A Modeling Study of the Effects of Direct Radiative Forcing Due to Carbonaceous Aerosol on the Climate in East Asia

The study investigated the effects of global direct radiative forcing due to carbonaceous aerosol on the climate in East Asia, using the CAM3 developed by NCAR. The results showed that carbonaceous aerosols cause negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） and surface under clear sky conditions, but positive forcing at the TOA and weak negative forcing at the surface under all sky conditions. Hence, clouds could change the sign of the direct radiative forcing at the TOA, and weaken the forcing at the surface. Carbonaceous aerosols have distinct effects on the summer climate in East Asia. In southern China and India, it caused the surface temperature to increase, but the total cloud cover and precipitation to decrease. However, the opposite effects are caused for most of northern China and Bangladesh. Given the changes in temperature, vertical velocity, and surface streamflow caused by carbonaceous aerosol in this simulation, carbonaceous aerosol could also induce summer precipitation to decrease in southern China but increase in northern China.

Holocene Dune Mobility and Forcing Mechanisms at the Northern Margin of the East Asian Monsoon

Dune fields at the northern margin of the East Asian monsoon （EAM）, are mosaics of mobile and vegetation-stabilized aeolian dunes. These sand dunes are highly sensitive to environmental change, thus the distribution and the timing of their development may provide important clues to past environmental dynamics. Due to the strong wind erosion and dune migration, long and continuous stratigraphic records are seldom preserved. Synthesizing a large body of events, ultimately producing a relatively complete and high-resolution record, may be a proper method to investigate the dune development history and climate change. In this study, we synthesized a large body of luminescence ages for aeolian deposits from the Mu Us, Otindag, Horqin dune fields at the northern margin of the EAM. The results show that these dune fields, as a whole experienced a most extensive mobility during the early Holocene, followed by a widespread shift toward limited mobility and soil development in the mid-Holocene, and widespread reactivation occurred during late Holocene. The dune developments are directly linked to the effective moisture change controlled by the EAM changes, which respond to the low latitude summer insolation variation. The increased subsidence at the margin contrary to the core EAM, the delay from the feedback of the soil-vegetation-air coupled system, the increased evaporation due to the high temperature all play partial role in the lag of the margin EAM effective moisture change to the low latitude summer insolation. The asynchronous end of the wetter mid-Holocene mainly responds to the southeastwardly shift of the precipitation belt, while the regional sensitivity, response speed and internal feedback also contributed. The correspondence between dune records and North Atlantic drift-ice records of the rapid climate changes implies a close relationship between North Atlantic climate and the frequent dune activity at the northern margin of EAM.

Influence of Low-frequency Solar Forcing on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Based on HadCM3 and Observations

In this study, we investigate the influence of low-frequency solar forcing on the East Asian winter monsoon（EAWM）by analyzing a four-member ensemble of 600-year simulations performed with Had CM3（Hadley Centre Coupled Model,version 3）. We find that the EAWM is strengthened when total solar irradiance（TSI） increases on the multidecadal time scale. The model results indicate that positive TSI anomalies can result in the weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, causing negative sea surface temperature（SST） anomalies in the North Atlantic. Especially for the subtropical North Atlantic, the negative SST anomalies can excite an anomalous Rossby wave train that moves from the subtropical North Atlantic to the Greenland Sea and finally to Siberia. In this process, the positive sea-ice feedback over the Greenland Sea further enhances the Rossby wave. The wave train can reach the Siberian region, and strengthen the Siberian high. As a result, low-level East Asian winter circulation is strengthened and the surface air temperature in East Asia decreases. Overall,when solar forcing is stronger on the multidecadal time scale, the EAWM is typically stronger than normal. Finally, a similar linkage can be observed between the EAWM and solar forcing during the period 1850–1970.

