食"部62个字从编排体例及校正、解说体例、意义分类进行阐释,进而深入探究我国古代的饮食文化,使读者能够清楚地了解《说文解字》"食"部字。

《说文解字》“食”部字与饮食文化探究

《说文解字》是我国第一部按部首编排的字典,全书收字9353个,另收重文1163个,共计收字头10516个并按540个部首排列。其中,“食”部共64个字。食,是人类生存的重要条件,在人们生活中占有重要位置。本文以《说文解字》“食”部字为研究对象,对其进行逐一分析。并通过分析其字形、字义,探索文字中反映出的中国传统饮食文化内涵,从而进行归纳总结。

从“食”部字看汉字造字法的多样性

在汉语中,有大量以"食"为部首的字,对其分析,可以发现有如下几种情况:有的同一个"食"部字,采用了汉字中不同的造字法;有的采用同一种造字法的食部字,其选用的构件又有所不同;当有的食部字选用相同构件时,这些构件位于食部字中的位置又不相同。从对"食"部字的构造,可见汉字造字法的多样性。

文化视域下的《说文解字》“食”部字

《说文解字》中共有64个“食”部字,在此抽取一部分典型的“食”部字,在文化视域下对这些字进行归纳和分析。结合汉语历史的演变和古代饮食的发展,大致可将“食”部字依据人和食物为主体进行归纳,以食物为主体,可看食物从古至今的名称演变以及食物的状态在古代社会和现代社会的不同表述等。以人为主体,可看出不同时期的人们对食物的准备工作、烹饪技巧、饮食需求等方面的不同,从而对《说文解字》“食”部字进行一个序列化的分析。

《说文解字·食部》研究

《说文解字》是中国历史上第一部系统地通过分析字形来探求本义的专著,在字形、字义方面给后代留下了丰富的材料。"食"部字在《说文解字》当中占有不小的比例。其在编排方面具有一定的规律性,这在研读《说文》时可以明显感受到。通过对"食"部进行研究,可以获取到汉字背后所蕴藏的文化信息,包括"食"部所反映出来的先民饮食观、前代民俗以及社会发展状况。

Esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer, followed by chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy

AIM： To compare the efficacy and toxicity of a three-step combination therapy with post-operative radiation alone for locally advanced esophageal cancer.METHODS： Patients with T3-4 and N0-1 esophageal carcinoma from a number of institutions were non-randomly, prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent single-stage curative en bloc esophagectomy. The patients were then assigned into one of two treatment groups based on treatment consisting of either post-operative concurrent chemoradiotherapy （CCRT） with weekly cisplatin 30 mg/m^2 followed by systemic adjuvant chemotherapy （four monthly cycles of cisplatin 20 mg/m^2 and 5-fluorouracil 1 000 mg/m^2 for five consecutive days）, or, post-operative radiation alone. The radiotherapy dose was 55-60 Gy for all patients. Primary end-point of this study was to assess the per-protocol patients＇ improvement of overall survival benefit. Secondary end-point was designed to evaluate both the per-protocol and intent-totreat patients＇ outcome of survival. RESULTS： A total of 60 patients （n=30 per group） were enrolled in this study. The two groups were generally comparable for demographic characteristics and hematological and non-hematological toxicities. The CCRT with weekly cisplatin was well tolerated, with significantly better overall survival （30.9 mo vs 20.7 mo; 95% CI, 27.5-36.4 vs 15.2-26.1） and 3-year survival （70.0% vs 33.7%; P=0.003）. Low histological grade of tumor （P〈0.001） was associated with favorable survival in these locally advanced patients. CONCLUSION： For locally advanced esophageal cancer, the combination of esophagectomy, post-operative CCRT with weekly cisplatin and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy is well tolerated and effective. A large-scale, prospective randomized trial of this regimen is in progress.

A Molecular Phylogeny of Macaca Based on Mitochondrial Control Region Sequences

Nucleotide sequences of segments of the mitochondrial control regions were analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationships among 7 macaques.High nucleotide diversity in Macaca assamensis and relatively low diversity in M.thibetana were found.Based on the ML tree from control regions,species in our study can roughly be sorted into three species groups except for the phylogenetic position of M.fascicularis,i.e.,silenus group,including M.leonina;sinica group,including M.arctoides,M.assamensis,and M.thibetana;and fascicularis group,including M.mulatta and M.cyclopis.A discrepancy between earlier studies (Fooden & Lanyon,1989;Tosi et al,2003a;Deinard & Smith,2001;Evans et al,1999;Hayasaka et al,1996;Morales & Melnick,1998),our result supported the hypothesis that M.fascicularis diverged earlier than M.leonina.Mitochondrial paraphyly in eastern M.mulatta (with respect to M.cyclopis) and eastern M.assamensis (with respect to M.thibetana) were clearly observed in our study.In accordance with the results of Y chromosome,allozyme,nuclear genes and some morphological data (Delson,1980;Fooden & Lanyon,1989;Fooden,1990;Tosi et al,2000,2003a,b;Deinard & Smith,2001),our study on control region sequences supported M.arctoides to be classified into the sinica group.However,this result disagreed with the previous mtDNA studies (Hayasaka et al,1996;Morales & Melnick,1998;Tosi et al,2003a).

