菜豆新品种“高产架豆王”的选育

"高产架豆王"是以‘2135’为母本、以‘D196’为父本经杂交后代系统选育而成的菜豆新品种。全生育期春播90～95d,荚白绿色,扁圆形,荚长26cm左右,单荚重24.2g,肉厚,质嫩,纤维少,口感好;抗锈病、白粉病能力强于‘85-1’,春露地栽培每667m2产量3 000kg左右,早春大棚3 700kg左右。

Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in the Flag Leaves of Different High Yield Rice Variety at Late Stage of Development Under Natural Condition

With indica ( Oryza sativa L.) hybrid Shanyou 63 as control, the hybrid rice varieties including Peiai 64S/E32, Peiai 64S/9311, X07S/Zihui 100, Guangyou 881 and japonica 9516 were used to study changes of chlorophyll content, photosynthetic response to light intensity and temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and membrane lipid peroxidation in their flag leaves at the late stage of development under natural conditions in Nanjing. The results were as follows:. primary photochemical efficiency of PS II ( F-v / F-m), quantum yield of linear electron transport of PS II (phi(PSII)), electron transfer rate (ETR) in these rice varieties decreased with their decrease of chlorophyll content during this period. This kind of impediment to energy conversion induced the transfer of excessive energy to the reducing side of PS I, hence the accumulation of O-2(radical anion) and peroxidation of membrane lipid, and resulting in the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), that is the destroys of photosynthetic pigments and membranes and the consequent, premature senescence. This phenomenon is variable conspicuously in different rice varieties. Under natural condition in Nanjing, F-v/F-m, phi(PSII), ETR and quenching coefficient ( qP) in japonica 9516 tolerant to photooxidation decreased less and the conversion capacity of light energy was stable, premature senescence was unlikely, and consequently the seed-setting rate was higher. While F-v/F-m, phi(PSII), ETR and photochemical qP in Shanyou 63 sensitive to photooxidation decreased more and therefore premature senescence was easy to happen, thus the seed-setting rate and yield were all reduced. The tolerance to photooxidation and premature senescence in other hybrids derived from typical two line or three line crossing laid in the middle. From the rice breeding for super-high-yield, on the basis of the good plant-type of current rice, considering both hybrid vigor and the prevention premature senescence, it would be a notable strategy to use japonica maternal line or maternal. lines with some japonica genotype as the sterile lines in rice breeding.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Superhigh-yield Hybrid Rice

The photosynthetic functions and the sensitivity to photoinhibition were compared between two superhigh_yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100, the newly developed from two parental lines and traditional hybrid rice Shanyou 63 developed from three parental lines. The results showed that, as compared to Shanyou 63, the net photosynthetic rate of Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 was 9.1% and 11.9% higher, the transpiration rate was 37.4% and 31.4% lower, and their water use efficiency was 74.2% and 63.5% higher respectively. After strong light (2 000 μmol photons·m -2 ·s -1 ) treatment for 2 h, the photochemical quantum yield and the photochemical quenching increased by 37.0% and 18.0% respectively in Liangyoupeijiu, 28.3% and 46.2% in X07S/Zihui 100, but decreased a little in Shanyou 63. The non_photochemical quenching decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 (about 50%) but increased greatly in Shanyou 63 (about 50%). Better photosynthetic functions, higher water use efficiency and stronger resistance to photoinhibition, may be the physiological basis for the super high_yield of the two hybrid rice under study.

Structural Characteristics of Thicker-culms in the High-yield Wheat Cultivars

The culm of the Triticum aestivum L. cv. “Lankao 906_4”, a high_yield cultivar, in comparison with “Jing 411”, a widely_planted cultivar, was studied by means of anatomical technique coupled with mechanical and chemical theory. A anatomical analysis revealed that “Lankao 906_4” possessed thicker mechanical tissue and larger vascular bundle area than those of “Jing 411”. In terms of the resistance to lodging, “Lankao 906_4” had higher culm strength. Furthermore the content of lignin was semiquantitatively analyzed with confocal laser scanning mircoscope (CLSM), and revealed a much higher lignin content in the culm of “Lankao 906_4” than that in the culm of “Jing 411”. All of these indicated that the characteristics of culm were important factors in breeding the super_production wheat cultivar.

