Recent advances in particulate drug delivery systems: Oral, pulmonary, and ophthalmic administrations

Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes,lipid emulsions,and polymeric nanoparticles have great potential to deliver drugs effectively.Preparation of nano-crystals of API has also received much attention to design dosage forms to complete effective drug delivery.A variety of investigations have been carried out toward the design of an optimal particulate system.

美国食品药物管理总局(FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION,简称 FDA)情况简介

FDA是美联邦政府卫生部(DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICE简称DHHS直译应为卫生及人类服务部,实即卫生部及有关福利事宜)下的直属机构。是对食品及药物等方面制定规范及进行管理的权威性机关。FDA除主要对食品、药物外还包括有生物制品,化妆品及医疗设施等的管理,与农业部(负责肉类、疏菜、水果的管理)、环境保护局(E.P.A)(负责空气、饮水、废弃物、农药、毒品等的管理)分工统管环境中的化学物。它们都是以立法为根据的代表政府的执法机关。 FDA的前身为化学部(DEPARTMENT OF CHEMLSTRY)建于1906年。现有工作人员约8。

The State Food and Drug Administration:Supervisory Regulations on Cosmetics May Be Introduced This Year

On May 28, 2019 Chinese Cosmetics Development Conference was held in Beijing. At the conference, Li Nan, chief of the General Division, Supervision Department of the State Food and Drug Administration introduced China’s development concerning the cosmetics supervisory rules and regulations from the perspectives of legislation plan and thinking. He mentioned that the regulations on supervision and administration of cosmetics are expected to be released this year, and the regulations on cosmetic registration and label management.

Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration Impact on Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis in 13 Sanitary Districts in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the neglected tropical diseases targeted for elimination as a public health issue in the world by 2020. To achieve this goal, one of the strategies is interruption of transmission using chemotherapy (mass drug administration). Burkina Faso in west Africa, an endemic country, has endorsed this resolution. In 2000, all Sanitary Districts (SD) in the country were endemic, and then a national elimination program has made it possible to stop mass treatment in 45 out of 70 SD over 12 years. Sixteen years later, 13 other SD were reeligible for Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS). This study aimed to determine the current level of the Mass drugs Administration (MDA) impact indicators in these 13 targeted SD in order to decide whether we need to continue MDA. Method: It was a descriptive study that took place from June to September 2017 in 13 SD regrouped into 7 Evaluation Units (EU). The population of the study was 6 to 7 years old children. The community-based cluster survey method was used. The diagnostic test used to detect Wuchereria bancrofti’s circulating antigen (W. bancrofti) is the Filariasis Test Strip (FTS). The critical threshold of positivity was set at 18 positive subjects per EU. Results: We sampled a total of 12,060 children, 48.9% were female and 51.1% male. In the 7 EU, 13 children were positive to W. bancrofti test. The average antigenic prevalence was 0.11% (13/12,060). In all EU, the number of positive subjects was below the critical threshold. Conclusion: At the end of this evaluation of the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in 13 SD of Burkina Faso, we can tell the MDA could be stopped in these areas without risk of resurgence of the disease, according to the current recommendations of WHO. This can be possible by setting up post-TMM surveillance, considering migratory flows, and including villages where positive cases were found to search possible residual transmission zones.

Work Hard to Ensure Food,Drugs Safety for the People——An interview with Shao Mingli,director-general of the State Food and Drug Administration(SFDA)

Following is an interview given by Shao Mingli, director-general of China＇s State Food and Drug Administration to our reporter on what is being done to ensure food and drug safety in China. As everybody knows, food and drug safety is vital to people＇s lives.