Computation of flow through the oesophagogastric junction

Whilst methods exist to indirectly measure the effects of increased flow or gastro-oesophageal refluxing, they cannot quantitatively measure the amount of acid travelling back up into the oesophagus during reflux, nor can they indicate the flow rate through the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ). Since OGJ dysfunction affects flow it seems most appropriate to describe the geometry of the OGJ and its effect on the flow. A device known as the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) has been shown to reliably measure the geometry of and pressure changes in the OGJ. FLIP cannot directly measure flow but the data gathered from the probe can be used to model flow through the junction by using computational flow dynamics (CFD). CFD uses a set of equations known as the Navier-Stokes equations to predict flow patterns and is a technique widely used in engineering. These equations are complex and require appropriate assumptions to provide simplifications before useful data can be obtained. With the assumption that the cross-sectional areas obtained via FLIP are circular, the radii of these circles can be obtained. A cubic interpolation scheme can then be applied to give a high-resolution geometry for the OGJ. In the case of modelling a reflux scenario, it can be seen that at the narrowest section a jet of fluid squirts into the oesophagus at a higher velocity than the fluid surrounding it. This jet has a maximum velocity of almost 2 ms-1 that occurs where the OGJ is at its narrowest. This simple prediction of acid ‘squirting’ into the oesophagusillustrates how the use of numerical methods can be used to develop a better understanding of the OGJ. This initial work using CFD shows some considerable promise for the future.

Experimental replacement of thoracic esophageal segment with a biomaterial artificial esophagus in dogs

Objective：To implant 80 mm-long artificial esophagi constructed of biomaterial in dogs, observe the perioperative survival rates and the incidence of postoperative complications, and study the mechanisms of postoperative healing. Methods： Specimens of the implanted esophagus, the ＂neo-esophagi＂, were taken for histopathologic study 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months after operation. Results： The incidence of anastomotic leakage after the artificial esophagus implantation was 3.33%. The perioperative survival rate was 96.67%. The incidence of postoperative stenosis in the ＂neo-esophagi＂ was 81.48%; the stenoses were treated by expanding with esophagoscopy and implanting a stent. Epithelization of the mucosa in the ＂neo-esophagi＂ was completed in 3 to 6 months after surgery Structures such as submucosal muscle layers, mucous glands, nerve fibers, capillaries, etc. were regenerated after 12 months, and then reconstruction of the fibrous connective tissue layer was completed. Conclusion： Implanting a biomaterial artificial esophagus accomplishes safe reconstruction of defects in the esophagus. Advanced cellular structure of ＂neo-esophagus＂ can be regenerated after 1 year. Postoperative stenosis, which is related to hyperplasia and retraction of scar tissue, is still the most common complications which limiting the clinical application of the artificial esophagus.

Gene expression profile of esophageal cancer in North East India by cDNA microarray analysis

AIM： To identify alterations in genes and molecular functional pathways in esophageal cancer in a high incidence region of India where there is a widespread use of tobacco and betel quid with fermented areca nuts. METHODS： Total RNA was isolated from tumor and matched normal tissue of 16 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pooled tumor tissue RNA was labeled with Cy3-dUTP and pooled normal tissue RNA was labeled with Cy5-dUTP by direct labeling method. The labeled probes were hybridized with human 10K cDNA chip and expression profiles were analyzed by Genespring GX V 7.3 （Silicon Genetics）. RESULTS： Nine hundred twenty three genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 611 genes were upregulated and 312 genes were downregulated. Using stringent criteria （P ≤ 0.05 and ≥ 1.5 fold change）, 127 differentially expressed genes （87 upregulated and 40 downregulated） were identified in tumor tissue. On the basis of Gene Ontology, four different molecular functional pathways （HAPK pathway, G-protein coupled receptor family, ion transport activity, and serine or threonine kinase activity）were most significantly upregulated and six different molecular functional pathways （structural constituent of ribosome, endopeptidase inhibitor activity, structural constituent of cytoskeleton, antioxidant activity, acyl group transferase activity, eukaryotic translation elongation factor activity）were most significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION： Several genes that showed alterations in our study have also been reported from a high incidence area of esophageal cancer in China. This indicates that molecular profiles of esophageal cancer in these two different geographic locations are highly consistent.

