基于森佩尔“饰面”理论编织形式对旧工业建筑改造的启示

本文以森佩尔"饰面"理论中两种编织体系的形式与当代编织特征进行类比,利用旧建筑改造和设计案例,解析界面生成及场所空间创造的织理性建构表达。"饰面"理论编织形式对于旧工业建筑的历史延续与形态改造,能够从墙体材料组织形式更新、场所空间更新两个方面找到形式操作的理论支撑。

建构视角下的色彩“饰面”

色彩伴随建筑出现并且是建筑设计的重要组成部分,却常被认为是属于绘画装饰领域的词汇。但从建构视角来看,色彩却可以被理解为"饰面",进而成为"再现"建筑设计过程的重要途径。随着对建构理论的深入研究,出现了对建构基本概念的不同理解,色彩对于"再现"的意义和方式也有了新的阐释。该文主要从建构理论发展的角度重新认识和理解色彩"饰面"。

森佩尔及其“饰面”理论

18世纪60年代,在工业革命的爆发下,以前旧的生产方式逐渐被淘汰,工业生产已经成为主要的生产活动方式。而当时的德国,正处于四分五裂、外国强敌虎视眈眈的困境。在这样的背景下,民族意识的觉醒将启蒙运动的视线拉回到了古代艺术。在新旧观念的交锋下涌现出了一大批具有代表性的建筑师和设计理论家。其中,森佩尔在“饰面”理论中主要阐述有关古代建筑的色彩装饰问题,试图探讨建筑空间最初形态形成的原因。森佩尔的设计思想内容为当今建筑的设计发展提供了十分重要的参照。本文将试图通过对森佩尔的“饰面”理论做一定程度的阐述说明与探讨,从而引出在现代设计创作过程中的一些新思路。

Improvement in Performance of Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells through Interface Modification with CTAC

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention,due to their low cost,simple preparation process and high chemical stability.However,the devices exhibit low photoelectric conversion efficiency,owing to the presence of defects and interface impedance between the perovskite active layer and the contact interface.In order to minimize the interfacial defects and improve the charge transfer performance between the perovskite layer and the contact interface,cetyltrimethylammonium chloride(CTAC)was introduced into the lower interface of HTL-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells,because CTAC can be used as interface modification material to passivate the buried interface of perovskite and promote grain growth.It was found that CTAC can not only passivate the interface defects of perovskite,but also improve the crystalline quality of perovskite.As a result,the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of reaches 17.18%,which is 12.5%higher than that of the control group.After 20 days in air with 60%RH humidity,the cell can still maintain more than 90%of the initial efficiency,which provides a new strategy for interfacial passivation of perovskite solar cells.

Preparation and tribological properties of surface modified Cu nanoparticles

Cu nanoparticles surface-modified by dioctylamine dithiocarbamate （DTC8） were synthesized using a two-phase extraction route. The size, morphology and structure of resultant surface-capped Cu nanoparticles （coded as DTC8-Cu） were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry. The tribological behavior of DTC8-Cu as an additive in liquid paraffin was evaluated with a four-ball machine, and the surface topography of the wear scar was also examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results show that Cu nanoparticles modified by DTC8 have a small particle size and a narrow size distribution. Besides, DTC8-Cu as an additive in liquid paraffin has excellent antiwear ability, due to the deposition of nano-Cu with low melting point on worn steel surface leading to the formation of a self-repairing protective layer thereon.

Synthesis of CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 Conjugated Microspheres and its Photocatalytic Activity

The metal complex 5-（4-aminophenyl）-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin copper （CuAPTPP） was covalently linked on the surface of TiO2 microspheres by using toluene disocyanate （TDI） as a bridging bond unit. The hydroxyl group （-OH） of TiO2 microspheres surface and the amino group （-NH2） of CuAPTPP reacted respectively with the active -NCO groups of TDI to form a surface conjugated microsphere CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 that was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 microspheres were characterized with UV-visible, elemental analysis, XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The effect of amounts of linked TDI on the performance of photocatalytic microspheres was discussed, and the optimal molar ratio of TDI：TiO2 was established. The photocatalytic activity of CuAPTPP- TDI-TiO2 was evaluated using the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that, TDI, as a bond unit, was used to form a steady chemical brigdging bond linking CuAPTPP and the surface of TiO2 microspheres, and the prepared catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation for MB degradation. The degradation rate of 20 mg/L MB could reach 98.7% under Xe- lamp （150 W） irradiation in 120 rain. The degradation of MB followed the first-order reaction model under visible light irradiation, and the rate constant of 5.1× 10^-2 min-1 and the half- life of 11.3 min were achieved. And the new photocatalyst can be recycled for 4 times, remaining 90.0% MB degradation rate.

