试论加拿大越战政策从默认到自主的转变--以希伯恩使团活动为中心

越战前期,加拿大默认并配合了美国军事介入越南,但随着美国军事行动日益升级,它逐渐显示出更加自主的和平外交姿态,还试图在美国与北越之间进行斡旋。为此,加拿大派遣希伯恩使团负责沟通双方,并力促和谈。加拿大总理皮尔逊还发表坦普尔讲话,明确反对战争扩大化。加拿大从默认到自主的越战政策,是国际冷战局势重大变化在西方阵营内的折射,预示着加拿大将走向更独立的外交立场。越战时加美关系的演变是西方非对称性联盟固有结构性矛盾的一个缩影。

对洛克“默认同意”说的一些思考

“个人的同意”是社会契约论对国家和政府的合法性论证的关键,而同意又有“明白同意”和“默认同意”之分。通过对洛克同意理论的分析可知,相比于明白的同意,洛克的默认同意说既可以解释历史上的国家和政府的权威的合法性,又可以解释现存的和未来的国家和政府的合法性。重新审视其理论意义,我们认为“默认同意”还有许多困难。

Research progresses of resting-state functional MRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline in the early stage.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is considered as an intermediate stage between normal aging and AD.In recent years,studies related to resting-state functional MRI(rs-fMRI)indicated that the occurrence and development process of MCI and AD might be closely linked to spontaneous brain activity and alterations in functional connectivity among brain regions,and rs-fMRI could provide important reference for specific diagnosis and early treatment of MCI and AD.The research progresses of rs-fMRI for MCI and AD were reviewed in this article.

关于合同变更的法律思考

现实生活的多变性和复杂性 ,决定了合同不可能签订后就一成不变。合同的变更导致双方当事人权利义务设计方案的改变 ,权利义务出现重新整和。然而 ,在合同变更这一制度的法律界定上 。

Advances in the application of Ba Duanjin in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly

Mild cognitive impairment,as a preventable component in the development of irreversible Alzheimer's disease,plays an important role in the prevention and control of mild cognitive impairment.As a traditional aerobic exercise,Ba Duanjin has a certain influence on mild cognitive impairment from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine,specific diseases and neurology.This article summarized the evidence of Ba Duanjin in the application of mild cognitive impairment,in order to provide reference for the clinical application of Ba Duanjin in the future.

有关朝核前景的若干焦点问题评析

朝鲜核问题困扰国际社会已20余年。一直以来,国际社会如何看朝核问题及其演变趋势,见仁见智。要把握朝核问题及其演变趋势,就需准确认识与之相关的一些焦点问题,包括朝是否会完全弃核?美是否会以武力解决朝核问题?朝在美韩等搞"极限施压"的情形下会否"崩溃"?如何评估朝核武开发"危害性",它是否会引起东北亚核扩散?如何评价"六方会谈"?国际社会"默认"朝鲜实际拥核国身份的可能性有多大?等等。正是围绕这些焦点问题存在不同看法,才导致国际社会对朝核问题及其演变趋势的不同看法以及截然不同的应对方案。本文认为:在未来相当长一个历史时段内,朝鲜不太可能弃核;美国也不太可能动用武力迫朝弃核;无论美韩等如何对朝搞"极限施压",朝都可以生存下去,保住其现有核武器;受多种因素影响,日韩搞"核跟进"的可能性也不大。基于这些"已知条件",一个直接的逻辑结论是:朝将继续维持其实际拥核地位,国际社会将不得不在"默认"朝实际拥核国身份的基础上,与一个拥核的朝鲜打交道。凡此种种,将给重启"六方会谈"带来新的可能性。

Application study of quick cognitive screening test in identifying mild cognitive impairment

Objective To assess whether quick cognitive screening test （QCST） could quickly identify mild cognitive impairment （MCI）. Methods QCST and a full set of standardized neuropsychological tests, including mini-mental state examination （MMSE） and montreal cognitive assessment （MoCA） were performed. A total number of 121 cases of MCI [41 cases of amnestic MCI-single domain （aMCI-s）; 44 of amnestic MCI-multiple domain （aMCI-m）; 36 of nonamnestic MCI （naMCI）], 79 cases of mild Alzheimer’s disease （AD） and 186 healthy elderly volunteers were employed in the present study. All the participants （55-85 years old） had an educational level no less than 5 years. QCST subtests included word list recall, naming test, animal fluency test, similarity test, color trail-1min, clock drawing test, finger construction test, and digit span test. The total score of QCST was 90 points, 10 points for each index of subtests. Results The total scores of QCST in MCI, AD and the control groups were （58.13±8.18）, （44.53±10.54） and （72.92±6.85） points, respectively. According to the educational level, the cut off scores of participants with an educational level of 5-8 years, 9-12 years and more than 13 years were 63, 65 and 68 points, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of QCST in detection of MCI were 87.6% （85.7% for aMCI-s, 90.1% for aMCI-m and 89.5% for naMCI） and 84.3%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.923 （95% CI： 0.892-0.953）. Delayed memory, color trail-1min and similarity test could help distinguish between aMCI and naMCI. Conclusion QCST may have a good sensitivity and specificity for MCI detection, which warrants its further clinical application.

