“马子”意义源流浅说

当下的新新人类常用“马子”一词指称女朋友或情人,一些表示追逐、寻觅、玩弄或调戏女性行为的词语也随之而生。本文以“马子”在汉译佛典、唐宋笔记、清人著述及近现代作品中的运用情况,阐释了该词意义演变的历史轨迹。

溺器“虎子”之后,当称“马子”!

2002年12月13日的《中国文物报》,刊载了容达贤先生《青瓷“虎子”用途问题的再研究》一文。文章以丰富文献资料与文物实体相结合的综合研究,得出这样的结论:“从‘虎子’的器物造型特征和2000多年来相关器物的传统实际使用情况考察,将其用途定为溺器是合乎实际的。”考证的方法是正确的;得出的结论更是可信的。不过,也就是在这篇美文里。

从出土文献看“马子”(女朋友)的来源

时下，人们使用语言的一个显著特点便是求新求异，以求耳目一新，旧词的启用或翻新是其手段之一，但是一些词语的使用非但不新颖，反而很扎眼，如一些网络、媒体、影视作品（尤其是港台一带）常以“马子”来称呼女朋友、情人。与之相应，表示追逐、寻觅、玩弄或调戏女性的行为则称为“采马子”“把马子”“吊（钓）马子”“泡马子”等。

“马子”探源

"马子"一词在港台语中颇为流行,然其最初意思却为马桶,那么该词是如何一步一步派生出我们现在所熟悉的这个意思呢?本文通过探源其本义以及其词义的衍变,意在告诉大家不要盲目跟风,忽视语言的本质。

Engineering The Neck Hinge Reshapes The Processive Movement of Kinesin-3

Objective In kinesin-3,the neck coil correlates with the following segments to form an extended neck that contains a characteristic hinge diverse from a proline in KIF13B to a long flexible linker in KIF1A.The function of this neck hinge for controlling processive movement,however,remains unclear.Methods We made a series of modifications to the neck hinges of KIF13B and KIF1A and tested their movement using a single-molecule motility assay.Results In KIF13B,the insertion of flexible residues before or after the proline differentially impacts the processivity or velocity,while the removal of this proline increases the both.In KIF1A,the deletion of entire flexible neck hinge merely enhances the processivity.The engineering of these hinge-truncated necks of kinesin-3 into kinesin-1 similarly boosts the processive movement of kinesin-1.Conclusion The neck hinge in kinesin-3 controls its processive movement and proper modifications tune the motor motility,which provides a novel strategy to reshape the processive movement of kinesin motors.

南通纸牌图案的文化内涵

纸牌，亦称“字牌”、“长牌”、“小牌”．由古代的博戏——叶子戏——马子——马吊牌——斗虎、扯张——默和牌——碰和牌演变而来．经不同时期逐渐演化至现代各地区纸牌大小、图案等存在着很大差异，其称谓也有很多，江苏北部称“车胡”、“马子”，湖南称“跑胡纸”，四川乐山地区称“二七十”，南通地区称之为“笃子胡”“单将长牌”等。

Study on Daily Change in Photo-physiological Properties of Potato

[Objective]This study was to reveal the photo-physiological properties and suitable climate conditions for potato growth,so as to improve potato quality and yield by making use of the climate resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,to intensively develop the special agriculture there to enhance the economic benefit of local people.[Method]Using CIRASⅠ-Portable Photosynthesis System,we measured the daily change of photo-physiological indices of potato and further analyzed their relationship with daily weather change,and investigated the impacts of climate factors including atmospheric temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration and light intensity on various physiological indices of potato at key growth stages（flowering stage and stem-swelling stage）.[Results]The results showed that（1） humidity in experimental field assumed a ＂ U＂ type cosine variation curve,while photosynthetically active radiation and atmospheric temperature presented a reverse variation trend;（2） atmospheric CO2 concentration was positively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration of potato cells,both assumed double ＂ W＂ type curve for daily change;（3） during growth period of potato,in the sunny days with appropriate relative humidity,physiological indices including photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance presented similar change law with environmental factor photosynthetically active radiation,all appearing an ＂ M＂ type curve with double peaks and a typical midday depression;（4） midday depression caused by to higher light intensity always appeared simultaneously with the maximum and minimum of air temperature.[Conclusion]Our results provided scientific basis for the large scale production of potato in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Branching and growth of plantings in fifth year of a seedling seed orchard of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

The features of branching and growth studied included height, diameter at breast height (DBH), total number of branches, annual height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongating, annual branch number for four consecutive years, diameter of branches of different ages, and diameter of stem where branch-whorl originates. For features of total growth and overall branching, no significant differences were found between families, except for DBH. For annual features, no significant differences were found in annual stem height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongation and diameter of branches. In the last four years, differences in number of branches were not significant in the first two years but were significant in the last two year; differences in stem diameter where branch-whorls grow were significant for the four consecutive years. Trend of annual growth and branching features of families can be divided into three types as increasing type, stable type and fluctuating type. Most of families have an increasing type with respect of annual height growth and annual branch elongation, while most families belong to a fluctuating type with annual branch number. The results indicated that in the fifth year after planted in seedling seed orchard, differences between families were mostly insignificant. This result may have two main explanations: one is the growth rhyme in early ages of Masson pine, the other one is the complex paternal components to form the open-pollinated families. Family selection seemed to be not useful based on the result. It is suggested to select some of families in the nursery instead of to use all the families when establishing seedling seed orchards with open-pollinated families from plus-trees.