Observation and Comparison of Pollen Submicroscopic Morphology of Seven Mulberry(Morus alba Linn.) Cultivars

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the submicroscopic structure and morphological characteristics of mulberry pollen. [Method] Mulberry pollen of seven cultivars were treated by glutaraldehyde fixing, alcohol gradient dehydration, freeze-drying and metal plating to observe the size and surface ornamentation under the scanning electron microscope （SEM）. [Result] The pollen surface characteristics and ornamentation were clearly visible, indicating that this method is suitable for SEM observation of mulberry pollen; experimental mulberry pollen was nearly spher- ical, with two germination apertures and processes on aperture membrane; polar axis was 15.99-22.63 μm long, and equatorial axis was 14.98-20.78 μm long; the pollen volume of ＂Yu No.2＇ was the maximum, while that of ＂Jinxuan No.7＇ was the minimum; the surface of mulberry pollen showed smooth and tumor-like protuberance ornamentations, covered with different densities of particles. [Conclusion] Glutaralde- hyde fixative-alcohol gradient dehydration is an ideal method for morphological char- acteristics of mulberry pollen. This study may provide useful information for palynology identification of Morus plants or even species-level systematic classification.

Surface Modification of Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Waste Tires and Its Use as Pigment for Offset Printing Ink

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable products. Pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) is one of the most important products resulting from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applica-tions of modified pyrolytic carbon black is its use as pigment for offset printing ink to obtain high added values. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) results show that a large quantity of inorganic matters and carbonaceous deposit are removed by treating the pyrolytic carbon black with nitric acid solution. Plenty of active sites originally occu-pied by inorganic ash and coke are recovered. The surface energy of pyrolytic carbon black (TWPC)modified by titanate-coupling agent-especially the specific interaction γ sspdetermined by the specific probe molecule, tolu-ene-shows the strong interaction between the TWPC and the synthetic resins. The offset printing ink performance confirms the IGC prediction. And TWPC has the great potential of applications in printing ink industry as pigment.

Effects of fluorine on photocatalysis

Tailoring the microstructure of pristine TiO2 is essential to narrow its band gap and prolong the charge lifetime. In particular, strategies involving fluorine have been used successfully to tune the surface chemistry, electronic structure, and morphology of TiO2 photocatalysts to improve their photocatalytic activity based on the strong complexation between fluoride ions and TiO2 and the high electronegativity of fluorine. In this review, we summarize the strategies involving fluorine to establish highly efficient TiO2 photocatalytic systems or fabricate highly efficient TiO2 photocatalysts. The main fluorine effects(i.e. the effects of fluorine on photocatalysis) include the following four aspects:(1) Surface effects of fluoride on TiO2 photocatalysis,(2) effects of fluorine doping on TiO2 photocatalysis,(3) fluoride-mediated tailoring of the morphology of TiO2 photocatalysts, and(4) the effects of fluorine on non-TiO2 photocatalysis. Additionally, the unique applications of these fluorine effects in photocatalysis, including selective degradation of pollutants, selective oxidation of chemicals, water-splitting to produce H2, reduction of CO2 to produce solar fuels, and improvement of the thermostability of TiO2 photocatalysts, are reviewed.