Application of resting state fMRI in acupuncture and moxibustion studies

Functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） technique has been more widely applied to related studies of acupuncture central integration mechanisms with the advantages of non-invasion and real-time monitor, etc. Discovery of resting state brain activities and the default brain network challenges to the acupuncture-related studies based on traditional block design. The paper reviews some obvious advances of fMRI in studies of acupoint specificity, and research methods and progresses of the resting state brain functional network in recent years, and raises the thinking about leading the resting state fMRI and the brain functional network into acupuncture-related studies, in the hope of probing into the effect and modulation of acupuncture on the default network, promoting development of acupuncture mechanism studies and strengthening scientific basis of acupuncture and moxibustion theories.

Therapeutic efficacy observation on electroacupuncture for Alzheimer's disease

Objective：To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） for Alzheimer’s disease （AD）. Methods：A total of 30 eligible cases were treated by needling Shenting （GV 24）, Baihui （GV 20）, Dazhui （GV 14）, Fengfu （GV 16）, Mingmen （GV 1） and Yongquan （KI 1）. Upon arrival of qi, the G6805-II electric stimulator was connected to Shenting （GV 24） and Baihui （GV 20） （one pair）, to Dazhui （GV 14） and Fengfu （GV 16） （one pair） and to bilateral Yongquan （KI 1） （one pair） for 25 min, using continuous wave at the frequency of 2-100 Hz and voltage of 2-4 V. With a tolerable intensity, the EA was conducted once a day for 10 d （one treatment course）. There was a 3-day interval between two courses. After three courses, the therapeutic efficacies were evaluated using the mini-mental state examination （MMSE）, revised Hasegawa dementia scale （HDS-R）, activities of daily living （ADL） and neurological function defect scale （NFDS）. Results：After EA treatment, the MMSE and HDS-R scores were significantly increased （P〈0.01） and the ADL and NFDS scores were significantly decreased （P〈0.01）. Conclusion：EA is effective for AD and can improve the overall intelligence and repair neurologic deficits in AD patients.

Interhemispheric functional connectivity for Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment based on the triple network model

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network(DMN), salience network(SN), and executive control network(ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that:(1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions(i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions(i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions(i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior);(2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control(HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the a MCI and HC groups; and(3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale(MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, a MCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the a MCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.

Visualizing the Knowledge Domain of Humor Processing: A Scientometric Review(2000-2016)

The scientific literature of humor processing between 2000 and 2016 was reviewed by means of scientometric methods. The clustered and visualized document co-citation network of the humor processing knowledge domain was analyzed in terms of common topics and content of co-cited references. Emerging trends of humor processing were detected through reference citation bursts. The combined dataset of 816 bibliographic records and 42,687 references was compiled through a basic topic search. In order to ensure adequate coverage of the field, the search was expanded to include literature that referenced literature found in the initial basic topic search. Results produced a document co-citation network of humor processing with ten clusters, which showed that social cognition and fMRI study both served as important foundations for work in this knowledge domain. Personality studies in humor processing as well as research about the right hemisphere＇s role in humor processing also received considerable attention. These key areas of study accounted for 4 clusters. The remaining six clusters included studies on sexual selection, figurative language, prejudice, facial expression, sleep deprivation and infant humor perception associated with the knowledge domain. In this study, burst detection in references revealed topics of high interest to researchers as well as emerging trends in humor processing research.

Binomial Tree Pricing Model of Convertible Bond with Default Risk

In this paper we use a binomial tree to price convertible bond with default risk. A new way about pricing convertible bonds is proposed, which belongs to the deduced form approach. Firstly an inhomogeneous Possion process is used to describe default event and definition of default time. Secondly we combine the stock binomial tree with default intensity and obtain a new tree, then convertible bonds are priced according to the combined tree. It is worth pointing out that the model have following characters： simple, intuitive and having the strong ability to combine other items in convertible bonds＇ indenture.

Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is a most common neurodegenerative disorder, which associates with impaired cognition. Gut microbiota can modulate host brain function and behavior via microbiota-gut-brain axis, including cognitive behavior. Germ-free animals, antibiotics, probiotics intervention and diet can induce alterations of gut microbiota and gut physiology and also host cognitive behavior, increasing or decreasing risks of AD. The increased permeability of intestine and blood-brain barrier induced by gut rnicrobiota disturbance will increase the incidence of neurodegeneration disorders. Gut microbial metabolites and their effects on host neurochemical changes may increase or decrease the risk of AD. Pathogenic microbes infection will also increase the risk of AD, and meanwhile, the onset of AD support the ＂hygiene hypothesis＂. All the results suggest that AD may begin in the gut, and is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. Modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet or beneficial microbiota intervention will probably become a new treatment for AD.