黑石号上的“宫廷瓷器”——中古沉船背后的政治经济史

公元9世纪沉没的西亚货船“黑石号”上,载有两件被怀疑来自唐代宫廷的瓷器,即“盈”字款绿釉碗、“进奉”款白釉绿彩盘,它们被认为从扬州出口。这两件瓷器的出现,和中唐时期屡见记载的宫廷交易有关。此时期的宫廷交易在供军压力下也出现了新的内容,这背后体现唐廷和诸藩镇间的角力。从德宗到宣宗统治期长达七十余年的所谓“钱重货轻”(铜钱流通量不足、物价低落)现象,引发唐廷和士大夫群体间广泛的讨论,此现象固然有社会经济的背景,但不能忽视政治宣传的因素。从士大夫讨论“钱重货轻”的文本,到宪宗的决策,可以看出唐廷收回诸藩非传统经济权力的努力。作为东南地区的中心城市,在经济重心南移的大背景下,扬州是唐廷和诸藩争夺经济资源的重要场域,也成为唐廷重点建设的地区。作为唐后期中国最大的商业都会之一,扬州出现来自宫廷的瓷器,具有其合理性。

Density and Fertilization Optimization for Highyielding Cultivation of a Wheat Variety Heibaoshi 1

The growth period, population tiller dynamics, plant characters, paniclegrain structure, yielding ability and stress resistance of a wheat variety Heibaoshi 1 were studied using a two-factor split plot design to investigate the effects of different density and fertilizer levels on individual development and yield of Heibaoshi 1 in riparian region of Jiangsu Province. In addition, high-yielding agronomic measures were explored through multiple non-linear regression analysis. The results showed that low density was not conducive to the formation of panicles, while high density affected grain number per panicle; low fertilizer level restricted individual development, while high fertilizer level affected grain number per panicle and grain weight and was prone to leading to lodging. Reasonable combination of density and fertilizer could coordinate individual development and balance panicle, grain and weight, thus achieving a high yield. The yield potential was highest （7 384.3 kg/hm2） under density of 239.6×104 basic seedlings/hm2 and N level of 237.7 kg/hm2. When the planting density ranged from 200×104 to 270×104 basic seedlings/hm2 and the N level ranged from 220 to 260 kg/hm2 or the density basic seedling number ranged from 210×104/hm2 to 260×104/hm2 and the N level ranged from 210 to 270 kg/hm2, the yield could exceed 7 200 kg/hm2.

丝路见证之唐代外销瓷

本文简介了唐代对外贸易的盛况及外销陶瓷的种类与特色,并通过唐代“黑石”号沉船和它的主要货物——长沙窑陶瓷,大大地扩展了我们对唐代外销瓷的认知与了解。“黑石”号沉船是在印度尼西亚水域发现的亚洲最古老的船只,提供了中国和中东国家通过海上丝绸之路进行繁荣贸易的最早证据。长沙窑为唐代外销瓷带来了不一样的风格,成为陶瓷史上创新的里程碑。