Space Law Center of China National Space Administration Established

On December 23,2017,the Space Law Center of the China National Space Administration(hereafter SLC)was established in Beijing Institute of Technology during the 2017Space Law Seminar.Over 100 leaders and experts from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Meteorological Administration,State Oceanic Administration,

Effectiveness of ivermectin mass drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections in endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Current soil-transmitted helminth(STH)control guidelines endorse the use of albendazole or meben-dazole for school-based targeted preventive chemotherapy(PC),yet their reduced efficacy against Strongyloides sterc-oralis and Trichuris trichiura presents significant limitations.Emerging evidence indicates that community-wide PC[or mass drug administration(MDA)]using ivermectin,commonly used in other neglected tropical disease(NTD)control programs,may play an important role in controlling these parasites.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of ivermectin PC in reducing STH prevalence in endemic populations.Methods We searched Pubmed,EMBASE,and Web of Science on February 14,2023,for studies that investigated the effectiveness of ivermectin PC,either alone or in combination with other anthelmintic drugs,on STH infec-tions,and provided a measure of STH prevalence before and after PC.We calculated pooled prevalence reductions for each STH using random-effects meta-analyses.Our protocol is available on PROSPERO(registration number CRD42023401219).Results A total of 21 were eligible for the systematic review,of which 15 were eligible for meta-analysis.All studies delivered ivermectin through MDA.The pooled prevalence reduction of S.stercoralis following MDA with ivermec-tin alone was 84.49%(95%CI:54.96-94.66)across five studies and 81.37%(95% CI:61.62-90.96)across seven studies with or without albendazole.The prevalence reduction of T.trichiura was 49.93%(95%CI:18.23-69.34)across five studies with ivermectin alone,and 89.40%(95%CI:73.66-95.73)across three studies with the addition of albendazole.There was high heterogeneity for all syntheses(I^(2)>65%).Conclusions This study underscores the key role of ivermectin-based MDA in addressing limitations in current global STH guidelines in terms of limited efficacy against S.stercoralis and T.trichiura.Based on these findings,revising inter-national STH guidelines to include ivermectin is a promising option to progress the control and eventual elimination ofSTHsandotherNTDs.

Transparency of Tax Law and Tax Administration

Transparency of tax law and tax administration is vital to the fair,effective and efficient operation of a tax system.To achieve and improve transparency,various means and channels are available.This article sets out the measures adopted by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in promoting and improving transparency of tax law and tax administration.

Analysis on the law of differentiating and treating insomnia by physicians based on cluster analysis of drug syndrome

Objective:To explore the general differentiation and treatment of insomnia by Professor Gao Ying through drug clustering and group correspondence analysis,and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Collect retrospective case data from outpatient system,use SPSS20.0 software to perform frequency and cluster analysis on high-frequency symptoms and drug data,and perform corresponding analysis on the clustered drug syndrome groups.Results:A total of 349 consultations in 204 patients were included.Cluster analysis of 35 symptoms and 40 flavors with a frequency of more than 10%resulted in a corresponding relationship between 7 symptom groups,6 drug groups and 5 drug syndrome groups.The medicine symptom group has a high degree of matching;the doctors distinguish and tre at insomnia with calming,clearing heat,nourishing yin,liver,spleen,qi and phlegm as the core treatment,with consistent decoction,two to pill,lily ground Huang Tang,Lily Zhimu Decoction,Wendan Decoction,Sini San,Xiao Chai Hu Tang,Xiaoyao San,etc.are commonly used prescriptions;the physician's experience is to add or subtract Danshen and Zao Ren drink,which has a wide range of applicability to various insomnia syndrome.Conclusion:Based on the cluster analysis of drug symptoms and group correspondence analysis,it can reveal the pathogenesis,treatment and class information hidden in the data of drug symptoms,which can reflect the general law of physicians'syndrome differentiation and treatment of insomnia.This method has a reference for the exploration of TCM clinical experience significance;The results of this study can provide feedback to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

Village Council and Administration of Justice:A Study Among the Dimasa Kacharis of Assam

Village council is a socio-political organisation that is the connection between people who relate themselves to each other creates an arrangement of persons that makes unit.It is a part of the large social organisation which refers to the institution which maintains rules and regulation of the society.For instance,stability of every social structure is needed to have the connection between the people who relate themselves to each other creates an arrangement of persons that makes unit.The organisation stands for juridical rights of the people’s safeguard and these juridical obligations are inferred in them.Village organisation coincides as in most cases that villages act as territorial social as well as political unit.The Dimasas inhabited in plains of Assam also have their traditional village council which acts as a socio-political unit into their parochial life.In this paper,an attempt has been made to evaluate the function of village council for the maintenance of peace and smooth functioning of the socio-cultural life of the Dimasa Kacharis inhabiting in a rural context of Assam.