Assessment of aerosol effective radiative forcing and surface air temperature response over eastern China in CMIP5 models

气溶胶有效辐射强迫是评估气溶胶气候效应的有效指标。本文利用国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中7个模式的模拟结果,评估了模式对东亚地区气溶胶光学厚度和有效辐射强迫的模拟水平,并分析了东亚地区平均地表温度对局地人为气溶胶强迫的响应。研究结果显示,大部分模式低估了中国东部和西南部污染地区的气溶胶光学厚度,这可能与模式中气溶胶局地排放、化学过程以及模式分辨率有关;多模式平均的东亚地区气溶胶有效辐射强迫为.4.14 W m.2,气溶胶在东亚地区有明显的降温效应,1850–2005年气溶胶浓度增加使得东亚地区降温.1.05°C。

Modeling Study of the Impact of Heterogeneous Reactions on Dust Surfaces on Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing over East Asia in Springtime

The spatial distributions and interannual variations of aerosol concentrations,aerosol optical depth(AOD) ,aerosol direct radiative forcings,and their responses to heterogeneous reactions on dust surfaces over East Asia in March 2006-10 were investigated by utilizing a regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model. Anthropogenic aerosol concentrations(inorganic+carbonaceous) were higher in March 2006 and 2008,whereas soil dust reached its highest levels in March 2006 and 2010,resulting in stronger aerosol radiative forcings in these periods.The domain and five-year(2006-10) monthly mean concentrations of anthropogenic and dust aerosols,AOD,and radiative forcings at the surface(SURF) and at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) in March were 2.4μg m-3,13.1μg m-3,0.18,-19.0 W m-2,and-7.4 W m-2,respectively.Heterogeneous reactions led to an increase of total inorganic aerosol concentration;however,the ambient inorganic aerosol concentration decreased,resulting in a smaller AOD and weaker aerosol radiative forcings.In March 2006 and 2010,the changes in ambient inorganic aerosols,AOD,and aerosol radiative forcings were more evident.In terms of the domain and five-year averages,the total inorganic aerosol concentrations increased by 13.7%(0.17μg m-3) due to heterogeneous reactions,but the ambient inorganic aerosol concentrations were reduced by 10.5%(0.13μg m-3) .As a result,the changes in AOD,SURF and TOA radiative forcings were estimated to be-3.9%(-0.007) ,-1.7%(0.34 W m-2) ,and-4.3%(0.34 W m-2) ,respectively,in March over East Asia.

Long Term Assessment of Aerosol Radiative Forcing over Selected Sites of East Africa

Atmospheric aerosols have contributed to radiative forcing through direct and indirect mechanisms. Aerosol effects are important in computing radiative forcing estimates for the past, current and future climate. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of regional aerosol radiative forcing, Optical Properties of Aerosol and Clouds (OPAC) model (wavelength range of 0.25 - 4.0 μm) over selected sites in East Africa was done. Aerosol optical properties constituted the inputs of a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). Op-tical properties investigated included Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Asymmetry Parameter (AP). Aerosol Radiative Forcing (ARF) during the study period at the surface (SFC), top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the atmosphere (ATM) was estimated to be -18.4 ± 1.4 W·m-2, +1.1 ± 0.3 W·m-2 and +19.5 ± 2.5 W·m-2, respectively. This corresponds to an increment in net atmospheric forcing at a heating rate of about 0.55 ± 0.05 K/day (0.41 ± 0.03 to 0.78 ± 0.03 K/day) in the lower troposphere. The study points out the significant role played by atmospheric aerosols in climate modification over the area of study. It is recommended that a further assessment be done in view of uncertainties that may impact on the findings and which were not within the scope of this research.

Origin of the “East Turkistan” Issue

The term ＂Turkistan＂ appeared in Arabic geographical works in the Middle Ages. It meant ＂the region of the Turks＂ and referred to the areas north of the Sir River in Central Asia and the adjoining areas to the east of the river. With the evolution of history, the modem ethnic groups in Central Asia were established one after another. By the 18th century, the geographical concept of ＂Turkistan＂ was already very vague,

Regional diversity of agricultural labor productivity and its driving force in east China

China's eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricultural comparative earning and lack of driving force of agricultural development. Based on calculating agricultural labor productivity in east China from 1996 to 2005, this paper analyzes contributing degree of motive forces of agriculture develop in ten provinces and cities of east China applying GCA (Grey correlative analysis). The results show that there is no absolute correspondence between the level of industrialization and agricultural labor productivity in China's eastern area. There is no synchronous development between industry and agricultural labor productivity in some areas. Fertilizer and agricultural machinery input had high contributing degree for ten years; however, contributing degree in land and irrigation work input was low. Non-materialization inputs became the leading role in most provinces and cities' increase of agricultural labor productivity. Modern agricultural development need non-materialization inputs as primary motive force, at the same time, direct material input and facility input as guaranteed function. For some reasons, agricultural development is characterized by "more direct material input, less facility input" in east China now. Optimal driving force model of future agricultural development in east China is that non-materialization inputs are dominant, that perfected facility input are guarantee, and that certain substance inputs are necessary.

