常州话后置虚字“-头”与“-脚”

常州话的后置虚字"-头"在吴方言中有广泛分布,但常州话却仍有特殊的功能与分布,除作为处所词、时间词的后缀外,还可以表示事物的整体样。常州话的后置虚字"-脚"更具有特殊性。它主要用于数量词,尤其是时点词之后,表示一种现在时-过程中途小结的体。

“切脚、反脚”名义

本文讨论辞书中与反切有关的“切脚”、“反脚”两个术语的解释。

人与动物躯体词“脚”(jiǎo)字的词义——《汉语大词典》“脚”(jiǎo)字第一义项纠误

"脚"字最基本的用法是指人与动物的躯体的某一部分,《汉语大词典》释其为:"人与动物腿的下端,接触地面、支持身体和行走的部分。"这个解释释义不全。"脚"除了表示"人与动物腿的下端,接触地面、支持身体和行走的部分。"外,还可以指称别的部位:1.指小腿,亦即下肢中膝关节以下、脚以上的部分,古代汉语一般谓之"胫"。有时"脚"还包括"胫"与"足"。2.指下肢,包括大腿、小腿和脚,即古代汉语的股、胫与足。

“脚注”出现的时代及释义

文章指出"脚注"一词并非现代汉语才有,早在唐代就已出现。由于这个缘故,"脚注"的意义不能简单释为"印在书页下端的注文"。结合古今"脚注"的情况,可以释为"列在正文后面的注释说明"。

Rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion in Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit, Tongling area, Anhui province, China

Dongguashan deposit is a large porphyry-skarn copper（gold） deposit in Tongling ore district. The Qingshanjiao intermediate acid intrusion of Yanshanian had a direct genetic relationship with mineralization. The magma origin, rock-forming dynamic background and rock-forming process were studied, and the rock-forming mechanism of Qingshanjiao intrusion was discussed, based on geological characteristics, detailed observation of petrography and systematic investigation of petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics of Qingshanjiao intrusion. The results show that Qingshanjiao rock body belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series with higher LREE elements, Th, Rb and Sr abundance, but depleted in HREE elements, Ba, Nb and Ta. The primary magma originated from the mantle-crust mixtures which were caused by basaltic magma of mantle mixing with syenite magma of partial melting of the lower crust, and the formation environment of Qingshanjiao intrusion was emplaced in the transitional environment from compression to extension. The Harker diagram and hybrid structures of plagioclase and potassium feldspar indicate that the fractional crystallization occurred in the process of magmatic evolution. The petrochemistry, trace elements and REE geochemistry characteristics indicate that the magma was contaminated by crustal material during the rock-forming. These results suggested that the Qingshanjiao intrusion was formed by fractional crystallization and assimilation and hybridization of mantle-crust magma in the transitional environment from compression to extensional.

释《四库全书》“长脚”

古代汉语中有"长脚"一词,未见辞书未收释。笔者通检《四库全书》,共得用例180余条,经分析归纳,综合其义,发现该词语从先秦到清代,历经二千多年,共产生了以下一些用法与语义:第一,用于人,具有三种语义:1.用于人体,意为长腿。2.用于人的职业身份,指长途运输的脚夫或长期替人出力打杂的佣人。3.用作绰号。第二,用于物,具有四种语义:1.用于动物,指动物的长的肢体。2.用于器物,指器物的长柄。3.指幞头中长的带子。4.指文字下部长的笔画。

Determination of Steroid Hormone Residues in Fish Tissues Using Gel Permeation Chromatography and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A highly sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 8 steroid hormones in high-fat fish tissues using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The 8 steroid hormones were extracted from the tissues with diethyl ether.Differing from other common purification methods,the extract solutions were cleaned by gel permeation chromatography(GPC) using ethyl acetate-cyclohexane solution(1:1,v/v) as the mobile phase.The separation of target compounds was carried out by a BEH C18 column and a gradient elution consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2% aqueous formic acid(v/v).The compounds were detected under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode and quantified with external standard method.This method was validated with respect to linearity,specificity,accuracy and precision.A linearity with correlation coefficient larger than 0.995 was achieved in the range of 0.5 to 50 ng m L^(-1).The average recoveries at the spiked levels of 1.0,5.0,and 10.0 μg kg^(–1) varied between 81.7% and 90.8%,with the relative standard deviations(n=5) ranged from 3.50% to 10.0%.The limit of quantification(LOQ) for 8 steroid hormones ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 μg kg^(-1).It was concluded that this method can be successfully applied for the determination of 8 steroid hormones in complicated matrices including high-fat fish tissues.

