An integrated security framework for a semantic web is proposed based on the social intelligence of an individual's avoiding harm and preserving transaction logic-integrity. The framework extends the semantic web mod...An integrated security framework for a semantic web is proposed based on the social intelligence of an individual's avoiding harm and preserving transaction logic-integrity. The framework extends the semantic web model and controls the dynamic security of semantic web services, such as trust, logic and reasoning. It includes four layers, that is, a trust entrance layer, a social intelligence layer, a transaction layer, and a TCP/IP security protocols layer. The trust entrance layer deals with trustable features from users. Social intelligence layer is responsible for logical questions for a semantic web. The transaction layer carries out transaction reasoning. And the TCP/IP security protocols layer ensures security communication. These layers can cooperate to build closed-security-ring with different security grades. The integrated security framework provides an integrated security method for semantic web flow so that it is universal for various semantic web technologies.展开更多
Integrated electrocatalysts(IECs)containing well-defined functional materials directly grown on the current collector have sparked increasing interest in the fields of electrocatalysis owing to efficient activity,high...Integrated electrocatalysts(IECs)containing well-defined functional materials directly grown on the current collector have sparked increasing interest in the fields of electrocatalysis owing to efficient activity,high stability and the fact that they are easily assembled into devices.Recently,metal organic frameworks(MOFs)provide a promising platform for constructing advanced IECs because of their properties of low cost,large surface area and efficient structural tunability.In this review,the design principles of state-of-the-art IECs based on MOFs are presented,including by hydrothermal/solvothermal,template-directed,electrospinning,electrodeposition and other methods.The high performance of MOF-derived IECs has also been demonstrated in electrocatalytic gasinvolved reactions.This is promising for green energy storage and conversion.The structure-activity relationship and performance improvement mechanism of IECs are uncovered by discussing some in situ technologies for IECs.Finally,we provide an outlook on the challenges and prospects in this booming field.展开更多
This study investigated the integration of geospatial technologies within smart city frameworks to achieve the European Union’s climate neutrality goals by 2050. Focusing on rapid urbanization and escalating climate ...This study investigated the integration of geospatial technologies within smart city frameworks to achieve the European Union’s climate neutrality goals by 2050. Focusing on rapid urbanization and escalating climate challenges, the research analyzed how smart city frameworks, aligned with climate neutrality objectives, leverage geospatial technologies for urban planning and climate action. The study included case studies from three leading European cities, extracting lessons and best practices in implementing Climate City Contracts across sectors like energy, transport, and waste management. These insights highlighted the essential role of EU and national authorities in providing technical, regulatory, and financial support. Additionally, the paper presented the application of a WEBGIS platform in Limassol Municipality, Cyprus, demonstrating citizen engagement and acceptance of the proposed geospatial framework. Concluding with recommendations for future research, the study contributed significant insights into the advancement of urban sustainability and the effectiveness of geospatial technologies in smart city initiatives for combating climate change.展开更多
The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into healthcare research promises unprecedented advancements in medical diagnostics,treatment personalization,and patient care management.However,these innovations also br...The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into healthcare research promises unprecedented advancements in medical diagnostics,treatment personalization,and patient care management.However,these innovations also bring forth significant ethical challenges that must be addressed to maintain public trust,ensure patient safety,and uphold data integrity.This article sets out to introduce a detailed framework designed to steer governance and offer a systematic method for assuring that AI applications in healthcare research are developed and executed with integrity and adherence to medical research ethics.展开更多
This paper explores the impact of industry-education integration on students’motivation in college English courses under the TPACK(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge)framework using a comprehensive approach ...This paper explores the impact of industry-education integration on students’motivation in college English courses under the TPACK(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge)framework using a comprehensive approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods.Quantitative data analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between the perception of industry-education integration and the level of student learning motivation.There is also a clear association between the perception scores of TPACK framework integration and learning motivation.Qualitative data analysis reveals students’positive experiences and recognition of the TPACK framework integration in practical application projects.The study concludes that industry-education integration and the TPACK framework play a crucial role in enhancing students’learning motivation.It suggests optimizing teaching practices through faculty training,designing practical application projects,and promoting student interaction.This comprehensive analysis provides substantial guidance for the future development of English courses.展开更多
