Nondegenerate Soliton Solutions of(2+1)-Dimensional Multi-Component Maccari System

For a multi-component Maccari system with two spatial dimensions,nondegenerate one-soliton and two-soliton solutions are obtained with the bilinear method.It can be seen by drawing the spatial graphs of nondegenerate solitons that the real component of the system shows a cross-shaped structure,while the two solitons of the complex component show a multi-solitoff structure.At the same time,the asymptotic analysis of the interaction behavior of the two solitons is conducted,and it is found that under partially nondegenerate conditions,the real and complex components of the system experience elastic collision and inelastic collision,respectively.

ON MONOTONE TRAVELING WAVES FOR NICHOLSON'S BLOWFLIES EQUATION WITH DEGENERATE p-LAPLACIAN DIFFUSION

We study the existence and stability of monotone traveling wave solutions of Nicholson's blowflies equation with degenerate p-Laplacian diffusion.We prove the existence and nonexistence of non-decreasing smooth traveling wave solutions by phase plane analysis methods.Moreover,we show the existence and regularity of an original solution via a compactness analysis.Finally,we prove the stability and exponential convergence rate of traveling waves by an approximated weighted energy method.

Existence of Entropy Solution for Degenerate Parabolic-Hyperbolic Problem Involving p(x)-Laplacian with Neumann Boundary Condition

We consider a strongly non-linear degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic problem with p(x)-Laplacian diffusion flux function. We propose an entropy formulation and prove the existence of an entropy solution.

AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO DEGENERATE APPELL POLYNOMIALS AND THEIR HYBRID FORMS VIA DETERMINANTS

It is remarkable that studying degenerate versions of polynomials from algebraic point of view is not limited to only special polynomials but can also be extended to their hybrid polynomials.Indeed for the first time,a closed determinant expression for the degenerate Appell polynomials is derived.The determinant forms for the degenerate Bernoulli and Euler polynomials are also investigated.A new class of the degenerate Hermite-Appell polynomials is investigated and some novel identities for these polynomials are established.The degenerate Hermite-Bernoulli and degenerate Hermite-Euler polynomials are considered as special cases of the degenerate Hermite-Appell polynomials.Further,by using Mathematica,we draw graphs of degenerate Hermite-Bernoulli polynomials for different values of indices.The zeros of these polynomials are also explored and their distribution is presented.

Nuance of inward rectifying potassium(Kir)channel dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders are highly prevalent and diverse in nature.Their manifestation largely depends on the cell types involved,with aberrant inflammatory episodes progressively inducing a constellation of phenotypes that are classified into specific diseases based on their neuropathological traits.The two most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide,Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD),for example,share notable similarities,yet they differ in terms of the specific cell types lost within the central nervous system(CNS).The significant and progressive loss of cortical and certain subcortical neurons in various regions is a major defining trait of AD.In contrast,the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons(DA)within the substantial nigra pars compacta(SNpc)is sufficient to cause motor symptoms associated with PD.Another devastating condition arising from neurodegeneration within the CNS,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),results in the progressive death of upper and lower motor neurons.This degeneration originates in oligodendrocytes,whose defective myelination abilities lead to the denervation of the anterior horn,aggravating motor neuron death.

Ground State and Its Topological Properties of Three-Dimensional Spin-Orbit Coupled Degenerate Fermi Gases

Three-dimensional(3D)degenerate Fermi gases in the presence of spin-orbit coupling,inducing various kinds of physical findings and phenomena,have attracted tremendous attention in these years.We investigate the 3D spin-orbit coupled degenerate Fermi gases in theory and first present the analytic expression of their ground state.Our study provides an innovative perspective into understanding of the topological properties of 3D unconventional superconductors,and describes the topological phase transitions in trivial and topological phase areas.Further,such a system is provided with a richer set of Cooper pairings than traditional superconductors.The dual Cooper pairs with same spin directions emerge and exhibit peculiar behaviors,leading to topological phase transitions.Our study and discussion can be generalized to some other types of unconventional superconductors and areas of optical lattices.

Taurine: a promising nutraceutic in the prevention of retinal degeneration

Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid because it is synthesized by most mammals.However,dietary intake of taurine may be necessary to achieve the physiological levels required for the development,maintenance,and function of certain tissues.Taurine may be especially important for the retina.The concentration of taurine in the retina is higher than that in any other tissue in the body and taurine deficiency causes retinal oxidative stress,apoptosis,and degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells.Low plasma taurine levels may also underlie retinal degeneration in humans and therefore,taurine administration could exert retinal neuroprotective effects.Taurine has antioxidant,anti-apoptotic,immunomodulatory,and calcium homeostasis-regulatory properties.This review summarizes the role of taurine in retinal health and disease,where it appears that taurine may be a promising nutraceutical.