Foot strike patterns and hind limb joint angles during running in Hadza hunter-gatherers

Background:Investigations of running gait among barefoot and populations have revealed a diversity of foot strike behaviors,with some preferentially employing a rearfoot strike(RFS) as the foot touches down while others employ a midfoot strike(MFS) or forefoot strike(FFS).Here,we report foot strike behavior and joint angles among traditional Hadza hunter-gatherers living in Northern Tanzania.Methods:Hadza adults(n = 26) and juveniles(n = 14) ran at a range of speeds(adults:mean 3.4 ± 0.7 m/s,juveniles:mean 3.2 ± 0.5 m/s) over an outdoor trackway while being recorded via high-speed digital video.Foot strike type(RFS.MFS.or FFS) and hind limb segment angles at foot strike were recorded.Results:Hadza men preferentially employed MFS(86.7%of men),while Hadza women and juveniles preferentially employed RFS(90.9%and85.7%of women and juveniles,respectively).No FFS was recorded.Speed,the presence of footwear(sandals vs.barefoot),and trial duration had no effect on foot strike type.Conclusion:Unlike other habitually barefoot populations which prefer FFS while running.Hadza men preferred MFS.and Hadza women and juveniles preferred RFS.Sex and age differences in foot strike behavior among Hadza adults may reflect differences in running experience,with men learning to prefer MFS as they accumulate more running experience.

3D parallel inversion of time-domain airborne EM data

To improve the inversion accuracy of time-domain airborne electromagnetic data, we propose a parallel 3D inversion algorithm for airborne EM data based on the direct Gauss-Newton optimization. Forward modeling is performed in the frequency domain based on the scattered secondary electrical field. Then, the inverse Fourier transform and convolution of the transmitting waveform are used to calculate the EM responses and the sensitivity matrix in the time domain for arbitrary transmitting waves. To optimize the computational time and memory requirements, we use the EM ＂footprint＂ concept to reduce the model size and obtain the sparse sensitivity matrix. To improve the 3D inversion, we use the OpenMP library and parallel computing. We test the proposed 3D parallel inversion code using two synthetic datasets and a field dataset. The time-domain airborne EM inversion results suggest that the proposed algorithm is effective, efficient, and practical.

The effect of shoe type on gait in forefoot strike runners during a 50-km run

Purpose:To observe the relative change in foot-strike pattern,pressure characteristics,surface electromyography(sEMG) recordings,and stride characteristics in forefoot strike runners wearing both minimalist and traditional shoes during a 50-km run.Methods:Four experienced minimalist runners were enrolled in this study.Each runner ran a 50-km simulated run in both minimalist shoes and traditional shoes.Pressure data,sEMG recordings,and limited 3D motion capture data were collected during the initial 0.8 km and final 0.8 km for each trial.Results:Three runners in the traditional shoe type condition and one runner in the minimalist shoe type condition demonstrated a more posterior initial contact area(midfoot strike(MFS) pattern) after the 50-km run.which was supported by increased activity of the tibialis anterior in the pre-contaet phase(as per root mean square(RMS) values).In addition,in both pre- and post-run conditions,there were increased peak pressures in the minimalist shoe type,specifically in the medial forefoot.Muscle fatigue as defined by a decreased median frequency observed in isometric,constant force contractions did not correspond with our hypothesis in relation to the observed foot strike change pattern.Finally,step rate increased and step length decreased after the 50-km run in both shoe type conditions.Conclusion:More runners adopted a more posterior initial contact area after the 50-km run in the traditional shoe type than in the minimalist shoe type.The runners who adopted a more posterior initial contact area were more closely associated with an increased median frequency of the medial gastrocnemius,which suggests there may be a change in motor unit recruitment pattern during long-distance,sustained velocity running.The increased peak pressures observed in the medial forefoot in the minimalist shoe type may predispose to metatarsal stress fractures in the setting of improper training.