To avoid the isolation between the external and the internal information of enterprise information systems, a four-layer integrated framework is proposed on the basis of integrating Web2. 0 and the service- oriented a...To avoid the isolation between the external and the internal information of enterprise information systems, a four-layer integrated framework is proposed on the basis of integrating Web2. 0 and the service- oriented architecture (SOA), which contains the data layer, the service layer, the presentation layer and the collaboration layer. The presentation layer plays the key role, converging the external information from the collaboration layer to the inside of information system (IS), and diffusing the internal information from the service layer to public users. This framework can also illustrate how users contribute to producing new services, and how web services are integrated to collaborate with public users.展开更多
We present a novel unsupervised integrated score framework to generate generic extractive multi- document summaries by ranking sentences based on dynamic programming (DP) strategy. Considering that cluster-based met...We present a novel unsupervised integrated score framework to generate generic extractive multi- document summaries by ranking sentences based on dynamic programming (DP) strategy. Considering that cluster-based methods proposed by other researchers tend to ignore informativeness of words when they generate summaries, our proposed framework takes relevance, diversity, informativeness and length constraint of sentences into consideration comprehensively. We apply Density Peaks Clustering (DPC) to get relevance scores and diversity scores of sentences simultaneously. Our framework produces the best performance on DUC2004, 0.396 of ROUGE-1 score, 0.094 of ROUGE-2 score and 0.143 of ROUGE-SU4 which outperforms a series of popular baselines, such as DUC Best, FGB [7], and BSTM [10].展开更多
In complicated application environment such as CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacture System) enterprise, it will bring great benefits to integrate distributed knowledge sources. But the difficulties of knowledge shari...In complicated application environment such as CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacture System) enterprise, it will bring great benefits to integrate distributed knowledge sources. But the difficulties of knowledge sharing and reuse seriously encumbrance the implementation of knowledge integration. In this paper, we describe how a framework of knowledge-integrated system based on ontology (KISO) can be used to support integrating distributed knowledge sources.展开更多
This paper reports an effort to develop an intelligent integration framework for digital progressive die design and manufacturing. Both data-and process-centric integration functions are provided by the framework as i...This paper reports an effort to develop an intelligent integration framework for digital progressive die design and manufacturing. Both data-and process-centric integration functions are provided by the framework as if a special ight-weight PDM/PLM (Product Data Management/Product Lifecycle Management) and WM (Workflow Management) system is embedded in the integrated engineering environment. A flexible integration approach based on the CAD (Computer-Aided Design) framework tenet is employed to rapidly build up the system while the intrinsic characteristics of the process are comprehensively taken into account. Introduction of this integration framework would greatly improve the dynamic performance of the overall progressive die design and manufacturing process.展开更多
Against the prevailing background of an unusual capital flow reversal which is posing immense challenges to the integration of the region's banking sector, this study measures macro-prudential instruments affecting t...Against the prevailing background of an unusual capital flow reversal which is posing immense challenges to the integration of the region's banking sector, this study measures macro-prudential instruments affecting the implementation of an integrated financial service industry. This study is important at times when domestic and country-based financial policies are directed at competing goals. The interaction of macro-prudential policies with other policies, in particular monetary policies and micro-prudential policies is crucial to address systemic risk involved. There is growing recognition that prudential policies tools interact and coordinate with one another. To utilize multiple instruments seems to provide a greater assurance of effectiveness by tackling risk from various angles. As such, this study also assesses the interactions of the policies. The study also proposes a baseline model to capture systemic risk due to liquidity risk and risk because of currency devaluation.展开更多
Currently many enterprises have established some independent application systems such as CAD, CAPP, CAE and so on. Enterprise information integration makes these information islands connected, and thereby forms a unif...Currently many enterprises have established some independent application systems such as CAD, CAPP, CAE and so on. Enterprise information integration makes these information islands connected, and thereby forms a uniform enterprise-wide information environment. First this paper discusses the main research contents of enterprise integration. Then the author introduces an Internet-based configurable and open information integration framework, and presents a multi-tier integration architecture based on reusable component. Finally a development case of enterprise integration framework is introduced.展开更多
To properly compute the ontological similarity, an ontological similarity network-based reasoning framework is proposed. It structurally integrates extension-based approach, intension-based approach, the similarity ne...To properly compute the ontological similarity, an ontological similarity network-based reasoning framework is proposed. It structurally integrates extension-based approach, intension-based approach, the similarity network-based reasoning to exploit the implicit similarity, and the feedback from the context to validate the similarity measures. A new similarity measure is also presented to construct concept similarity network, which scales the similarity using the relative depth of the least common super-concept between any two concepts. Subsequently, the graph theory, instead of predefined knowledge rules, is applied to perform the similarity network-based reasoning such that the knowledge acquisition can be avoided. The framework has been applied to text categorization and visualization of high dimensional data. Theory analysis and the experimental results validate the proposed framework.展开更多