Leaf Photosynthetic Rate and Related Influencing Factors in Super High-yield Combination C Liangyou H255

[ Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and influencing factors in super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255. [ Method] The photosynthetic characteristies were measured at a hot and muggy day under natural conditions. [ Result] A respective single peak at 11：30 was observed in diurnal variation curves of net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and transpiration rate（Tr）. Correlation analysis shows that Pn presents an extremely significant correlation with photon flux densities （PFD） of photosynthetically active radiation, in comparison assumes a significant correlation either with stomatal conductance （Gs） or with ambient CO2 concentration （Ca）. [ Conclusion] Gs followed by PFD presented most influence on Pn of super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255.

Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Effects of Phosphate Treatment on Growth Dynamics of Wheat in Wheat/Corn Intercropping System in Southwest Hilly Area

We aimed to investigate the effects of phosphate treatment on growth dynamics of wheat in wheat/corn intercropping system in southwest hil y area. [Method] Five phosphate fertilization levels were designed for wheat and corn respectively to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilization level on wheat/corn intercropping system by field block experiment. [Result] The number of til ers, plant height and yield component of wheat trended to increase with the increase of phos-phate fertilization amount and al reached the peak for phosphate fertilization amount of 135 kg/hm2. However, the number of til ers, plant height and yield component of wheat al decreased significantly with the further increase of phosphate fertilization amount. [Conclusion] Phosphate fertilization contributed to the wheat growth in a certain degree. However, excessive phosphate fertilization would affect final yield.

Characteristics of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Membrane-lipid Peroxidation of Various High-yield Rices Under Photooxidation Conditions

Using various high-yield rices (Oryza sativa L.) such as japonica cultivar 9516, two parental line hybrid rice between subspecies with more japonica element Peiai 64/E32, Liangyoupeijiu (Peiai 64/9311), and indica hybrid rices X07S/Zihui 100, Gangyou 881, Shanyou 63 as the materials, the characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane-lipid peroxidation of detached leaves at booting stage under photooxidation conditions were studied. In comparison with indica hybrid rice, after the photooxidation treatment, the primary photochemical efficiency of PS II (F-v/F-m), quantum yield of linear electron transport of PS II (Phi(PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in japonica cultivar and hybrid rice with japonica decreased less. This indicated that high-yield rice with japonica was able to maintain higher capability of light energy conversion, resulting in the alleviation of photoinhibition. Meanwhile, the higher activities of protective enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) led to the less accumulation of endogenous active oxygen (O-(2)(radical anion), H2O2) and less content of the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the less decline of chlorophyll and protein contents, indicating a stronger tolerance to photooxidation. The changes in contents of chlorophyll and protein among various nee cultivars during photooxidation treatment were consistent with the decline of chlorophyll content from heading stage to maturation stage under natural conditions. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the indexes of tolerance to photooxidation and the rate of seed setting, implying that the cultivar tolerated to photooxidation had higher resistance to early aging of leaf. These results suggested that from a view of superhigh-yield breeding, considering both the utilization of heterosis and the resistance to early aging of leaf, introduction of japonica element tolerating to photooxidation into the rice sterile line (maternal plant) is a breeding strategy worthy to pay great attention to.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Effects of Nitrogen Level and High Temperature Stress on Yield, SPAD Value and Soluble Sugar Content of Early Rice Ganxin 203

This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of nitrogen level （high and ordinary） and high temperature stress （37 ℃, 4 d） at the late panicle ini- tiation stage on yield, SPAD value and soluble sugar content of Ganxin 203, an early rice cultivar. The results showed that under both high and ordinary nitrogen levels, high temperature stress reduced the seed-setting rate, yield per stem, SPAD value and soluble sugar content of Ganxin 203; under both high and ordinary tem- peratures, high nitrogen level increased the seed-setting rate, yield per stem and soluble sugar content of Ganxin 203; the seed-setting rate, yield per stem and yield per plant of Ganxin 203 under high temperature and high nitrogen level were higher than those under high temperature and ordinary nitrogen level. It suggests that ap- propriate high nitrogen level contributes to weakening the negative effects of high temperature stress on rice yield.