Qi-Promoting and Phlegm-Resolving Method for Treatment of Diabetic Microvascular Complications

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of qi-promoting and phlegm-resolving approach in treatment of diabetic microvascular complications. METHODOLOGY: Clinical observation of cases given modified Wen Dan Tang ([symbol: see text] Gallbladder-warming Decoction). RESULT: Favorable results obtained in cases of diabetic microvascular complications of the type of stagnancy of qi and phlegm (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic foot). CONCLUSION: Wen Dan Tang is effective for diabetic microvascular complications of the type of stagnancy of qi and phlegm.

Studies of community structure and seasonal dynamics of planktonic copepods in saline-alkaline ponds

Species abundance and seasonal succession of copepods in saline-alkaline ponds were studied in Zhaodian Fish Farm, Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, from 5 April 1997 to 1 September 1998. The results indicated that in the conditions of salinity ranging from 1.36 to 20 g/L, total alkalinity changing from 2.4 to 7.2 mmol/L and pH 8–9, zooplankton in saline-alkaline ponds was composed of freshwater salt-tolerated species or halophile species, some of which are halobiont species and usually occurs in freshwater. In our study, copepods were predominant in many fish-culture ponds and all control ponds without fishes in spring, late autumn and early winter. Dominant species of copepods were Sinocalanus tenellus, Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taiho- kuensis. The biomass of copepods in the control ponds without fishes was higher than that of the fish-culture ponds.

NADPH oxidase-1 deficiency offers little protection in Salmonella typhimurium-induced typhlitis in mice

AIM To test whether Nox1 plays a role in typhlitis induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium(S. Tm) in a mouse model.METHODS Eight-week-old male wild-type(WT) and Nox1 knockout(KO) C57BL6/J(B6) mice were administered metronidazole water for 4 d to make them susceptible to S. Tm infection by the oral route. The mice were given plain water and administered with 4 different doses of S. Tm by oral gavage. The mice were followed for another 4 d. From the time of the metronidazole application, the mice were observed twice daily and weighed daily. The ileum, cecum and colon were removed for sampling at the fourth day post-inoculation. Portions of all three tissues were fixed for histology and placed in RNAlater for m RNA/c DNA preparation and quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of the cecum were recovered for estimation of S. Tm CFU.RESULTS We found Nox1-knockout(Nox1-KO) mice were not more sensitive to S. Tm colonization and infection than WT B6 mice. This conclusion is based on the following observations:(1) S. Tm-infection induced similar weight loss in Nox1-KO mice compared to WT mice;(2) the same S. Tm CFU was recovered from the cecal content of Nox1-KO and WT mice regardless of the inoculation dose, except the lowest inoculation dose(2 × 106 CFU) for which the Nox1-KO had one-log lower CFU than WT mice;(3) there is no difference in cecal pathology between WT and Nox1-KO groups; and(4) there are no S. Tm infection-induced changes in gene expression levels(IL-1b, TNF-α, and Duox2) between WT and Nox1-KO groups. The Alpi gene expression was more suppressed by S. Tm treatment in WT than the Nox1-KO cecum. CONCLUSION Nox1 does not protect mice from S. Tm colonization. Nox1-KO provides a very minor protective effect against S. Tm infection. Using NOX1-specific inhibitors for colitis therapy should not increase risks in bacterial infection.

“失脚”与“失足”的历时发展与词义探究

"失脚"和与之有密切关系的"失足"属于一对共生同义词,二者在历史上的发展历程既有相似之处又有不同。从数量上看,两者均从宋代开始大量出现,经历元、明到清发展到顶峰。但是,从总量上看,"失脚"一词的发展没有"失足"蓬勃,且清代以后呈现衰落趋势。从使用上看,二者在使用中的义项选择和语体色彩不同,反映语言的文白演变。从义项上看,二者应当都有从"犯错误"义项中引申的隐晦义"失贞"。

Viral exploitation of actin: force-generation and scaffolding functions in viral infection

As a fundamental component of the host cellular cytoskeleton, actin is routinely engaged by infecting viruses. Furthermore, viruses from diverse groups, and infecting diverse hosts, have convergently evolved an array of mechanisms for manipulating the actin cytoskeleton for efficacious infection. An ongoing chorus of research now indicates that the actin cytoskeleton is critical for viral replication at many stages of the viral life cycle, including binding, entry, nuclear localization, genomic transcription and reverse transcription, assembly, and egress/dissemination. Specifically, viruses subvert the force-generating and macromolecular scaffolding properties of the actin cytoskeleton to propel viral surfing, internalization, and migration within the cell. Additionally, viruses utilize the actin cytoskeleton to support and organize assembly sites, and eject budding virions for cell-to-cell transmission. It is the purpose of this review to provide an overview of current research, focusing on the various mechanisms and themes of virus-mediated actin modulation described therein.

