This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted i...This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted in a public high school in Ecuador.Seventy students enrolled in the second year of senior high school participated.One in-service teacher taught the EFL classes during the process of intervention(10 weeks),and two EFL teachers observed all of these classes and recorded the information by filling in observation sheets.The students were administered grammar pretests and post-tests in order to assess their grammar knowledge.The results of the tests showed a significant difference in the scores in favor of the inductive approach.After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the tests and observation sheets,we concluded that the inductive approach is more effective for teaching grammar in the EFL classroom in terms of instruction and rapport.展开更多
To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductiv...To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.展开更多
This study applied both inductive approach and deductive approach with multimedia assistance into an English grammar class on the acquisition of subjunctive mood. It aimed to investigate whether this kind of teaching ...This study applied both inductive approach and deductive approach with multimedia assistance into an English grammar class on the acquisition of subjunctive mood. It aimed to investigate whether this kind of teaching approach, as a general grammar pedagogy, would improve the efficiency of students＇ acquisition of certain grammar points. This study results from comparison and contrast between one same class on the acquisition of subjunctive mood to 70 students in total, employing three different teaching methods： inductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 1）, deductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 2）, and both inductive approach and deductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 3）, based on self-reported reflection on the experiment, observation of students＇ learning process, students＇ pre-test and after-class evaluation test results, and surveys. Two identical experiments were conducted to two groups of students of different levels of language proficiency to increase the generalizability of the results. Findings revealed that the evaluation test score of the grammatical points taught with method 3 is much higher than those taught with the other two methods, and most students felt positive about method 3. Students nevertheless encounter obvious difficulties in inductive approach, indicating certain lack of self-learning skills in Chinese students展开更多
In this paper, we consider the optimal risk sharing problem between two parties in the insurance business: the insurer and the insured. The risk is allocated between the insurer and the insured by setting a deductible...In this paper, we consider the optimal risk sharing problem between two parties in the insurance business: the insurer and the insured. The risk is allocated between the insurer and the insured by setting a deductible and coverage in the insurance contract. We obtain the optimal deductible and coverage by considering the expected product of the two parties' utilities of terminal wealth according to stochastic optimal control theory. An equilibrium policy is also derived for when there are both a deductible and coverage;this is done by modelling the problem as a stochastic game in a continuous-time framework. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results of the paper.展开更多
Emotion represents the feeling of an individual in a given situation. There are various ways to express the emotions of an individual. It can be categorized into verbal expressions, written expressions, facial express...Emotion represents the feeling of an individual in a given situation. There are various ways to express the emotions of an individual. It can be categorized into verbal expressions, written expressions, facial expressions and gestures. Among these various ways of expressing the emotion, the written method is a challenging task to extract the emotions, as the data is in the form of textual dat. Finding the different kinds of emotions is also a tedious task as it requires a lot of pre preparations of the textual data taken for the research. This research work is carried out to analyse and extract the emotions hidden in text data. The text data taken for the analysis is from the social media dataset. Using the raw text data directly from the social media will not serve the purpose. Therefore, the text data has to be pre-processed and then utilised for further processing. Pre-processing makes the text data more efficient and would infer valuable insights of the emotions hidden in it. The preprocessing steps also help to manage the text data for identifying the emotions conveyed in the text. This work proposes to deduct the emotions taken from the social media text data by applying the machine learning algorithm. Finally, the usefulness of the emotions is suggested for various stake holders, to find the attitude of individuals at that moment, the data is produced. .展开更多
作为当前自动定理证明器中常用的推理机制,传统基于二元演绎超归结方法的推理过程限定每次有且只有2个子句参与演绎,这种分离的演绎步骤导致演绎缺失导向性和预判性,演绎效率有待提升。为了提升演绎效率,在理论上,针对传统的超归结方法...作为当前自动定理证明器中常用的推理机制,传统基于二元演绎超归结方法的推理过程限定每次有且只有2个子句参与演绎,这种分离的演绎步骤导致演绎缺失导向性和预判性,演绎效率有待提升。为了提升演绎效率,在理论上,针对传统的超归结方法引入多元演绎思想,提出矛盾体分离超演绎定义和方法,它具有多元性、动态性和导向性的演绎特性;在算法实现中,考虑子句参与演绎具有多元和协同特性,并灵活设定演绎的条件,提出一种具有回溯机制的矛盾体分离超演绎算法。将所提算法应用于Eprover3.1证明器,以国际自动定理证明器2023年竞赛例和TPTP(Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers)问题库中难度系数为1的问题作为测试对象,在300 s内,应用所提算法的Eprover3.1证明器比原始Eprover3.1多证明了15个定理;当测试相同数量的定理时,所提算法的平均证明时间缩减了1.326 s,能够证明7个难度系数为1的定理。测试结果表明,所提算法能有效地应用于一阶逻辑自动定理证明,提升自动定理证明器的证明能力和效率。展开更多
文摘This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted in a public high school in Ecuador.Seventy students enrolled in the second year of senior high school participated.One in-service teacher taught the EFL classes during the process of intervention(10 weeks),and two EFL teachers observed all of these classes and recorded the information by filling in observation sheets.The students were administered grammar pretests and post-tests in order to assess their grammar knowledge.The results of the tests showed a significant difference in the scores in favor of the inductive approach.After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the tests and observation sheets,we concluded that the inductive approach is more effective for teaching grammar in the EFL classroom in terms of instruction and rapport.