SRAP Marker Analysis of Genomic Mutation Induced by ^(60)Coγ-Ray Irradiation in Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

[Objective] This study was to explore the mutagenic effect of 60Co γ-ray on Solanum tuberosum chromosomes.[Method] The 60Co γ-ray at different irradiation doses was applied to treat the minitubers of potato variety ＇Favorita＇,and the genomic mutations in VM1 and VM2 gene rations in treatments with different doses were analyzed by SRAP markers.[Resalt] Thirty pairs of SRAP primers out of 88 pairs exhibited polymorphism with a rate of 34.1％ in the bulked selection of VM1 generation.A total of 225 bands were obtained,of which 64 were polymorphic with a rate of 28.4％.The polymorphism was reflected in the forms of deleted bands and added bands.Based on the result of the bulked selection of VM1 generation,25 primers with polymorphism were selected to scan VM2 generation.Five primers performed poorly,and nine of the rest 20 pairs revealed polymorphism and obtained nine polymorphic bands,of which only four bands were detected in VM1 generation and the other five ones were newly deleted bands.Only 9.8％ of the bands detected in VM1 generation were obtained in VM2 generation.Eventually,nine stable and dear polymorphic bands were recovered and cloned,and DNA sequences of six bands of them were acquired by sequencing.According to the comparative analysis,five fragments sequences were similar to potato chromosome with a similarity rate of 77％-89％,three of them located at the resistance gene cluster; another one fragment had a similarity of 93％ with some regions of the No.5 chromosome in tomato.[Conclusion] 60Co γ-ray irradiation can cause mutation of genomic DNA in potato;there is no significant correlation between the number of polymorphic bands and the irradiation dose; potymorphic bands are characterized by a larger number of deleted bands than that of the added ones.

A NEW CONTROL METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC MOTOR

A new method for the control of the speed of an ultrasonic motor and its implementation are proposed. The method is merely used by detecting the time when motor′s monitor signal reaches a non zero reference value than a zero one, the direction, in which the driving frequency of the motor should be shifted, can be promptly calculated. With the aid of a CPU and the phase locked frequency doubling technique, the motor can be steadily driven in a wide range of frequency and the optimum frequency can be captured rapidly and precisely. Experiment shows that the above method is available.

Suppression of Speckle in SAR Images Using Wavelet-Based HMM

In order to suppress the speckle appearing in synthesis aperture radar (SAR) images, a novel speckle reduction method based on wavelet domain hidden Markov tree (HMT) was proposed. First, the image was logarithmic transformed to change the statistical property of the speckles. Then an HMT was constructed in the correspondent wavelet domain. Based on this model, the image signal was restored by maximum likelihood estimation and speckle noise was suppressed. Simulating SAR images had shown that the performance of the filter is satisfactory for both speckle smoothing and edges presentation, and for generating visually natural images as well.

Floral Organogenesis and Development of Two Taxa in Tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae)-Przewalskia tangutica and Hyoscyamus niger

Floral organogenesis and development of Przewalskia tangutica Maxim. endemic to China and Hyoscyamus niger L., which belong to the tribe Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae), were studied using scanning electron microscope. They have three common characters of floral organ initiation and development: 1) initiation of the floral organs in the two species follows Hofmeister's rule; 2) the mode of corolla tube development belongs to the 'late sympetaly' type; 3) primordia of the floral appendages initiated in a pentamerous pattern and acropetal order. But initiation of the calyx-lobe primordia showed different modes in these two species. The calyx-lobe primordia of H. niger have simultaneously whorled initiation, while those of P. tangutica have helical initiation, but the five calyx-lobe primordia form a ring after all five calyx-lobe primordia occur. The systematic significance of the present results in the genera Hyoscyamus and Przewalskia is discussed in this paper.

Determination of Trace Elements in Potatoes by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the contents of trace elements in potatoes from different production areas in Qinghai Province. [Method] By flame atomic absorption spectrometry （FAAS）, the contents of various trace elements in potatoes were determined. [Result] Potatoes contain abundant trace elements such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, K and Mg. To be specific, the contents of Ca, K and Mg were relatively high. [Conclusion] By using FAAS, the relative standard deviation was 1.17%-2.75% and the recovery rate was 97%-99.5%, indicating accurate and reli-able results with high precision.

Motion and Efficiency of a Two—State Model for a Single Molecular Motor

We discussed the directed motion and the energy conversion efficiency of a particle in two-state ratchet potentials with white noise. We studied the effective potential of multi-state. The two-state potential is equivalent to an effective potential that has a nonzero average slope on a large scale in general. The incline of the effective potential is crucial to the directed motion and the efficiency. We also discussed the relationship between the efficiency and the kinetic parameters such as the strength of the noise and the transition rates between the two states. We notice that there exists a maximal efficiency when the noise strength and the fluctuating rates take appropriate values.