Twenty-eight Cases of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Gangrene Treated with the Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined with Injection of Ahylsantinfarctase

Since 1995, the Chinese herbal medicine for supplementing qi and activating blood circulation combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase into the femoral artery has been used in 28 cases of diabetes complicated with gangrene and ulcer of the foot, with quite good therapeutic effects as reported in the following.……

From the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor -Analyzing the Heroine＇ s Resistance in The Scarlet Letter

Conceptual metaphor has always been the study focus of cognitive linguistics. Conceptual metaphor is ubiquitous, cognitive and systematic. Nathaniel Hawthorne in his representative work The Scarlet Letter makes full use of the conceptual metaphor. A detailed description of the heroine Hester Prynne through the conceptual metaphor fully expresses Nathaniel Hawthorne＇ s feminist thoughts. Through the metaphorical analyses of the name Pearl, the scarlet letter ＂A＂, the forest and the scaffold this paper analyzes Hester Prynne＇ s resistant consciousness. On the basis of this, the positive social significance of the novel is explored.

Can minimal running shoes imitate barefoot heel-toe running patterns?A comparison of lower leg kinematics

Background:Numerous studies about the interaction between footwear(and barefoot) and kinematic and kinetic outcomes have been published over the last few years.Recent studies however lead to the conclusion that the assumed interactions depend mainly on the subjects" experience of barefoot(BF) walking/running,the preferred running strike pattern,the speed,the hardness of the surface,the thickness of the midsole material,and the runners’ level of ability.The aim of the present study was to investigate lower leg kinematics o\’ BF running and running in minimal running shoes(MRS) to assess comparability of BF kinematics in both conditions.To systematically compare both conditions we monitored the influencing variables described above in our measurement setup.We hypothesized that running in MRS does not alter lower leg kinematics compared to BF running.Methods:Thirty-seven subjects,injury-free and active in sports,ran BF on an EVA foam runway,and also ran shod wearing Nike Free 3.0 on a tartan indoor track.Lower-leg 3D kinematics was measured to quantify rearfoot and ankle movements.Skin markers were used in both shod and BF running.Results:All runners revealed rearfoot strike pattern when running barefoot.Differences between BF and MRS running occurred particularly during the initial stance phase of running,both in the sagittal and the frontal planes.BF running revealed a flatter foot placement,a more plantar flexed ankle joint and less inverted rearfoot at touchdown compared to MRS running.Conclusion:BF running does not change the landing automatically to forefoot running,especially after a systematic exclusion of surface and other influencing factors.The Nike Free 3.0 mimics some BF features.Nevertheless,changes in design of the Nike Free should be considered in order to mimic BF movement even more closely.

Analysis of Contact Stress Distribution and Strength in Pin-Loaded Orthotropic Plates

The development of an analytic solution in terms of laminate parameters is presented for contact stresses and joint strength in pin-loaded orthotropic plates. This involved the determination of complex stress functions required to compute stresses in terms of a set of unknown coefficients for the specified displacement expressions satisfying the prescribed boundary conditions. The assumed Coulomb friction between the plate and the pin was used to provide the solution and iteration was also used to determine the extent of contact region. The results from present study showed good agreement with the available results in literature for all the joint configurations evaluated.

“手足”和“手脚”:历时流变中词义的叠合与分化

从共时层面来看,“足”和“脚”的所指实体具有同一性,但“手足”和“手脚”的语义内涵却并不完全一致,这与两词在历时层面中的语义演变休戚相关。具体来看,“手脚”和“手足”最初凝固成词时的词汇意义都是用以表示“举动、动作”,但语义的进一步抽象则是沿着两条不同的发展路径展开的,这可以归因于二词语义联想机制的不同。此外,认知因素、参构语素的感情色彩以及所在结构的构式意义等都会在“手足”和“手脚”语义演变过程中发挥作用,从而形成二者在部分义项上的迥然有别。