Facile synthesis of C-decorated Fe,N co-doped TiO_2 with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity by a novel co-precursor method

Lattice‐doping and surface decoration are prospective routes to improve the visible‐light photocatalytic ability of TiO2,but the two techniques are difficult to combine into one preparation process because they are usually conducted under different conditions,which limits the efficiency of TiO2 modification.In this study,TiO2 was successfully modified by simultaneous lattice‐doping and surface decoration,and the visible‐light photocatalytic capacity was largely improved.Upon comparing the method reported here with previous ones,the most significant difference is that Fe(II)‐phenanthroline was first used as the co‐precursor of the introduced elements of C,N,and Fe.These three elements were simultaneously introduced to TiO2 at high levels by this co‐precursor method.The as‐synthesized photocatalysts were systemically investigated and analyzed by several characterization methods such as XRD,FT‐IR,XPS,Raman spectroscopy,EPR,UV‐Vis DRS,photoluminescence spectra,photocurrent,electrochemical impedance spectra,TEM,and HRTEM.The photocatalytic degradation of 4‐NP under visible‐light irradiation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts.Based on the experimental data,a probable mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation by the photocatalysts is proposed.This is a novel method of using one source to simultaneously introduce metal and non‐metal elements to TiO2 at high levels,which may provide a new way to prepare highly effective TiO2 photocatalysts.

Nitrate-group-grafting-induced assembly of rutile TiO2 nanobundles for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

In this study,an acid-induced assembly strategy for a rutile TiO2 photocatalyst was proposed on the basis of the treatment of lamellar protonated titanate with a concentrated HNO3 solution.Nitrate groups were successfully grafted onto a TiO2 surface and induced the assembly of rutile TiO2 nanorods into uniform spindle-like nanobundles.The resulting TiO2 product achieved a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 402.4μmol h^?1,which is 3.1 times higher than that of Degussa P25-TiO2.It was demonstrated that nitrate group grafting caused the rutile TiO2 surface to become negatively charged,which is favorable for trapping positive protons and improving charge carrier separation,thereby enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production.Additionally,surface charges were crucial to structural stability based on electrostatic repulsion.This study not only developed a facile surface modification strategy for fabricating efficient H2 production photocatalysts but also identified an influence mechanism of inorganic acids different from that reported in the literature.

Enhanced low-temperature NH3-SCR performance of CeTiOx catalyst via surface Mo modification

The effect of molybdenum oxide on the activity and durability of Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst for NO reduction by NH3 was examined. It was found that the introduction of Mo could improve the low-temperature NH3-SCR activity and SO2/H2 O durability of the Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst and an optimal loading of Mo was 4?wt.%. The best Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst displayed over 90% NO conversion from 200 °C to 400 °C and obtained 4-fold increase in NO conversion compared to Ce O2-Ti O2 at 150 °C. The characterization results revealed that the number of Br?nsted acid sites over Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 was significantly increased, and the adsorption of nitrate species was dramatically weakened because of the coverage of Mo O3, which were favorable for the high NH3-SCR performance. It is believed that the Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst is a suitable substitute for the NH3-SCR reaction.

Humic acid-mediated visible-light degradation of phenol on phosphate-modified and Nafion-modified TiO_2 surfaces

Although humic acid(HA)can inhibit TiO2photocatalysis,it can sensitize TiO2and induce significant visible‐light(VL)activity in phenol degradation.This favorable effect of HA was negligible on phosphate‐modified TiO2(P‐TiO2),but significantly stronger on Nafion‐modified TiO2(Nf‐TiO2).The reaction rate constants for phenol degradation on Nf‐TiO2increased from(0.003±0.001)to(0.025±0.003)min?1when the reaction was performed in the presence of20mg/L HA.The different effects of HA on P‐TiO2and Nf‐TiO2photocatalysis cannot be attributed to adsorption changes,because the adsorption capacities of P‐TiO2and Nf‐TiO2were only slightly lower than that of TiO2at an initial HA concentration of20mg/mL.Scavenger tests,electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy,and H2O2detection were taken to understand the low VL activity of the P‐TiO2/HA suspension.The main active species for phenol degradation in the TiO2and Nf‐TiO2suspensions were superoxide radicals.There were negligible amounts of superoxide radicals in the P‐TiO2/HA suspension,possibly because a direct four‐electron oxygen reduction reaction occurred.The better VL activity of Nf‐TiO2was rationalized on the basis of Mott–Schottky and electrochemical impedance plots.Nafion modification resulted in cathodic shifts of the energy band positions,increased electron density,and less resistance to electron transfer across the interface between TiO2and electrolytes.All these factors facilitated electron transfer and improved the production of active species.Phosphate modification therefore did not improve the VL response of HA sensitized TiO2,and low concentrations of HA can facilitate VL photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants on Nafion surface‐modified TiO2.