基于海-冰-气系统的东亚冬季风统计预测

东亚冬季风对东亚冬季的天气气候具有重要影响,对其预测研究是冬季气候预测的关键问题。已有东亚冬季风强度指数(ISA)与东北冬季气温在年际、年代际尺度具有显著且稳定的相关关系,但ISA的前兆信号在20世纪90年代末发生年代际转变,对ISA的预测效果转差。在海-冰-气系统重新寻找影响ISA的前兆因子,分析其与东亚冬季风的可能关联,构建统计预测方法并开展交叉检验。结果表明:20世纪80年代后ISA与前期热带太平洋马蹄型结构的海温、墨西哥湾流区海温、平流层欧亚中高纬环流型呈显著正相关,与巴伦支海海冰密集度呈显著负相关。以上前兆信号可通过冬季大气环流、海陆热力差等途径影响ISA,预测模型拟合效果较好,试报期间(2012—2022年)与实况的符号一致率达81.8%(9/11),可用于当前年代际背景下东亚冬季风强度预测。

EAST快控电源监控系统设计

EAST快控电源是国家"九五"大科学工程EAST非圆截面大型超导托卡马克装置的子系统。为实现对EAST快控电源系统完善的监控和管理,采用PLC与系统控制器相结合的方式实现电源现场的运行智能管理;PLC配置CP423-1模块,通过工业以太网与远程监控诊断计算机进行通信,实现遥信和遥控;现场采集工控机对电源系统的模拟量进行采集,并将数据远传,实现遥测。该监控系统已在EAST运行中使用,实现了预期的设计目标。

等离子体破裂时EAST真空室的电磁和结构分析

用ANSYS有限元软件计算了等离子体破裂时真空室上的涡流、电磁力和应力。有限元模型包含了基本的第一壁部件,以更加准确地研究真空室在瞬态电磁力作用下的结构强度。结果表明,高场侧靶板和内靶板带给真空室较大瞬时应力,但真空室的结构强度仍然满足强度要求。分析可校核和改进第一壁部件的结构设计。

The Effect of Transient Eddy on Interannual Meridional Displacement of Summer East Asian Subtropical Jet

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002, this study investigated the effect of tran- sient eddy （TE） on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet （EASJ） by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis. The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement. Associated with such a meridional displacement, the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis. The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally lead- ing the zonal wind anomalies, suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction. However, The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity, favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction. Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles, the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.

IMPACT OF DESERT DUST ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

The radiative forcing(RF) of Asian desert dust and its regional feedbacks to the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) system are investigated with a coupled regional climate-desert dust model.The statistical significance of desert dust effects are analyzed through 20 summer seasons(1990-2009).In order to estimate the dust effects reasonably,some improvement has been achieved for the coupled model,including the updates of optical properties and desert source area distribution.We find that the desert dust can result in a roughly weakened monsoon in eastern China,Korean Peninsula,Japan and Indian Peninsula and a strengthened monsoon in Indochina Peninsula in the lower troposphere.Moreover,the precipitation comparisons between observational data and simulated patterns are also suggestive of the desert dust effect on the EASM.In the upper troposphere,the southward shift of the westerly jet(WJ) by the dust effect can be seen as an indicator of the weakened monsoon in great part of the monsoon areas.The change of the moist static energy(MSE) contrast between land and ocean is the main reason for the EASM variations.

Sea surface temperature evolution in the Yellow Sea Warm Current pathway and its teleconnection with high and low latitude forcing during the mid-late Holocene