The strategic delineation of the urban development boundary(UDB)is an effective initiative for efficient land resource allocation and for facilitating planned urban development.To align with sustainable development ob...The strategic delineation of the urban development boundary(UDB)is an effective initiative for efficient land resource allocation and for facilitating planned urban development.To align with sustainable development objectives,UDB definitions have evolved to reconcile urban development with ecological preservation.This study presents a UDB delineation framework from an integrated perspective that incorporates both demand-oriented and comprehensive constraints.Specifically,the urban construction land demand area was estimated based on population projections,meanwhile,the ecological red line(ERL)was delineated and integrated into the evaluation of the construction land suitability.Subsequently,with the demand area as the simulation target and unsuitable areas as comprehensive constraints,the UDB was delineated by simulating future land use patterns.The proposed framework was applied to Wuhan,a rapidly urbanizing city in central China,where the delineation of the UDB serves the dual purpose of managing the rapid expansion of built-up land and achieving a harmonious balance between urban development imperatives and ecological protection goals.Moreover,based on the results and analysis,policy implications for the rational spatial planning of Wuhan were proposed,encompassing the spatial patterns and scientific decision-making in ecological conservation and urban development.The results demonstrate that the efficacy of adopting a comprehensive perspective in delineating UDB effectively reconciles the competing needs of urban development and conservation.The framework and the policy insights derived in this study could inform spatial planning efforts not only in Wuhan but also in other cities facing the dilemma of urban development and ecological protection.展开更多
To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming me...To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.展开更多
The gap between SDA(Spatial Data Analysis)and GIS(Geographical Information Systems )existed for a long time.Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theore tical and practical studies which tr y to fi...The gap between SDA(Spatial Data Analysis)and GIS(Geographical Information Systems )existed for a long time.Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theore tical and practical studies which tr y to find the solu-tion for it.The research background and current situation about how to in tegrate SDA and GIS are introduced at first.The main idea of this article is to make su re what is the best scheme to bridge th e gap between SDA and GIS and how to design it.There are a lot of factors to influ ence the standards to assess such a sc heme,for instance,the attitude of users and GIS developers,the framework and related functions of current available GI S software in the market and so on.But the two most important ones of them are effic iency and flexibility of the scheme i tself.Efficiency can be measured by the conve-nient extent and temporal length when it is used for carrying out SDA.Flex ibility means users can define their own SDA methods.The best integration schem e should satisfy the two standards at the same time.A group of functions,which can be combined to implement any SDA meth od,are defined in order to design such an integration scheme.The functio ns are divided into five classes according to their properties.展开更多
Nowadays, Model Driven Development (MDD) is a powerful technique for modelling complex systems and also for aligning business and information technology (IT), giving designers the ability to execute business models as...Nowadays, Model Driven Development (MDD) is a powerful technique for modelling complex systems and also for aligning business and information technology (IT), giving designers the ability to execute business models as they are intended to be run and behaved in the business environment. The Object Management Group (OMG) adopted many business standards into the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) environment e.g. Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR), the Business Motivation Model (BMM), Business Process Modelling and Notation (BPMN) and Organisational Structure Model (OSM). These can work together to model different aspects of the enterprise at the business level. However, these models lack reasoning and dynamic simulation: there is no significant way to simulate discrete and continuous time system behaviour or to build arguments for reasoning about the design options within the OMG specifications. In this paper we propose an approach to overcoming this problem, by integrating a set of modelling tools into one single platform, taking advantage of meta-modelling techniques to integrate new tools with the OMG specifications in a model driven environment. The prospective framework should be able to tackle advanced analysis and design problems by intertwining design, reasoning and simulation to achieve a higher level of design maturity through implementing the desired scenario.展开更多