Modification of nanometer calcium carbonate for water-borne architectural coatings

A kind of modifier was synthesized to modify the surface of nanometer calcium carbonate （abbreviated as nano-CaCO3）, which is used in architectural coatings. The modification technology of the nano-CaCO3 was studied through orthogonal experimental methods. The factors studied were rotation speed, modifier dosage, emulsification temperature, emulsification time and heat aging time after emulsification. Optimized conditions for modification of the surface were： rotation speed 16000 r/min; modifier dosage 3%; emulsification temperature 75 ℃; emulsification time 60 min and aging time 40 min. The modified nano-CaCO3 was also studied by size-distribution measurements, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The results show that the size distribution of the modified nano-CaCO3 is uniform and that there are chemi-sorption and physi-sorption between the nano-CaCO3 and the modifier. Compared to traditional architectural coatings without nano-CaCO3, the nanometer composite coatings are obviously improved in respect to dirt resistance, scrub resistance, thixotropy, water resistance, alkalinity resistance and aging resistance.

Effects of different methods of introducing Mo on denitration performance and anti‐SO_(2)poisoning performance of CeO_(2)

Cerium‐based catalysts are very attractive for the catalytic abatement of nitrogen oxides(NOx)emitted from stationary sources.However,the main challenge is still achieving satisfactory catalytic activity in the low‐temperature range and tolerance to SO2 poisoning.In the present work,two series of Mo‐modified CeO_(2)catalysts were respectively obtained through a wet impregnation method(Mo‐CeO_(2))and a co‐precipitation method(MoCe‐cp),and the roles of the Mo species were systematically investigated.Activity tests showed that the Mo‐CeO_(2)catalyst displayed much higher NO conversion at low temperature and anti‐SO2 ability than MoCe‐cp.The optimal Mo‐CeO_(2)catalyst displayed over 80%NO elimination efficiency even at 150°C and remarkable SO2 resistance at 250°C(nearly no activity loss after 40 h test).The characterization results indicated that the introduced Mo species were highly dispersed on the Mo‐CeO_(2)catalyst surface,thereby providing more Brønsted acid sites and inhibiting the formation of stable adsorbed NOx species.These factors synergistically promote the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)reaction in accordance with the Eley‐Rideal(E‐R)reaction path on the Mo‐CeO_(2)catalyst.Additionally,the molybdenum surface could protect CeO_(2)from SO2 poisoning;thus,the reducibility of the Mo‐CeO_(2)catalyst declined slightly to an adequate level after sulfation.The results in this work indicate that surface modification with Mo species may be a simple method of developing highly efficient cerium‐based SCR catalysts with superior SO2 durability.

Controlling atomic phosphorous-mounting surfaces of ultrafine W_(2)C nanoislands monodispersed on the carbon frameworks for enhanced hydrogen evolution

Controllably mounting foreign atoms on the surfaces of earth-abundant electrocatalysts strongly improve their surface electronic properties for optimizing the catalytic performance of surficial sites to an unusual level,and provides a good platform to gain deep insights into catalytic reactions.The present work describes,employing ultrafine W2C nanoislands(average size:2.3 nm)monodispersed on the N,P dual-doped carbon frameworks as a model system,how to regulate the atomic phosphorous-mounting effect on the surfaces of W_(2)C to derive an active and stable P-mounting W_(2)C(WCP)catalyst for both acidic and alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Since in situ phosphorus substitution into carbon sites of preformed W_(2)C nanoislands gradually proceeds from surfaces to solids,so that using a proper amount of phosphorus sources can readily control the surface mounting level to avoid the mass P-doping into the bulk.By this way,the activity per active site of WCP catalyst with robust stability can be optimized to 0.07 and 0.56 H_(2 )s^(-1) at-200 mV overpotential in acid and base,respectively,which reach up to the several-fold of pure-phase W_(2)C(0.01 and 0.05 H_(2) s^(-1)).Theoretical investigations suggest that compared with solid P doping,the P mounting on W_(2)C surface can more remarkably enhance its metallicity and decrease the hydrogen release barrier.This finding disclosed a key correlation between surface foreign atom-mounting and catalytic activity,and suggested a logical extension to other earth-abundant catalysts for various catalytic reactions.