Feeding ecology of hairtail Trichiurus margarites and largehead hairtail Trichiurus lepturus in the Beibu Gulf, the South China Sea

We evaluated the feeding ecology of largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) and hairtail (T. margarites). We collected specimens from fishing ports in the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin) from October 2008 to September 2009 and analyzed their gut contents. We collected 857 T. lepturus and 666 T. margarites samples. The number of stomachs examined in this study was sufficient to describe the monthly and ontogenetic diet shifts for the two species, as indicated by the trophic diversity curves. T. lepturus was a general omnivore, feeding primarily on Bregmaceros rarisquamosu, Decapterus maruadsi, and Acetes chinensis. Conversely, T. margarites preyed primarily on D. maruadsi, B. rarisquamosus, B. nectabanus, and A. chinensis. Both species exhibited distinct ontogenetic diet shifts. Although the two hairtail specie fed on similar sources in the same habitat, the diet overlap was relatively low. Our results suggest that hairtail play an important role in controlling small pelagic and benthic fish populations in the gulf. This trophic correlation shall be used for developing a marine ecosystem model for the Beibu Gulf.

Effects of Saline Administration, Abdominal Compression, and Prolongation of Acquisition Delay on Image Quality Improvement of CT Urography

Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effects of saline administration following contrast material injection, abdominal compression and two delay phase acquisition on image quality improvement of computed tomographic urography (CTU). Methods Medical records and informed consents of patients were obtained. In totally 122 patients (50 men, 72 women), two delay phase images with CTU were performed. Scans began simultaneously with a contrast bolus injection of 100 mL (300 mgI/mL) followed by a saline bolus injection of 100 mL at a rate of 5 mL/s. Two delay phase images were taken at 400 and 550 seconds for each patient. Examinations were taken by using abdominal compression or not. The distention and opacification of the urinary tract were evaluated by two interpreters together on transverse images and post-processing images. Effects of four techniques (saline administration and abdominal compression, saline administration only, compression only, and neither saline administration nor compression) and two delay phase acquisition on image quality improvement were analysed by using ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results Saline administration improved opacification (P<0.05) and increased overall image quality (P<0.01) of the intrarenal collecting system and proximal ureter. Abdominal compression (P<0.05) and delayed phase image acquisition of 550 seconds (P<0.01) all improved distention of the intrarenal collecting system and proximal ureter but did not improve opacification. No statistically significant effects on the distal ureter were found. However, there were more visualized distal ureteral segments with the longer imaging delay. Conclusion Saline administration, abdominal compression and longer imaging delays are all effective in improving image quality of 64-detector row CTU.

Giant Fibrovascular Polyp of Esophagus:One Case Report

Esophageal polyps are very rare,One case of giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus was described.The patient had symptoms of dysphagia and hematemesis.After examinations,the diagnosis of esophageal leiomyoma was made,In the process of thoracie exploration,esophageal polyp was removed,The pathological diagnosis postoperation was giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus associated with mucoid degeneration.

Trophic Ecology of Sharks in the Mid-East Pacific Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotopes

As apex predators, sharks are of ecological and conservation importance in marine ecosystems. In this study, trophic positions of sharks were estimated using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for five representative species caught by the Chinese longline fleet in the mid-east Pacific, i.e., the blue shark （Prionace glauca）, the bigeye thresher shark （Alopias superciliosus）, the silky shark （Carcharhinus falciformis）, the scalloped hammerhead （Sphyrna lewini）, and the oceanic whitetip shark （Car-charhinus longimanus）. Of these species, oceanic whitetip shark has the lowest trophic level and mean 815N value （3.9 and 14.93%o± 0.84%o）, whereas bigeye thresher shark has the highest level/values （4.5 and 17.02%o±1.21%o, respectively）. The bigeye thresher shark has significantly higher 515N value than other shark species, indicating its higher trophic position. The blue shark and oceanic whitetip shark has significantly higher 813C values than bigeye thresher shark, silky shark and scalloped hammerhead, possibly due to different diets and/or living habitats. The stable isotope data and stomach content data are highly consistent, suggesting that sta-ble isotope analysis supplements traditional feeding ecology study of sharks, and thus contributes to understanding their trophic linkage.

Diagnosis of chest pain with foregut symptoms in Chinese patients

AIM:To evaluate the diagnosis of chest pain with foregut symptoms in Chinese patients. METHODS:Esophageal manometric studies, 24-h introesophageal pH monitoring and 24-h electrocardiograms(Holter electrocardiography)were performed in 61 patients with chest pain. RESULTS:Thirty-nine patients were diagnosed with non-specific esophageal motility disorders(29 patients with abnormal gastroesophageal reflux and eight patients with myocardial ischemia).Five patients had diffuse spasm of the esophagus plus abnormal gastroesophageal reflux(two patients had concomitant myocardial ischemia),and one patient was diagnosed with nutcracker esophagus. CONCLUSION:The esophageal manometric studies, 24-h intra-esophageal pH monitoring and Holter electrocardiography are significant for the differential diagnosis of chest pain,particularly in patients with foregut symptoms.In cases of esophageal motility disorders,pathological gastroesophageal reflux may be a major cause of chest pain with non-specific esophageal motility disorders.Spasm of the esophageal smooth muscle might affect the heart-coronary smooth muscle,leading to myocardial ischemia.

