Butterfly taxonomic and functional diversity in the urban green spaces of Hefei city

Urbanization has profound impacts on ecological environments.Green spaces are a vital component of urban ecosystems and play a crucial role in maintaining ecologi-cal balance and enhancing sustainability.This study aimed to investigate the community composition characteristics of butterflies in urban green spaces within the context of rapid urbanization.Simultaneously,it explored the status and dif-ferences in butterfly taxonomic diversity,functional diver-sity,and functional traits among different types of urban green spaces,regions,and urban gradients to provide rel-evant insights for further improving urban green space qual-ity and promoting biodiversity conservation.We conducted a year-long survey of 80 green spaces across different urban Project funding:This work was funded by the National Non Profit Research Institutions of the Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2020ZB008),National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371936),and the Research Projects in Anhui Universities in 2022(n atural sciences)(2022AH051874).regions and ring roads within Hefei City,Anhui Province,with monthly sampling intervals over 187 transects.A total of 4822 butterflies,belonging to 5 families,17 subfamilies,40 genera,and 55 species were identified.The species rich-ness,Shannon,Simpson,functional richness,and Rao’s quadratic entropy indices of butterflies in urban park green spaces were all significantly higher than those in residential and street green spaces(P<0.05).Differences in butterfly diversity and functional traits among different urban regions and ring roads were relatively minor,and small-sized,multi-voltine,and long flying duration butterflies dominated urban green spaces.Overall,these spaces offer more favorable hab-itats for butterflies.However,some residential green spaces and street green spaces demonstrate potential for butterfly conservation.

Impacts of Human Activities and Season on Species Diversity and Abundance of Butterflies in Mpanga Kipengere Game Reserve and Surrounding Farmlands, Tanzania

Maintaining natural habitats is crucial for the preservation of insects and other species that indicate environmental changes. However, the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve and its surrounding farmlands are facing disturbance due to human activities, which is putting many wildlife species, particularly larger mammals, at risk. To determine the impact of human activities on butterfly species diversity and abundance in the reserve and its surrounding areas, we conducted a study from November 2021 to October 2023. We collected butterfly data using transect walks and baited traps in two habitat types. Our study yielded 2799 butterfly Individuals ranging in 124 species divided into five families habitat, season, and anthropogenic factors are significant environmental variables influencing species diversity and abundance of butterflies. Therefore, it’s important to protect habitat and dry-season water for the conservation of invertebrates such as butterflies. Our study findings provide essential information for ecological monitoring and future assessment of the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve ecosystem health.

Character Analysis on Paul Morel in Sons and Lovers

Lawrence's novels are perhaps the most powerful exploration in the genre in English of family,class,sexuality and relationships in youth and early adulthood.Since the birth of this novel,varies comments on it were continuous.This analysis briefly introduces the personality of the main character-Paul Morel by means of specific description in the story.

Different Interpretations of Sons and Lovers

Since the publication of Sons and Lovers,it has inspired a wide range of critical interpretation, which testifies to its enduring status as a masterpiece of twentieth-century literature. Most critics analyze and evaluate Sons and Lovers by adopting a psychoanalytical or social approach. The discussion either just searches for Oedipus Complex or is confined to the content analysis. This essay attempts to integrate all the theoretical analysis which attach to the novel, Sons and Lovers.

Morel Couple-Conflict of Rationality and Sensuality On D.H.Lawrence's Sons and Lovers

D.H.Lawrence believes that the root of the boredom is the suppression of people's sensuality in a society which requires too much on people's rationality and their abidance by conventions.

The Tragic Marriage of the Morel Couple in Sons and Lovers

In Sons and Lovers,one of William Faulkner's most famous novels,the marriage between Walter Morel and Gertrude Coppard was inarguably a tragic one.However,as for the reason,it was not explicitly represented in the novel.This paper attempts to delve into the reason of this failed marriage and put forward an argument that this failure could be attributed to the conflict between sex and social class with the help of the theory of dominance and subordinance put forward by Kate Millett.

On the Themes of Sons and Lovers

The current research attempts to explore the main themes of Lawrence's masterpiece Sons and Lovers from five the following aspects:Man/woman Love,the maturation of an artist,class conflict,Industrial life Vs.nature and Opposite forces:light and dark.It is great hope that this paper will make a small contribution to assist anyone who appreciates Sons and Lovers.