Preparation of defect free ceramic/Ti composite membranes by surface modification and in situ oxidation

Al2O3 ceramic powder was applied to modify the large pores defects on the surface of the porous metal Ti support,in situ oxidation method was a convenient method to prepare defect free ceramic/Ti composite membranes on this basis.In situ oxidation conditions experimental results show that the best condition for preparing the TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membrane is under 800°C for 2 h,and the microstructure and pore sizes of the TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membranes are affected obviously.The thickness and composition of the TiO2/Ti composite membranes are determined by SEM and XRD completely.The pore size distribution of the composite membrane is measured by bubble pressure method,the most probable aperture is about 3.12μm,while the average pore size of defect free TiO2-Al2O3/Ti is about 3.23μm.After ultrasonic treatment,the slight weight change of membranes reveals no observable change,which indicates that TiO2-Al2O3/Ti composite membranes maintain a good stability.

Enhancement in Magnetorheological Effect of Magnetorheological Elastomers by Surface Modification of Iron Particles

In order to obtain magnetorheological （MR） elastomers with high magnetorheological effect, a family of anisotropic rubber-based MR elastomers was developed using a new form of chemical modification. Three different kinds of surfactants, i.e. anionic, nonionic and compound surfactants, were employed separately to modify iron particles. The MR effect was evaluated by measuring the dynamic shear modulus of MR elastomer with a magneto-combined dynamic mechanical analyzer. Results show that the relative MR effect can be up to 188% when the iron particles are modified with 15% Span 80. Besides the surface activity of Span 80, however, such high modifying effect is partly due to the plasticizing effect of Span 80. Compared with the single surfactant, the superior surface activity of compound surfactant makes the relative MR effect reach 77% at a low content of 0.4%. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that the modification of compound surfactant results in perfect compatibility between particles and rubber matrix and special self-assembled structure of particles. Such special structure has been proved beneficial to the improvement of the relative MR effect.

Study on Surface Modification of Glass Bead by a Block Copolymer Coupling Agent

A tri-block copolymer coupling agent polystyreneblock-poly （n-butyl-acrylate）-block-poly （y-methacryloxypro pylt rimethoxysilane）（PS-b-PnBA-b-PMPS） was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP）, and its molecular structure was characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectra, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. The glass bead was treated with the block copolymer coupling agent, and then studied by transmission electron microscopy. The result showed that strong interaction was formed between the block copolymer coupling agent and the surface of glass bead, and then the block of poly（n-butylacrylate） formed a layer of film on the surface.

Development of gold catalysts supported by unreducible materials:Design and promotions

Gold catalysis had been considered a highly efficient candidate for heterogeneous catalysis.It is well established that reducible-material-supported Au NPs are more reactive than the unreducible materials,unless specific modifications are carried out.However,unreducible materials such as carbon materials,silica,and alumina have particular advantages,including the easily controlled surface property,adjustable microscopic structure,earth-abundant reserves,and facile industrial manufacture.New strategies,influences,and mechanisms of modification to enhance the catalytic performance and thermal stability of unreducible-material-supported gold catalysts are among the most attractive research topics in gold catalysis.However,to the best of our knowledge,reports and reviews focused on unreducible-material-supported gold catalysts are lacking.Herein,the above concept will be thoroughly discussed regarding several typical unreducible supports,including the commonly used silica,alumina,carbon materials,and hydroxyapatite.The currently prevailing modification strategies will be summarized in detail from the aspects of theoretical conceptualization and practical methodology,including the ingenious synthesis method for catalyst with a specific structure,the currently prosperous electrostatic adsorption,colloid immobilization,and the applicative thermal gaseous treatment.The influences of physical and chemical modifications on the surface chemistry,electronic structure,interaction/synergy between Au-support/promoter,catalyst morphology and water precipitation will be also summarized.It is assumed that the review will shed light on significant studies on unreducible support in gold catalysis with the purpose of catalytic promotion and the promotion of the potential industrial demands in advance.Furthermore,the review will provide new insights into unreducible supports that can be potentially applied in gold catalysis.