Entanglement for Two-Qubit Extended Werner-Like States:Effect of Non-Markovian Environments

We investigate the sudden birth and sudden death of entanglement of two qubits interacting with uncorrelated structured reservoirs. The system is initially prepared in two-qubit extended Werner-like state. We work out the dependence of the entanglement dynamics on both non-Markovian environments and the purity of initial state, and show that non-Markovian environments and the purity can control the time of the two-qubit entanglement sudden death and the reservoirs＇ entanglement sudden birth. Furthermore, under the conditions of different purity and initial entangIement, the revival of qubits＇ entanglement can manifest before, simultaneously or even after the disentanglement of their corresponding reservoirs.

释“方马埋轮”与“拐子马”

《孙子·九地篇》“方马埋轮”四字本不误,意思是“缚住战马、埋起车轮”。但“方马埋轮”并非中国古代车战阵法之一,这里只是一个假设,用以突出置士卒于必死之地以激发战斗力的重要性。拐子马记载中的“韦索”是个关键词语,不是用来把三匹战马联在一起,而是把骑兵和自己的战马联在一起,这样在冲锋陷阵时不易坠落。且三人为一组,可以互相照应,从而大大地提高了骑兵的战斗力。“方马埋轮”与“拐子马”的共同之处在于,以往的解释都有作战时把战马绑在一起的说法,都是出于不合实际的牵强附会。

Water-stable ZIF-300/Ultrason? mixed-matrix membranes for selective CO_2 capture from humid post combustion flue gas

Water stable mixed-matrix membranes(MMMs) were developed to help control the global warming by capturing and sequestrating carbon dioxide(CO_2) from post-combustion flue gas originated from burning of fossil fuels.MMMs of different compositions were prepared by doping glassy polymer Ultrason? S 6010(US) with nanocrystals of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIF-300) in varying degrees. Solution-casting technique was used to fabricate various MMMs to optimize their CO_2 capturing performance from both dry and wet gases. The prepared composite membranes indicated enhanced filler-polymer interfacial adhesion, consistent distribution of nanofiller, and thermally established matrix configuration. CO_2 permeability of the membranes was enhanced as demonstrated by gas sorption and permeation experiments performed under both dry and wet conditions. As compared to neat Ultrason? membrane, CO_2 permeability of the composite membrane doped with 40 wt% ZIF-300 nanocrystals was increased by four times without disturbing CO_2/N_2 ideal selectivity. In contrast to majority of previously reported membranes, key features of the fabricated MMMs include their structural stability under humid conditions coupled with better and unaffected gas separation performance.

试探《穆天子传》传入日本的时间及途径

伊与部马养在《从驾应诏》诗中提到"瑶池"和"白云篇",而"瑶池"与"白云谣"典故出自《穆天子传》,明示他受到《穆天子传》影响。伊与部马养是有文献可证的《穆天子传》在日本的早期接受者,其接受时间在持统天皇702年逝世之前。731年葛井连广成奉试对策提到了"黄竹"和"白云","黄竹"典故也出自《穆天子传》,说明日本上层对《穆天子传》已很熟悉。日本学者在诗文中引用《穆天子传》,既与他们注意学习《昭明文选》和李善注有关,也与他们直接阅读《穆天子传》有关。《文选》李善注本可能不是直接从唐朝传入日本,而是通过新罗间接传入。《穆天子传》则更有可能是由日本遣隋使团、遣唐使团中的学问僧与留学生带回日本。基于此,笔者将《穆天子传》传至日本的时间上限定为隋文帝开皇二十年(600年),日本圣德太子初次派遣留学生到中国留学;下限则为日本持统天皇逝世之年,即武则天长安二年(702年)。具体时间难以确考。

Shell Model for Elastic and Thermodynamic Properties of Gallium Nitride with Hexagonal Wurtzite Structure

Shell model molecular dynamic simulation with interatomic pair potential is utilized to investigate the elastic and thermodynamic properties of gallium nitride with hexagonal wurtzite structure （w-GaN） at high pressure. The calculated elastic constants Cij at zero pressure and 300 K agree well with the experimental data and other calculated values. Meanwhile, the dependences of the relative volume V/Vo, elastic constants Cij, entropy S, enthalpy H, and heat capacities Cv and Up on pressure are successfully obtained. From the elastic constants obtained, we also calculate the shear modulus G, bulk modulus B, Young＇s modulus E, Poisson＇s ratio v, Debye temperature ΘD, and shear anisotropic factor Ashear on pressures.

Dynamics of Quantum Entanglement in Reservoir with Memory Effects

The non-Markovian dynamics of quantum entanglement is studied by the Shabani-Lidar master equation when one of entangled quantum systems is coupled to a local reservoir with memory effects.The completely positive reduced dynamical map can be constructed in the Kraus representation.Quantum entanglement decays more slowly in the non-Markovian environment.The decoherence time for quantum entanglement can be markedly increased with the change of the memory kernel.It is found out that the entanglement sudden death between quantum systems and entanglement sudden birth between the system and reservoir occur at different instants.