文摘To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.
文摘This study applied both inductive approach and deductive approach with multimedia assistance into an English grammar class on the acquisition of subjunctive mood. It aimed to investigate whether this kind of teaching approach, as a general grammar pedagogy, would improve the efficiency of students＇ acquisition of certain grammar points. This study results from comparison and contrast between one same class on the acquisition of subjunctive mood to 70 students in total, employing three different teaching methods： inductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 1）, deductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 2）, and both inductive approach and deductive approach with multimedia assistance （method 3）, based on self-reported reflection on the experiment, observation of students＇ learning process, students＇ pre-test and after-class evaluation test results, and surveys. Two identical experiments were conducted to two groups of students of different levels of language proficiency to increase the generalizability of the results. Findings revealed that the evaluation test score of the grammatical points taught with method 3 is much higher than those taught with the other two methods, and most students felt positive about method 3. Students nevertheless encounter obvious difficulties in inductive approach, indicating certain lack of self-learning skills in Chinese students
基金supported by the NSF of China(11931018, 12271274)the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (19JCYBJC30400)。
文摘In this paper, we consider the optimal risk sharing problem between two parties in the insurance business: the insurer and the insured. The risk is allocated between the insurer and the insured by setting a deductible and coverage in the insurance contract. We obtain the optimal deductible and coverage by considering the expected product of the two parties' utilities of terminal wealth according to stochastic optimal control theory. An equilibrium policy is also derived for when there are both a deductible and coverage;this is done by modelling the problem as a stochastic game in a continuous-time framework. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results of the paper.
文摘Emotion represents the feeling of an individual in a given situation. There are various ways to express the emotions of an individual. It can be categorized into verbal expressions, written expressions, facial expressions and gestures. Among these various ways of expressing the emotion, the written method is a challenging task to extract the emotions, as the data is in the form of textual dat. Finding the different kinds of emotions is also a tedious task as it requires a lot of pre preparations of the textual data taken for the research. This research work is carried out to analyse and extract the emotions hidden in text data. The text data taken for the analysis is from the social media dataset. Using the raw text data directly from the social media will not serve the purpose. Therefore, the text data has to be pre-processed and then utilised for further processing. Pre-processing makes the text data more efficient and would infer valuable insights of the emotions hidden in it. The preprocessing steps also help to manage the text data for identifying the emotions conveyed in the text. This work proposes to deduct the emotions taken from the social media text data by applying the machine learning algorithm. Finally, the usefulness of the emotions is suggested for various stake holders, to find the attitude of individuals at that moment, the data is produced. .
文摘作为当前自动定理证明器中常用的推理机制,传统基于二元演绎超归结方法的推理过程限定每次有且只有2个子句参与演绎,这种分离的演绎步骤导致演绎缺失导向性和预判性,演绎效率有待提升。为了提升演绎效率,在理论上,针对传统的超归结方法引入多元演绎思想,提出矛盾体分离超演绎定义和方法,它具有多元性、动态性和导向性的演绎特性;在算法实现中,考虑子句参与演绎具有多元和协同特性,并灵活设定演绎的条件,提出一种具有回溯机制的矛盾体分离超演绎算法。将所提算法应用于Eprover3.1证明器,以国际自动定理证明器2023年竞赛例和TPTP(Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers)问题库中难度系数为1的问题作为测试对象,在300 s内,应用所提算法的Eprover3.1证明器比原始Eprover3.1多证明了15个定理;当测试相同数量的定理时,所提算法的平均证明时间缩减了1.326 s,能够证明7个难度系数为1的定理。测试结果表明,所提算法能有效地应用于一阶逻辑自动定理证明,提升自动定理证明器的证明能力和效率。