Using choroidal thickness to detect myopic macular degeneration

AIM:To explore the usage of choroidal thickness measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)to detect myopic macular degeneration(MMD)in high myopic participants.METHODS:Participants with bilateral high myopia(≤−6 diopters)were recruited from a subset of the Guangzhou Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center-Brien Holden Vision Institute High Myopia Cohort Study.SS-OCT was performed to determine the choroidal thickness,and myopic maculopathy was graded by the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia(META-PM)Classification.Presence of MMD was defined as META-PM category 2 or above.RESULTS:A total of 568 right eyes were included for analysis.Eyes with MMD(n=106,18.7%)were found to have older age,longer axial lengths(AL),higher myopic spherical equivalents(SE),and reduced choroidal thickness in each Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)grid sector(P<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves(AUC)for subfoveal choroidal thickness(0.907)was greater than that of the model,including age,AL,and SE at 0.6249,0.8208,and 0.8205,respectively.The choroidal thickness of the inner and outer nasal sectors was the most accurate indicator of MMD(AUC of 0.928 and 0.923,respectively).An outer nasal sector choroidal thickness of less than 74μm demonstrated the highest odds of predicting MMD(OR=33.8).CONCLUSION:Choroidal thickness detects the presence of MMD with high agreement,particularly of the inner and outer nasal sectors of the posterior pole,which appears to be a biometric parameter more precise than age,AL,or SE.

Visualizing Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract after sensorimotor cortex ischemia in mice

Stroke can cause Wallerian degeneration in regions outside of the brain,particularly in the corticospinal tract.To investigate the fate of major glial cells and axons within affected areas of the corticospinal tract following stroke,we induced photochemical infarction of the sensorimotor cortex leading to Wallerian degeneration along the full extent of the corticospinal tract.We first used a routine,sensitive marker of axonal injury,amyloid precursor protein,to examine Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract.An antibody to amyloid precursor protein mapped exclusively to proximal axonal segments within the ischemic cortex,with no positive signal in distal parts of the corticospinal tract,at all time points.To improve visualization of Wallerian degeneration,we next utilized an orthograde virus that expresses green fluorescent protein to label the corticospinal tract and then quantitatively evaluated green fluorescent protein-expressing axons.Using this approach,we found that axonal degeneration began on day 3 post-stroke and was almost complete by 7 days after stroke.In addition,microglia mobilized and activated early,from day 7 after stroke,but did not maintain a phagocytic state over time.Meanwhile,astrocytes showed relatively delayed mobilization and a moderate response to Wallerian degeneration.Moreover,no anterograde degeneration of spinal anterior horn cells was observed in response to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract.In conclusion,our data provide evidence for dynamic,pathogenic spatiotemporal changes in major cellular components of the corticospinal tract during Wallerian degeneration.

Neutrophil peptide 1 accelerates the clearance of degenerative axons during Wallerian degeneration by activating macrophages after peripheral nerve crush injury

Macrophages play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration,but the specific mechanism of regeneration is still unclear.Our preliminary findings indicated that neutrophil peptide 1 is an innate immune peptide closely involved in peripheral nerve regeneration.However,the mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances nerve regeneration remains unclear.This study was designed to investigate the relationship between neutrophil peptide 1 and macrophages in vivo and in vitro in peripheral nerve crush injury.The functions of RAW 264.7 cells we re elucidated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,migration assays,phagocytosis assays,immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Axonal debris phagocytosis was observed using the CUBIC(Clear,Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis)optical clearing technique during Wallerian degeneration.Macrophage inflammatory factor expression in different polarization states was detected using a protein chip.The results showed that neutrophil peptide 1 promoted the prolife ration,migration and phagocytosis of macrophages,and CD206 expression on the surfa ce of macrophages,indicating M2 polarization.The axonal debris clearance rate during Wallerian degeneration was enhanced after neutrophil peptide 1 intervention.Neutrophil peptide 1 also downregulated inflammatory factors interleukin-1α,-6,-12,and tumor necrosis factor-αin invo and in vitro.Thus,the results suggest that neutrophil peptide 1 activates macrophages and accelerates Wallerian degeneration,which may be one mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances peripheral nerve regeneration.