The European Union (EU) this year has entered into the next phase of its existence, not only in terms of new economic conditions of the unwinding of the financial and economic crisis, but also on the basis of the re...The European Union (EU) this year has entered into the next phase of its existence, not only in terms of new economic conditions of the unwinding of the financial and economic crisis, but also on the basis of the results of European Parliament elections and the adoption of the EU financial fi'amework for the period from 2014 to 2020. These indisputable facts does not change our view of the situation in which the EU is, or at major tasks whose managing can be considered as condition of its continued existence as an important part of the global economy. As the fundamental problem of the EU, persisting differences in economic level of the member states is considered. The aim of this paper is not to formulate and even to propose how the EU should look like in the future, but to assess criteria of decision making about concept of its future direction. In this context, the verification of argument will be performed, that only the integration of the countries that have common interests and objectives respectively are able to make the same efforts to meet them, is in certain stages of integration possible and functional. Conversely, a broader territorial structured integration of countries with significantly different economic parameters is feasible and functional only at lower stages of integration. This paper starts from that the process of economic convergence among member states as a condition for integration can be realized at the lower stage of the integration process, in terms of economic and monetary union, then only the expense of reducing the dynamics of economic development of integration group as a whole. Some degree of equilibrium of economic levels represents an important condition for the success of the integration project. To meet this goal, current differences in economic level of individual EU member states (comparative analysis using indicators of growth rate and development of GDP/capita) will be analyzed, including the assessment of the cost of the EU for the implementation of cohesion policy, both in terms of the economic crisis and the phase of requirement to the revival of the European economy. In this context, also the effectiveness of institutional arrangements of decision-making procedures will be assessed.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60474037),Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Univer-sity (No.NCET-04-415).
文摘An integrated security framework for a semantic web is proposed based on the social intelligence of an individual's avoiding harm and preserving transaction logic-integrity. The framework extends the semantic web model and controls the dynamic security of semantic web services, such as trust, logic and reasoning. It includes four layers, that is, a trust entrance layer, a social intelligence layer, a transaction layer, and a TCP/IP security protocols layer. The trust entrance layer deals with trustable features from users. Social intelligence layer is responsible for logical questions for a semantic web. The transaction layer carries out transaction reasoning. And the TCP/IP security protocols layer ensures security communication. These layers can cooperate to build closed-security-ring with different security grades. The integrated security framework provides an integrated security method for semantic web flow so that it is universal for various semantic web technologies.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22090031,21922501,22109004)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M690319)。
文摘Integrated electrocatalysts(IECs)containing well-defined functional materials directly grown on the current collector have sparked increasing interest in the fields of electrocatalysis owing to efficient activity,high stability and the fact that they are easily assembled into devices.Recently,metal organic frameworks(MOFs)provide a promising platform for constructing advanced IECs because of their properties of low cost,large surface area and efficient structural tunability.In this review,the design principles of state-of-the-art IECs based on MOFs are presented,including by hydrothermal/solvothermal,template-directed,electrospinning,electrodeposition and other methods.The high performance of MOF-derived IECs has also been demonstrated in electrocatalytic gasinvolved reactions.This is promising for green energy storage and conversion.The structure-activity relationship and performance improvement mechanism of IECs are uncovered by discussing some in situ technologies for IECs.Finally,we provide an outlook on the challenges and prospects in this booming field.
文摘This study investigated the integration of geospatial technologies within smart city frameworks to achieve the European Union’s climate neutrality goals by 2050. Focusing on rapid urbanization and escalating climate challenges, the research analyzed how smart city frameworks, aligned with climate neutrality objectives, leverage geospatial technologies for urban planning and climate action. The study included case studies from three leading European cities, extracting lessons and best practices in implementing Climate City Contracts across sectors like energy, transport, and waste management. These insights highlighted the essential role of EU and national authorities in providing technical, regulatory, and financial support. Additionally, the paper presented the application of a WEBGIS platform in Limassol Municipality, Cyprus, demonstrating citizen engagement and acceptance of the proposed geospatial framework. Concluding with recommendations for future research, the study contributed significant insights into the advancement of urban sustainability and the effectiveness of geospatial technologies in smart city initiatives for combating climate change.
文摘The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into healthcare research promises unprecedented advancements in medical diagnostics,treatment personalization,and patient care management.However,these innovations also bring forth significant ethical challenges that must be addressed to maintain public trust,ensure patient safety,and uphold data integrity.This article sets out to introduce a detailed framework designed to steer governance and offer a systematic method for assuring that AI applications in healthcare research are developed and executed with integrity and adherence to medical research ethics.