Status and Development Trend of Administrative Law Research

Since the new century, the development trend of administrative law and administrative law issues have been a concern for Chinese administrative law scholars, especially in recent years, more and more scholars start to discuss ＂ new administrative law＂ ,directly or indirectly,＂ New Administrative Law＂ has become China＇ s new hot spot for administrative law research. From two aspects, which involve the new direction of the construction of the administrative law system and the new vision of the administrative law, relevant research results on law research were reviewed and commented, and a number of visions were made on the future development of China＇ s administrative law, which were practically significant.

On Some Legal Problems in Postal Administration

With the development of e-commerce,the express delivery industry in China has developed rapidly.In the past,the express logistics service with postal service as the core has gradually developed into a competitive situation among many logistics companies,such as EMS,Shunfeng,and“Four Tong&One Da”(Shentong Express,Yuantong Express,Zhongtong Express,Best Express,Yunda Express).With the rapid development of China’s express industry,and the development of e-commerce,the number of online shopping has increased,express has become an important choice for small goods exchanges.As a new industry in China,express service industry greatly promotes the development of social economy.With the rapid development of express industry,China has surpassed the United States and become the largest express country in the world.The proportion of express industry in GDP has exceeded 1%,which is becoming one of the pillar industries in China.At the same time,the development of the industry is not standardized.Due to the difference of service standards and the lack of service quality,the number of consumer complaints is increasing.

Based on data mining,the drug law of clinical treatment of chronic urticaria

Background:Based on clinical data mining,we introduce the medication rule and clinical application of Professor Wang Lifen in the treatment of chronic urticaria,as the reference of clinical treatment of chronic urticaria.Methods:we collected 110 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of chronic urticaria,and found out tastes,functions and channel tropism of Chinese medicine.After collecting and sorting,we inputted the data into excel 2010 software and established drug electronic database.We calculated the frequency of tastes,functions and channel tropism using the Spss 20.0 and analyzed the potential relationship between the drugs using Weka 3.8.We used Cytoscape 3.6.1 to draw the related network and combine it into a new prescription.Then the clinical data of prescriptions were statistically analyzed.Results:The statistical analysis showed that the high-frequency drugs for the treatment of the disease were Gancao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma),Huangqin(Radix scutellariae),Desmopeel,Jingjie(Herba schizonepetae),parsnip,etc.,accounting for more than 69.50%of the total frequency.Moreover,the combination and drug pairs with the strongest and most commonly used high-frequency drugs were found.From the point of medicinal properties of these drugs in the treatment of chronic urticaria,the main drugs are cold,followed by warm and smooth,accounting for 70.75%of the total frequency.From the perspective of the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of chronic urticaria,heat-clearing drugs are the main ones,followed by relieving drugs and Tonic drugs,accounting for 68.25%of the total frequency.From the perspective of medicine taste,sweet taste is the most important,followed by bitter and pungent taste,accounting for 68.00%of the total frequency.From the perspective of drugs channel tropism,the meridian of spleen is the most important,followed by the meridian of lung,liver,heart,stomach,etc.,accounting for 71.62%of the total frequency.Conclusion:According to the data mining results,traditional Chinese medicine treatment of chronic urticaria is mainly based on dispelling wind,clearing heat and removing dampness,cooling blood and detoxifying,supplemented by nourishing blood and nourishing deficiency.This data mining conforms to the law and principle of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of chronic urticaria,which has certain reference and enlightenment significance for clinical treatment of chronic urticaria.