Quantum degenerate Bose–Fermi atomic gas mixture of 23Na and 40K

We report a compact experimental setup for producing a quantum degenerate mixture of Bose23Na and Fermi40K gases. The atoms are collected in dual dark magneto–optical traps(MOT) with species timesharing loading to reduce the light-induced loss, and then further cooled using the gray molasses technique on the D2line for23Na and D1line for40K. The microwave evaporation cooling is used to cool23Na in |F = 2, mF= 2〉 in an optically plugged magnetic trap, meanwhile,40K in |F = 9/2, mF= 9/2〉 is sympathetically cooled. Then the mixture is loaded into a large volume optical dipole trap where23Na atoms are immediately transferred to |1, 1〉 for further effective cooling to avoid the strong three-body loss between23Na atoms in |2, 2〉 and40K atoms in |9/2, 9/2〉. At the end of the evaporation in optical trap, a degenerate Fermi gas of40K with 1.9 × 10^(5) atoms at T/TF= 0.5 in the |9/2, 9/2〉 hyperfine state coexists with a Bose–Einstein condensate(BEC) of23Na with 8 × 10^(4) atoms in the |1, 1〉 hyperfine state at 300 n K. We also can produce the two species mixture with the tunable population imbalance by adjusting the 23Na magneto–optical trap loading time.

Entropy Formulation for Triply Nonlinear Degenerate Elliptic-Parabolic-Hyperbolic Equation with Zero-Flux Boundary Condition

In this note, we investigated existence and uniqueness of entropy solution for triply nonlinear degenerate parabolic problem with zero-flux boundary condition. Accordingly to the case of doubly nonlinear degenerate parabolic hyperbolic equation, we propose a generalization of entropy formulation and prove existence and uniqueness result without any structure condition.

Degenerate States in Nonlinear Sigma Model with SU(2) Symmetry

Entanglement in quantum theory is a peculiar concept to scientists. With this concept we are forced to re-consider the cluster property which means that one event is irrelevant to another event when they are fully far away. In the recent works we showed that the quasi-degenerate states induce the violation of cluster property in antiferromagnets when the continuous symmetry breaks spontaneously. We expect that the violation of cluster property will be observed in other materials too, because the spontaneous symmetry breaking is found in many systems such as the high temperature superconductors and the superfluidity. In order to examine the cluster property for these materials, we studied a quantum nonlinear sigma model with U(1) symmetry in the previous work. There we showed that the model does have quasi-degenerate states. In this paper we study the quantum nonlinear sigma model with SU(2) symmetry. In our approach we first define the quantum system on the lattice and then adopt the representation where the kinetic term is diagonalized. Since we have no definition on the conjugate variable to the angle variable, we use the angular momentum operators instead for the kinetic term. In this representation we introduce the states with the fixed quantum numbers and carry out numerical calculations using quantum Monte Carlo methods and other methods. Through analytical and numerical studies, we conclude that the energy of the quasi-degenerate state is proportional to the squared total angular momentum as well as to the inverse of the lattice size.

NLRP3 and autophagy in retinal ganglion cell inflammation in age-related macular degeneration:potential therapeutic implications

Retinal degenerative diseases were a large group of diseases characterized by the primary death of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs).Recent studies had shown an interaction between autophagy and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3(NLRP3)inflammasomes,which may affect RGCs in retinal degenerative diseases.The NLRP3 inflammasome was a protein complex that,upon activation,produces caspase-1,mediating the apoptosis of retinal cells and promoting the occurrence and development of retinal degenerative diseases.Upregulated autophagy could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation,while inhibited autophagy can promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation,which leaded to the accelerated emergence of drusen and lipofuscin deposition under the neurosensory retina.The activated NLRP3 inflammasome could further inhibit autophagy,thus forming a vicious cycle that accelerated the damage and death of RGCs.This review discussed the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy and its effects on RGCs in age-related macular degeneration,providing a new perspective and direction for the treatment of retinal diseases.

Targeting cholesterol trafficking to mitigate axonal degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia

Axonal degeneration underlies many debilitating diseases including hereditary spastic paraplegia(HSP),a genetically and clinically diverse group of disorders characterized by spasticity and weakness of the lower extremities.HSP is one significant cause of chronic neurodisability due to the lack of effective treatments and a wide range of onset ages from early childhood to 70 years.

Astrocyte syncytium:from neonatal genesis to aging degeneration

Modern neuroscience began from all reaching and fierce conflict between“neuronismo and reticulismo”——between neuronal and reticular theories of the organization of the nervous system;the conflict culminated in December of 1906 in Stockholm where Santiago Ramon y Cajal(the proponent of the neuronal doctrine)and Camillo Golgi(who advocated the syncytial reticular organization of neural networks)delivered their Noble prize lectures(Verkhratsky,2009).

Mechanisms behind elevated serum levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD)is a form of progressive dementia characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.This pathology involves a series of cognitive,behavioral,and neurological symptoms that influence personality,decision-making ability,and language.