Cloning, E. coli Expression and Molecular Analysis of a Novel Sesquiterpene Synthase Gene from Artemisia annua

A 1 886 bp full-length sesquiterpene synthase (AaSES) cDNA was cloned front a high-yield Artemisia annua L. strain 001 by a rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) strategy. AaSES is 59% identical to Artemisia cyclase cDNA clone cASC125, 50% identical to epi-cedrol synthase from A. annua , 48% identical to amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase from A. annua, 39% identical to the 5-epi-aristolechene synthase from tabacco, 38 % identical to vetispiradiene synthase front H. muticus, 41 % identical to the, delta-cadinene synthase from cotton. The coding region of the cDNA was inserted into a procaryotic expression vector pET-30a and overexpressed in E. coli BL21 ( DE3). The cyclase proteins extracted front bacterial culture were found largely in an insoluble protein fraction. AaSES expresses in leaves, stems a-rid flowers, not in roots as indicated by Northern blotting analysis.

Structure Parameters and Physiological Indices Research of High-quality and High-yield Apple Orchards

In order to research environment parameters and physiological indices of high-quality and high-yield apple trees, two orchards with young and mature apples trees were investigated to explore structural parameter of apple tree and community, and some physiological indices in fields and by room measurements. The results showed that tree height of high-quality orchard was in the range of 260 to 290 cm, branch angle in 70°-75°, and orchard coverage rate in 75%-94%, and the connec-tion rates between rows and trees were lower. Furthermore, the total branches of mature orchard reached 1.04 ×106 per hm2, while the young orchard was 8.79 ×105 per hm2; the leaves were thick and chlorophyl content was high, with SPAD value at 58.22. Additional y, the photosynthesis of the orchard was strong, and net photo-synthetic rate was 17.48-21.8 μmolCO2/（m2·s）. The proportions of lateral shoot of bearing part were 81% and 75% respectively.

Analysis of High Yield and Efficiency Technique in Hybrid Rice Zhongzheyou No.1

To understand the high yield and efficiency technique in hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1, we conducted the correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No. 1 based on the data of its ear, grain and weight at different yield levels. From this study, we put forward the high yield and efficiency technique in Zhongzheyou No. 1 .. on the basis of certain effective ear number, filled grains per ear should be mainly targeted with a consideration to 1 000-grain weight.

Strategic equilibrium price analysis and numerical simulation of preponderant high-tech metal mineral resources

Based on exploitation compensation value system of preponderant high-tech metal mineral resources and distortion of pricing mechanism, social utility function was constructed to modify decision utility function of developers, and was extended to Stackelberg production decision model of preponderant high-tech metal mineral resources development. Analyzing the influences on market monopoly, output and price decision-making exerted by altruistic preferences, inequity aversion and sequential reciprocity fairness belief equilibrium, game fairness equilibrium which is significant in experimental economics can be obtained and verified by numerical simulation. In process of strategic pricing, method that uses the variation of producer surplus to measure strategic value from psychological preferences was proposed for the first time and technical support to improve exploitation compensation value system of preponderant metal mineral resources was available.

Study on Matter Production and Population Photosynthetic Characteristics of High-yielding Spring Maize under Different Modes

In order to construct a good population structure, improve the light energy utilization ratio, and give a full play to the high-yielding potential of spring maize, the effects of maize variety, planting density and fertilizer management on matter production and population photosynthetic physiological indices of spring maize were investigated under three different modes （traditional mode, optimized mode and high- yielding mode）. The results showed that compared with those under the traditional mode, the yield of spring maize under the optimized mode and high-yielding mode was increased by 10.79% and 27.62%, respectively, and the barren tip length was reduced significantly. Among the three modes, the leaf area index （LA/）, leaf area duration （LAD）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） all ranked as high-yielding rnode＇s〉optimized mode＇s〉traditional mode＇s. In conclusion, optimized variety, appropriately increased planting density and strengthened fertilizer management are the key measures to obtain high yield of spring maize.