Analysis on the Problems of Agent Performance in Administrative Law

With the rapid development of modem social politics and economy,agent performance has been a need of the People's Republic of China's administrative law enforcement and the public.Its form is relatively mild,and it is the product formed in the field of modem administrative law enforcement.The contemporary agent performance system has been playing an important role in environmental protection and traffic safety,which can save administrative costs to a certain extent,improve the efficiency of law enforcement,as well as effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the obligee.In spite of this,agent performance in China's administrative law has gained a lot of space for development,but there are many aspects that still need continuous development and improvement such as the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance.This article focuses on the issue of agent performance as well as analyzes the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance in administrative law of the People's Republic of China in aiming to promote the development of agent performance in administrative compulsory law of the People's Republic of China.

Fifty-six Cases of Stubborn Eczema Treated by Oral Administration and Topical Application of Herbal Medicine

Eczema is a kind of very common dermatopathy. The cases with a long course of illness and hard to be cured are termed as stubborn eczema. We have obtained good results in its treatment since 1995 with the Chu Shi Tang (除湿汤Dampness-Clearing Decoction) for oral intake and the Fu Fang Ku Shen Xi Ye (复方苦参洗液) for topical application. The following is a clinical report for treating 56 patients with stubborn eczema.

Analysis on the Medication Law of Drug Pair Acorus Tatarinowii-Polygala Tenuifolia Based on the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions

Objective:Using data mining method to dig and sort out the prescriptions with Acorus tatarinowiiPolygala tenuifolia drug pair,and summarize the medication characteristics and compatibility of their prescriptions after preliminary screening.Methods:By searching the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions,a standardized database of prescriptions was established,and the properties,tastes and meridian tropism of prescriptions were classified,and the indications of prescriptions and core combinations of traditional Chinese medicines were analyzed.Results:178 prescriptions were collected,of which 210 were related.Most of the drugs were warm in nature and sweet in taste,and mainly return to the heart and kidney meridians.Under the same confidence and different support,the core drug combination for treating brain diseases was Acorus tatarinowiiPolygala tenuifolia-Ginseng,and the core drug combination for treating asthenia was Acorus tatarinowii-Poria cocos-Rehmannia glutinosa-Polygala tenuifolia.Conclusion:The compatibility characteristics of the prescriptions containing Acorus Tatarinowii and Polygala tenuifolia in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions are remarkable,which provides reference for scientific guidance of clinical rational drug use and basic research of prescriptions containing Acorus tatarinowii and Polygala tenuifolia.

Clinical Observation on Treatment of Acquired Paralytic Strabismus by Acupuncture Plus Oral Administration of Chinese Herbs

From June 1996 to June 2002, the author treated 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus by acupuncture plus oral administration of Zheng Rong Tang (正容汤), with another 38 cases of acquired paralytic strabismus treated only with oral administration of Chinese herbs as the controls. The results are reported as follows.

Disposition of nanoparticle-based delivery system via inner ear administration

The inner ear is difficult to access by conventional systemic drug delivery due to formidable physiological and anatomic barriers.There is an increasing interest in the treatment of inner ear disorders by topical application of drugs to the inner ear.One of the most important issues to overcome before full clinical application is the development of smart delivery systems for drugs to the target sites and controlled release in the inner ear.This is an area where nanoparticles will play an extremely important role.These submicron particles have exhibited improved biocompatibility,in vivo stability,target specificity,and cell/tissue uptake and internalization of the encapsulated therapeutic agents,leading to a decrease in the dose required and a decrease in side effects.This unique combination of properties makes nanoparticles a novel delivery device,which fulfils the requirements for inner ear application.This review will summarize recent findings and applications of various nanoparticle-based systems like poly(D,L-lactic/glycolic acid) nanoparticles,magnetic nanoparticles,lipid nanoparticles,liposomes,polymersomes,hydroxyapatite nanoparticles,and silica nanoparticles in the field of inner ear drug delivery.Moreover,the review will provide an insight into the future strategies of nanoparticle-based cochlear drug delivery.In conjunction,physiological considerations related to inner ear administration will be highlighted.The routes and applications for local inner-ear drug delivery will also be mentioned.In closing,this review will give an overview of the potential future development in inner ear administration with nanoparticles.