Delayed presentation of intrathoracic esophageal perforation after pneumatic dilation for achalasia

Pneumatic dilation(PD)is considered to be a safe and effective first line therapy for achalasia.The major adverse event caused by PD is esophageal perforation but an immediate gastrografin test may not always detect a perforation.It has been reported that delayed management of perforation for more than 24 h is associated with high mortality.Surgery is the treatment of choice within 24 h,but the management of delayed perforation remains controversial.Hereby,we report a delayed presentation of intrathoracic esophageal perforation following PD in a 48-year-old woman who suffered from achalasia.She completely recovered after intensive medical care.A review of the literature is also discussed.

Rice DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE 2 is essential for determining panicle outgrowth and elongation

The architecture of the panicle, including grain size and panicle morphology, directly determines grain yield. Panicle erectness, which is selected for achieving ideal plant arehitecture in the northern part of China, has drawn increasing attention of rice breeders. Here, dense and erect panicle 2 （dep2） mutant, which shows a dense and erect panicle phenotype, was identified. DEP2 encodes a plant-specific protein without any known functional domain. Expression profiling of DEP2 revealed that it is highly expressed in young tissues, with most abundance in young panicles. Morphological and expression analysis indicated that mutation in DEP2 mainly affects the rapid elongation of rachis and primary and secondary branches, but does not impair the initiation or formation of panicle primordia. Further analysis suggests that decrease of panicle length in dep2 is caused by a defect in cell proliferation during the exponential elongation of panicle. Despite a more compact plant type in the dep2 mutant, no significant alteration in grain production was found between wild type and dep2 mutant. Therefore, the study of DEP2 not only strengthens our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of panicle architecture but also has important implications for rice breeding.

China’s Potential of Grain Production Due to Changes in Agricultural Land Utilization in Recent Years

The changes in utilization of agricultural land have gradually grown into one of the major factors impacting grain output in China. This study explores the various components of agricultural production in China from the land utilization perspective, involving changes in grain production per unit area, multi-cropping index, and adjustment of agricultural structure. Compared with the record values, different research methodologies are used to analyze the po- tential of above three components. The results indicate that grain production potential of 65.68×109kg was unexploited in 2006, in which 45.8×109kg came from the restructuring in agriculture. So we can infer that the reduction of grain production in China could be primarily attributed to agricultural restructuring in recent years. So the productive poten- tial can be fully restored by increasing agricultural investment, or recovering agricultural structure in favorable condi- tions. So we can say that China’s current condition of food security is good.

Management of the Innovation Process of a Small Amazonian Company in the Food Sector

The present article broaches aspects related to the management of the innovation process of a small company that works in the food industry of Manaus; the authors focus on the current types and levels of technological competencies existent in the company, describe their technological learning process and emphasize the innovation system that provides the organizational development support. This paper is based on a specific individual study and on empirical evidence collected using various techniques. It demonstrates how the management of the technological learning process and the innovation system boost the growth trajectory in a small company, by the fact that they contribute to the effective development of technological competencies considered fundamental to perfect the level of competitiveness of the company.

Prophylactic PEG placement in head and neck cancer:How many feeding tubes are unused (and unnecessary)?

AIM:To determine the rate of use and non-use of prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) tubes among patients with head and neck cancer(HNC) patients.METHODS:All patients with HNC undergoing PEG between January 01,2004 and June 30,2006 were identified.Patients(or their next-of-kin) were surveyed by phone and all available medical records and cancer registry data were reviewed.Prophylactic PEG was def ined as placement in the absence of dysphagia and prior to radiation or chemoradiation.Each patient with a prophylactic PEG was assessed for cancer diagnosis,type of therapy,PEG use,and complications related to PEG.RESULTS:One hundred and three patients had PEG tubes placed for HNC.Thirty four patients(33%) could not be contacted for follow-up.Of the 23(22.3%) patients with prophylactic PEG tubes,11/23(47.8%) either never used the PEG or used it for less than 2 wk.No association with PEG use vs non-use was observed for cancer diagnosis,stage,or specific cancer treatment.Non-use or limited use was observed in 3/6(50%) treated with radiation alone vs 8/17(47.1%) treated with chemoradiation(P = 1.0),and 3 of 10(30%) treated with surgery vs 8 of 13(62%) not treated with surgery(P = 0.21).Minor complications were reported in 5/23(21.7%).One(4.3%) major complication was reported.CONCLUSION:There is a high rate of unnecessary PEG placement when done prophylactically in patients with head and neck cancer.