Breeding of High Yield and Genetically Modified Hybrid Cotton-Sumian 29

Sumian 29, a genetically modified cotton variety, was approved by Autho- rized Committee of Crop Varieties of Jiangsu Province in 2013. Yield performance, cultivation characteristics of Sumian 29, and its selection and breeding process were introduced in the paper. Regional tests from 2010 to 2011 in Jiangsu Province showed that seed cotton yield and lint yield averaged 4 185 and 1 737 kg/hm2, and increased by 10.6% and 8.5% respectively, when compared with control （Siza 3）. In production test, seed cotton yield and lint yield of Sumian 29 averaged 4 176 and 1 744.5 kg/hm2, respectively. Sumian 29 had high resistance to cotton bollworm, and also resistance to Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt of cotton. All of its fiber qualities achieved National Standard III and above. Sumian 29 has good application prospects.

Prospects for Study on High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Super Hybrid Rice

Great progresses have been made in super hybrid rice in China. From the perspectives of dry matter production, nutrient absorption, sink and source, pho-tosynthesis, graln fiI ing and roots, the eco-physioIogical characteristics and high-yielding cuItivation techniques of super hybrid rice in China were discussed. In addi-tion, the probIems that restricted the high and stabIe yielding of super hybrid rice were analyzed, and the deveIopment directions of high-yielding cuItivation techniques for super hybrid rice were also discussed.

High-yield Characteristics of Summer Sowing Soybean Varieties

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of high-yield soybean varieties.[Method] The agronomic traits of six high-yield soybean varieties and other 57 summer sowing ones were investigated from 2007 to 2010.[Result] The higher-yield summer sowing soybean varieties should have higher plants （R=0.551 6＊）,more effective pods （R=0.739 7＊）,more seeds per pod （R=0.318 9）,more flowers per plant （＞130）,higher pod setting rate （＞52％）,smaller ratio of aborted pods （＜40％）,longer tap roots （more than 20 cm） and lateral roots （more than 15 cm）,shorter bottom nodes （the length of six bottom nodes should be less than 25 cm）,lower center of gravity of the plant （＜40 cm）,greater stem dry weight,higher dry matter transformation rate and continuously increasing seed weight in late seed filling stage.The ideal growth stage model for summer sowing soybean was that the durations between adjacent stages of sowing,seedling emergence,flowering,seed setting and maturity stage were 5,29-33,29-33,32-36 d,respectively.[Conclusion] This pattern could not only satisfy the ecological conditions for double cropping system,but also balance the full development of vegetative and reproductive growth,promote the yield formation of summer sowing soybean.

A Comparative Study on No-tillage Late DirectSowing Varieties of Brassica napus L. in Western Sichuan Plain

[Objective] There are continuous rainy days in Western Sichuan Plain in autumn. In order to avoid the impact of wet injury in sowing period, new varieties of Brassica napus L. with low erucidic acid and glucosinolate content which are suitable for no-tillage late direct-sowing in Western Sichuan Plain were screened in this study. [Method] Ten major varieties of Brassica napus L. were screened by randomized block design and triplicated plot test with no-tillage late direct-sowing and straw mulching for comparative experiment. [Result] ‘Chuanyou 58＇, ‘Huayouza 10＇and ‘Ningza 11＇ have high yield（per unit area yield above 3 000 kg/hm2）, excellent comprehensive characters, short growth period, high resistance and high quality;‘Huayouza 13＇ and ‘Zheshuang 3＇ have high yield potential（per unit area yield above 2 775 kg/hm2）, high resistance, high quality and moderate growth period; other varieties have extremely significant yield reduction, poor comprehensive characters and low resistance compared with control. [Conclusion] Excellent varieties of Brassica napus L. in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River such as ‘Huayouza10＇, ‘Ningza 11＇, ‘Huayouza 13＇ and ‘Zheshuang 3＇ can be successfully introduced and applied for large-area cultivation in Western Sichuan Plain.