Eye-Tracking Based Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Using Chaotic Butterfly Optimization with Deep Learning Model

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)can be defined as a neurodevelopmental condition or illness that can disturb kids who have heterogeneous characteristics,like changes in behavior,social disabilities,and difficulty communicating with others.Eye tracking(ET)has become a useful method to detect ASD.One vital aspect of moral erudition is the aptitude to have common visual attention.The eye-tracking approach offers valuable data regarding the visual behavior of children for accurate and early detection.Eye-tracking data can offer insightful information about the behavior and thought processes of people with ASD,but it is important to be aware of its limitations and to combine it with other types of data and assessment techniques to increase the precision of ASD detection.It operates by scanning the paths of eyes for extracting a series of eye projection points on images for examining the behavior of children with autism.The purpose of this research is to use deep learning to identify autistic disorders based on eye tracking.The Chaotic Butterfly Optimization technique is used to identify this specific disturbance.Therefore,this study develops an ET-based Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis using Chaotic Butterfly Optimization with Deep Learning(ETASD-CBODL)technique.The presented ETASDCBODL technique mainly focuses on the recognition of ASD via the ET and DL models.To accomplish this,the ETASD-CBODL technique exploits the U-Net segmentation technique to recognize interested AREASS.In addition,the ETASD-CBODL technique employs Inception v3 feature extraction with CBO algorithm-based hyperparameter optimization.Finally,the long-shorttermmemory(LSTM)model is exploited for the recognition and classification of ASD.To assess the performance of the ETASD-CBODL technique,a series of simulations were performed on datasets from the figure-shared data repository.The experimental values of accuracy(99.29%),precision(98.78%),sensitivity(99.29%)and specificity(99.29%)showed a better performance in the ETASD-CBODL technique over recent approaches.

Literature Review of Sons and Lovers

Sons and Lovers is an autobiography novel written by D.H. Lawrence. It tells a story of a coal miner's family in which histhird child Paul as the main character. As one of Lawrence's major works, Sons and Lovers has been praised and welcomed by somany people. And a great deal of famous writers including T.S. Eliot once devoted to researching it. In the following discussion, Iwill deal with four aspects: who did some researches about the theme of Sons and Lovers? How many people dealt with the charac-ters? How is Lawrence's writing style? And what is Lawrence's writing intension for the novel?

Marginal narration in Town and Country Lovers

Town and Country Lovers is the masterpiece of the prominent South African writer Nadine Gordimer.Trying to illustrate the discrimination bore by native African women in the 20th century from the perspective of marginal narration,it is going to ex?plore how the character suffers from the multiple oppressions in patriarchal and the whites’society.The three sets of marginal nar?rations:racial marginalization,gender marginalization and emotional marginalization will reveal the miserable encounter and sur?vival predicament of colored women in South Africa.

On the Three Forms of Fruitless Love in Sons and Lovers

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century. He is not only a turn-of-the-century social reformer, but also an artist deeply concerned with human relationships. His famouse work--Sons and Lovers （1994）, describes the process of young Paul＇s growth with young Lawrence＇s personal life as the model. The present paper, first of all, gives a brief introduction of the novel. Then the three forms of unreal love in the story are what the present paper mainly explored. Firstly, the love between Paul and his mother is a distorted love between a mother and a son. Secondly, the love between Paul and Miriam is an immature love of young people. Thirdly, the love between Paul and Clara is physical and short-lived. The three forms of love are unreal and doomed to be fruitless

Under the Bourgeois Ideological Interpellation:An Althusserian Reading of Sons and Lovers

"Under the Bourgeois Ideological Interpellation:An Althusserian Reading of Sons and Lovers"traces the authority behind the familial affairs and examines its influences on the individuals in D.H.Lawrence’s masterpiece Sons and Lovers.Based on the theory of Althusser’s"ideological interpellation",it explores the theme of bourgeois ideological interpellation within the working-class domestic sphere.

As a Cultural and Spiritual Homeland:Pai Hsien-yung and His Kunqu Peony Pavilion:The Young Lovers’Version

As a Cultural and Spiritual Homeland,Pai Hsien-yung and His Kunqu Peony Pavilion:The Young Lovers’Version,the new version of The Jade Hairpin,how to be the most aesthetic version,cross-border version and young version,as a sustainable development model.

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Butterfly Optimized Feature Selection with Fuzzy C-Means Classifier for Thyroid Prediction

The main task of thyroid hormones is controlling the metabolism rate of humans,the development of neurons,and the significant growth of reproductive activities.In medical science,thyroid disorder will lead to creating thyroiditis and thyroid cancer.The two main thyroid disorders are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.Many research works focus on the prediction of thyroid disorder.To improve the accuracy in the classification of thyroid disorder this paper pro-poses optimization-based feature selection by using differential evolution with the Butterfly optimization algorithm(DE-BOA).For the classifier fuzzy C-means algorithm(FCM)is used.The proposed DEBOA-FCM is evaluated with para-metric metric measures of sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy.In this work,the thyroid disease dataset collected from the machine learning University of Cali-fornia Irvine(UCI)database was used.The accuracy rate for the Differential Evo-lutionary algorithm got 0.884,the Butterfly optimization algorithm got 0.906,Fuzzy C-Means algorithm got 0.899 and DEBOA+Focused Concept Miner(FCM)proposed work 0.943.