Sea surface temperature(SST)in the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC)pathway is sensitive to the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and YSWC.However,the role of the YSWC in the evolution of regional SST remains unclear.Here,we present new U 37 k′based SST and grain size sequences spanning the last 6092 years in the sediment core Z1,which was retrieved from the central Yellow Sea muddy area.Overall,U 37 k′-SST gradually increased since 6.1 ka BP,with a series of centennial-scale fl uctuations.Its variation was mainly caused by EAWM when YSWC was weak between 6.1 and~3.9 ka BP,as shown by the end-member content of grain size.However,after YSWC was fully developed,i.e.,since~3.9 ka BP,it exerted critical eff ects on SST evolution in its pathway.The 1010-and 538-year cycles of the SST sequence indicated a basic control of solar activity on the oceanic conditions in the Yellow Sea.It is suggested that the variation of total solar irradiance was amplifi ed by thermohaline circulation and then transmitted to the Yellow Sea through the EAWM.Meanwhile,the tropical Pacifi c signal of El Niño was transmitted to the YSWC through the Kuroshio Current.The dual properties of warm water transported by YSWC to compensate the EAWM and driving by Kuroshio Current closely linked the variation of SST in the YSWC pathway to the Northern Hemisphere high latitude climate and the tropical Pacifi c.These fi ndings highlight the signifi cance of YSWC on regional SST evolution and its teleconnection to high and low latitude forcing,which grains a better understanding of the long-term evolution of SST in the middle latitude Yellow Sea.

Dynamical role of the Rocky Mountain controlled by East Asian topographies in modulating the tropospheric westerly jet in northern winter

本文通过数值模拟,研究了有无东亚地形存在时,落基山地形作用对冬季北半球副热带西风急流的影响,分析了东亚大地形对落基山地形的调制作用。结果表明,东亚地形的存在能够完全抑制落基山地形对太平洋副热带急流的加强作用,使得落基山地形作用仅能加强其下游的大西洋副热带急流。主要原因是东亚大地形可抑制落基山地形北侧反气旋环流的发展,进而抑制中纬度太平洋地区经向温度梯度的加强。该结果有助于我们进一步理解北半球大地形强迫作用,及其相互调制作用对对流层天气和环流结构的影响。

2021/2022年东亚大陆冬季前暖后冷的环流差异及其成因

2021/2022年冬季东亚大陆地区整体以偏冷为主,气温季节内变化显著,前冬(2021年12月1日—2022年1月26日)气温偏高,后冬(2022年1月28日—2月24日)气温偏低;气温变化的空间差异较大,呈现出显著的北暖南冷特征,尤其在冷时段,南部地区气温偏低幅度比北部地区大1℃左右.本文利用逐日中国观测站点资料和NCEP/NCAR、ERA5等再分析资料分析了2021/2022年冬季东亚大陆前暖后冷的可能原因,发现与冬季气候密切相关的西伯利亚高压、东亚冬季风、平流层极涡、高原高度场、西太平洋副热带高压、东亚高空西风急流、北半球平流层环状模(NAM)等大尺度环流系统均发生了显著的转折性变化,直接导致了东亚大陆冬季前暖后冷的季节变化,但乌拉尔山高压在冷暖时段的变化差异并不明显.另外,赤道中东太平洋冷海温和北大西洋暖海温在后冬的加强变化通过对大气环流的强迫影响,对2022/2021年后冬冷时段冷空气的加强和低温冷事件的发生起到了十分重要的作用.

脱贫劳动力“户—岗”适配与就业稳定研究——以广东H区对口协作贵州G县为例

“户—岗”适配就业稳定主要以脱贫“户”为切入点,实现人力、物力及信息资源的合作,其目标在于为脱贫户和用工主体搭建合作发展平台。稳岗补贴能够弥合家庭就业诉求与岗位用工理念的错位、就业培训能够提升家庭人力资本与岗位技能要求适配程度、就地就近就业兼顾家庭多维负担与岗位空间距离、社区治理改善家庭社会资本与单位岗位纪律规制适配环境。“户—岗”适配蕴含理论层面的多元主体共生关系、制度层面的经济增长与就业稳定良性循环、实践层面的以脱贫家庭为中心精细化治理的运作逻辑机理。“户—岗”适配就业稳定的价值在于实现以家庭为中心的可持续立体化治理、以互利共赢为目标的多元主体合作治理和“发展型”劳务助力乡村振兴。

算力网络业务分级模型与指标体系研究

本文基于目前行业应用对算力网络的需求,结合东数西算、数智化转型等需求研究算力网络业务分级方案和指标体系,对算力网络业务SLA指标进行分类归纳,对算力网络业务分级进行了建模,提出了算力网络业务指标的ERG模型,从资源可供、安全可信和系统可用3个维度描述算力网络业务指标模型,并形成了算力网络业务需求SLA分级编排器。最后,给出了算力时代的业务应用部署策略。

Complexity of the Contexts:Features of Private Tutoring and Units for Comparison in the GCC Countries of the Middle East

Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.