Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ...Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.展开更多
The work deals with analysis of geographical factor as one of the main factor determining the historical change of a border on the example of Georgia. The research was conducted in two main directions： the evaluation...The work deals with analysis of geographical factor as one of the main factor determining the historical change of a border on the example of Georgia. The research was conducted in two main directions： the evaluation of historical transformations of state borders of Georgia throughout of XIX-XX centuries and identification the leading geographical factors. Special emphasis has been made on geographical and cartometric analysis of modern state border of Georgia. In order to identify the historical transformations of state border that have used different methods as well as GIS-technologies, the research is based on the historical, cartographical and statistical data. On the base of a lot of cartographic sources, it is concluded that the borderline in modem topographic maps is often plotted by ignoring the international practice related to plotting the state borders across the physical-geographical objects. This is why the geographical factor seems important in the historical transformations of the state border creating similarly a negative perspective in the future. The main results of research are： （1） classification of geographical factors causing the transformations of the state borders; （2） Evaluation of sensitivity of state border; and （3） creation of DB of the state border of Georgia, allowing continuing the studies in the future.展开更多
Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril To...Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a war between Persia and Byzantium in 527-532, more specifically in 527 when Persians invaded Georgia. Proceeding from the above, the surmise of Cyril Toumanoff regarding the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali in 527 becomes more convincing and well-grounded. Since it is known that King Vakhtang Gorgasali lived 60 years, the date of his birth can be presumed to be 466-467. This gives us an opportunity to establish a more precise date of reign ofVakhtang＇s father-Mihrdat and his grandfather-Archil. The dates of reign we have put forward for kings Mihrdat and Archil （Archil ,130-463, Mihrdat--463-473） correspond to the information of the Assyrian version of the Life of Peter the Iberian.展开更多
Research on Lu Xun is never simply the analysis of an individual writer, but constitutes an understanding of the cultural attributes represented by Lu Xun himself and his writings. Likewise, the evaluation of research...Research on Lu Xun is never simply the analysis of an individual writer, but constitutes an understanding of the cultural attributes represented by Lu Xun himself and his writings. Likewise, the evaluation of research on Lu Xun is never a simple evaluation of academic history, but rather a social evaluation associated with the value orientations of those times. At present, with the return of academic logic and the growing tendency toward private research, a noteworthy divergence of standpoints and evaluations of Lu Xun research has emerged. At the same time, as a prominent discipline that has been over-interpreted, research on Lu Xun is demonstrating a tendency toward redundancy and triviality. Three fundamental paradigms are commonly employed in research on Lu Xun： historical research that attempts to explore historical materials; academic research that focuses on knowledge interpretation and aesthetic evaluation; and contemporary research that pursues the contemporary meaning and values of Lu Xun＇s ideas. Each paradigm offers an insight into and understanding of Lu Xun＇s rich and complex spiritual world; each presents a paradox of one kind or the other; and each performs different value functions.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation （SRNSF） [grant numberHE 15-021 ].
文摘Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.
文摘The work deals with analysis of geographical factor as one of the main factor determining the historical change of a border on the example of Georgia. The research was conducted in two main directions： the evaluation of historical transformations of state borders of Georgia throughout of XIX-XX centuries and identification the leading geographical factors. Special emphasis has been made on geographical and cartometric analysis of modern state border of Georgia. In order to identify the historical transformations of state border that have used different methods as well as GIS-technologies, the research is based on the historical, cartographical and statistical data. On the base of a lot of cartographic sources, it is concluded that the borderline in modem topographic maps is often plotted by ignoring the international practice related to plotting the state borders across the physical-geographical objects. This is why the geographical factor seems important in the historical transformations of the state border creating similarly a negative perspective in the future. The main results of research are： （1） classification of geographical factors causing the transformations of the state borders; （2） Evaluation of sensitivity of state border; and （3） creation of DB of the state border of Georgia, allowing continuing the studies in the future.
文摘Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a war between Persia and Byzantium in 527-532, more specifically in 527 when Persians invaded Georgia. Proceeding from the above, the surmise of Cyril Toumanoff regarding the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali in 527 becomes more convincing and well-grounded. Since it is known that King Vakhtang Gorgasali lived 60 years, the date of his birth can be presumed to be 466-467. This gives us an opportunity to establish a more precise date of reign ofVakhtang＇s father-Mihrdat and his grandfather-Archil. The dates of reign we have put forward for kings Mihrdat and Archil （Archil ,130-463, Mihrdat--463-473） correspond to the information of the Assyrian version of the Life of Peter the Iberian.
文摘Research on Lu Xun is never simply the analysis of an individual writer, but constitutes an understanding of the cultural attributes represented by Lu Xun himself and his writings. Likewise, the evaluation of research on Lu Xun is never a simple evaluation of academic history, but rather a social evaluation associated with the value orientations of those times. At present, with the return of academic logic and the growing tendency toward private research, a noteworthy divergence of standpoints and evaluations of Lu Xun research has emerged. At the same time, as a prominent discipline that has been over-interpreted, research on Lu Xun is demonstrating a tendency toward redundancy and triviality. Three fundamental paradigms are commonly employed in research on Lu Xun： historical research that attempts to explore historical materials; academic research that focuses on knowledge interpretation and aesthetic evaluation; and contemporary research that pursues the contemporary meaning and values of Lu Xun＇s ideas. Each paradigm offers an insight into and understanding of Lu Xun＇s rich and complex spiritual world; each presents a paradox of one kind or the other; and each performs different value functions.