Two Grotto Lovers

ERIN Lynch and Duncan Collis say they adore the grottoes of Wulong. Erin, an American, is completing a master’s degree in hydrology,while Duncan,an Aussie,used to work in IT before he left it all behind to study grottoes.He says his new line of work is a ＂very fulfilling passion.＂

Adaptive Butterfly Optimization Algorithm(ABOA)Based Feature Selection and Deep Neural Network(DNN)for Detection of Distributed Denial-of-Service(DDoS)Attacks in Cloud

Cloud computing technology provides flexible,on-demand,and completely controlled computing resources and services are highly desirable.Despite this,with its distributed and dynamic nature and shortcomings in virtualization deployment,the cloud environment is exposed to a wide variety of cyber-attacks and security difficulties.The Intrusion Detection System(IDS)is a specialized security tool that network professionals use for the safety and security of the networks against attacks launched from various sources.DDoS attacks are becoming more frequent and powerful,and their attack pathways are continually changing,which requiring the development of new detection methods.Here the purpose of the study is to improve detection accuracy.Feature Selection(FS)is critical.At the same time,the IDS’s computational problem is limited by focusing on the most relevant elements,and its performance and accuracy increase.In this research work,the suggested Adaptive butterfly optimization algorithm(ABOA)framework is used to assess the effectiveness of a reduced feature subset during the feature selection phase,that was motivated by this motive Candidates.Accurate classification is not compromised by using an ABOA technique.The design of Deep Neural Networks(DNN)has simplified the categorization of network traffic into normal and DDoS threat traffic.DNN’s parameters can be finetuned to detect DDoS attacks better using specially built algorithms.Reduced reconstruction error,no exploding or vanishing gradients,and reduced network are all benefits of the changes outlined in this paper.When it comes to performance criteria like accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-Score are the performance measures that show the suggested architecture outperforms the other existing approaches.Hence the proposed ABOA+DNN is an excellent method for obtaining accurate predictions,with an improved accuracy rate of 99.05%compared to other existing approaches.

Two Clever Lovers and Their Letters

A long time ago,a handsome young man and a beautiful girl fellin love with each other at the first sight. But neither of them knewwhether the other had his or her sweet—heart nor had they thecourage to express himself or herself face to face with each other.Ev-ery time they met,they both would look at each other,in silence,inshyness and in love.And they both were worried and sad.

福建武夷山国家公园蝴蝶区系调查和分析

本研究对福建武夷山国家公园蝴蝶区系开展调查和分析,以期为蝴蝶物种多样性保护、开发和利用提供科学依据。2018年10月至2022年7月,在武夷山国家公园共采集到蝴蝶成虫标本565头,经形态鉴定归属到5科71属129种。其中,武夷山国家公园新纪录属3个,分别为污斑眼蝶属(Cyllogenes)、裙蛱蝶属(Cynitia)和林灰蝶属(Hayashikeia),新纪录种17个;福建省新纪录属1个,为林灰蝶属(Hayashikeia),新纪录种7个。由此,武夷山国家公园蝴蝶已知种增加到5科187属412种,福建省蝴蝶已知种增加到5科232属615种。在采集到的蝴蝶中,5种蝴蝶被列入《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》,分别为金裳凤蝶(Troides aeacus)、大伞弄蝶(Burara miracula)、箭环蝶(Stichophthalma howqua)、双星箭环蝶(Stichophthalma neumogeni)和华西箭环蝶(Stichophthalma suffusa)。科级水平多样性指数分析表明蛱蝶科物种多样性占优势地位。生境越复杂,蝴蝶多样性就越高,常绿阔叶林生境蝴蝶多样性高于其他生境,800~900 m海拔处蝴蝶多样性高于其他海拔。区系分析发现,在世界动物地理区系中,武夷山国家公园蝴蝶种类以东洋区和古北区共有种为主,占51.70%;武夷山国家公园的蝴蝶在中国动物地理区系中有47种分布型,其中归属于西南区-华中区-华南区分布型的最多,占26.46%,其后依次是西南区-华中区-华南区-青藏区分布型和西南区-华中区-华南区-华北区分布型,分别占10.19%和9.95%。