HCSP-Net:A Novel Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Classification Based on Color Fundus Photography

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)ranks third among the most common causes of blindness.As the most conventional and direct method for identifying AMD,color fundus photography has become prominent owing to its consistency,ease of use,and good quality in extensive clinical practice.In this study,a convolutional neural network(CSPDarknet53)was combined with a transformer to construct a new hybrid model,HCSP-Net.This hybrid model was employed to tri-classify color fundus photography into the normal macula(NM),dry macular degeneration(DMD),and wet macular degeneration(WMD)based on clinical classification manifestations,thus identifying and resolving AMD as early as possible with color fundus photography.To further enhance the performance of this model,grouped convolution was introduced in this study without significantly increasing the number of parameters.HCSP-Net was validated using an independent test set.The average precision of HCSPNet in the diagnosis of AMD was 99.2%,the recall rate was 98.2%,the F1-Score was 98.7%,the PPV(positive predictive value)was 99.2%,and the NPV(negative predictive value)was 99.6%.Moreover,a knowledge distillation approach was also adopted to develop a lightweight student network(SCSP-Net).The experimental results revealed a noteworthy enhancement in the accuracy of SCSP-Net,rising from 94%to 97%,while remarkably reducing the parameter count to a quarter of HCSP-Net.This attribute positions SCSP-Net as a highly suitable candidate for the deployment of resource-constrained devices,which may provide ophthalmologists with an efficient tool for diagnosing AMD.

Biomaterial engineering strategies for modeling the Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration,a multifactorial inflammatory degenerative retinal disease,ranks as the leading cause of blindness in the elderly.Strikingly,there is a scarcity of curative therapies,especially for the atrophic advanced form of age-related macular degeneration,likely due to the lack of models able to fully recapitulate the native structure of the outer blood retinal barrier,the prime to rget tissue of age-related macular degeneration.Standard in vitro systems rely on 2D monocultures unable to adequately reproduce the structure and function of the outer blood retinal barrier,integrated by the dynamic interaction of the retinal pigment epithelium,the Bruch's membrane,and the underlying choriocapillaris.The Bruch's membrane provides structu ral and mechanical support and regulates the molecular trafficking in the outer blood retinal barrier,and therefo re adequate Bruch's membrane-mimics are key for the development of physiologically relevant models of the outer blood retinal barrie r.In the last years,advances in the field of biomaterial engineering have provided novel approaches to mimic the Bruch's membrane from a variety of materials.This review provides a discussion of the integrated properties and function of outer blood retinal barrier components in healt hy and age-related macular degeneration status to understand the requirements to adequately fabricate Bruch's membrane biomimetic systems.Then,we discuss novel materials and techniques to fabricate Bruch's membrane-like scaffolds for age-related macular degeneration in vitro modeling,discussing their advantages and challenges with a special focus on the potential of Bruch's membrane-like mimics based on decellularized tissue.

Comparative study between swept-source and spectraldomain OCTA for imaging of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration

AIM:To compare the dif ferences of choroidal neovascularization(CNV)measurements between sweptsource and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography(SS-OCTA and SD-OCTA)in neovascular agerelated macular degeneration(nAMD)and the imaging reliability of the two devices.METHODS:Prospective comparative study.SS-OCTA and SD-OCTA were used to scan the same eye with the modes of 3×3 and 6×6 mm2 centered on the neovascularization.Only qualified images were chosen and the border of CNV was manually delineated by two graders independently.The area of CNV(ACNV),vascular perfusion density(PD),and vessel length density(VLD)within the delineation were calculated using Image J.The differences of CNV measurements between the two OCTA devices were compared using Bland-Altman analysis.The agreement between the two graders on the measurements of each device was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC).RESULTS:A total of 18 patients(22 eyes)with nAMD were included.The measurements of ACNV,PD,and VLD were 7.247±4.586 and 4.901±3.741 mm^(2),43.202±9.636 and 34.904±10.489,6.339±1.228 and 5.908±1.741 mm^(-1) for SS-OCTA and SD-OCTA,respectively.The differences between the two devices were 2.346±3.030 mm^(2)(Z=-3.782,P<0.0001),8.298±14.160(Z=-2.419,P=0.016),and 0.431±2.114 mm^(-1)(Z=-0.828,P=0.408)for ACNV,PD and VLD,respectively.The ICC between two graders were 0.893(P<0.001),0.902(P<0.001),0.885(P<0.001)for ACNV,PD,VLD in SS-OCTA,and 0.971(P<0.001),0.976(P<0.001),0.973(P<0.001)in SD-OCTA,respectively.CONCLUSION:Both OCTA devices have high imaging reliability.Compared with SD-OCTA,SS-OCTA has a larger ACNV measurements,but doesn’t show better resolution of internal vessels of CNV and well signal strength.