文摘This paper explores the impact of industry-education integration on students’motivation in college English courses under the TPACK(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge)framework using a comprehensive approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods.Quantitative data analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between the perception of industry-education integration and the level of student learning motivation.There is also a clear association between the perception scores of TPACK framework integration and learning motivation.Qualitative data analysis reveals students’positive experiences and recognition of the TPACK framework integration in practical application projects.The study concludes that industry-education integration and the TPACK framework play a crucial role in enhancing students’learning motivation.It suggests optimizing teaching practices through faculty training,designing practical application projects,and promoting student interaction.This comprehensive analysis provides substantial guidance for the future development of English courses.
基金Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Information Management and Information Economics (NoF0607-42)
文摘To avoid the isolation between the external and the internal information of enterprise information systems, a four-layer integrated framework is proposed on the basis of integrating Web2. 0 and the service- oriented architecture (SOA), which contains the data layer, the service layer, the presentation layer and the collaboration layer. The presentation layer plays the key role, converging the external information from the collaboration layer to the inside of information system (IS), and diffusing the internal information from the service layer to public users. This framework can also illustrate how users contribute to producing new services, and how web services are integrated to collaborate with public users.
文摘We present a novel unsupervised integrated score framework to generate generic extractive multi- document summaries by ranking sentences based on dynamic programming (DP) strategy. Considering that cluster-based methods proposed by other researchers tend to ignore informativeness of words when they generate summaries, our proposed framework takes relevance, diversity, informativeness and length constraint of sentences into consideration comprehensively. We apply Density Peaks Clustering (DPC) to get relevance scores and diversity scores of sentences simultaneously. Our framework produces the best performance on DUC2004, 0.396 of ROUGE-1 score, 0.094 of ROUGE-2 score and 0.143 of ROUGE-SU4 which outperforms a series of popular baselines, such as DUC Best, FGB [7], and BSTM [10].
文摘In complicated application environment such as CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacture System) enterprise, it will bring great benefits to integrate distributed knowledge sources. But the difficulties of knowledge sharing and reuse seriously encumbrance the implementation of knowledge integration. In this paper, we describe how a framework of knowledge-integrated system based on ontology (KISO) can be used to support integrating distributed knowledge sources.
文摘This paper reports an effort to develop an intelligent integration framework for digital progressive die design and manufacturing. Both data-and process-centric integration functions are provided by the framework as if a special ight-weight PDM/PLM (Product Data Management/Product Lifecycle Management) and WM (Workflow Management) system is embedded in the integrated engineering environment. A flexible integration approach based on the CAD (Computer-Aided Design) framework tenet is employed to rapidly build up the system while the intrinsic characteristics of the process are comprehensively taken into account. Introduction of this integration framework would greatly improve the dynamic performance of the overall progressive die design and manufacturing process.
文摘Against the prevailing background of an unusual capital flow reversal which is posing immense challenges to the integration of the region's banking sector, this study measures macro-prudential instruments affecting the implementation of an integrated financial service industry. This study is important at times when domestic and country-based financial policies are directed at competing goals. The interaction of macro-prudential policies with other policies, in particular monetary policies and micro-prudential policies is crucial to address systemic risk involved. There is growing recognition that prudential policies tools interact and coordinate with one another. To utilize multiple instruments seems to provide a greater assurance of effectiveness by tackling risk from various angles. As such, this study also assesses the interactions of the policies. The study also proposes a baseline model to capture systemic risk due to liquidity risk and risk because of currency devaluation.
文摘Currently many enterprises have established some independent application systems such as CAD, CAPP, CAE and so on. Enterprise information integration makes these information islands connected, and thereby forms a uniform enterprise-wide information environment. First this paper discusses the main research contents of enterprise integration. Then the author introduces an Internet-based configurable and open information integration framework, and presents a multi-tier integration architecture based on reusable component. Finally a development case of enterprise integration framework is introduced.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60003019).
文摘To properly compute the ontological similarity, an ontological similarity network-based reasoning framework is proposed. It structurally integrates extension-based approach, intension-based approach, the similarity network-based reasoning to exploit the implicit similarity, and the feedback from the context to validate the similarity measures. A new similarity measure is also presented to construct concept similarity network, which scales the similarity using the relative depth of the least common super-concept between any two concepts. Subsequently, the graph theory, instead of predefined knowledge rules, is applied to perform the similarity network-based reasoning such that the knowledge acquisition can be avoided. The framework has been applied to text categorization and visualization of high dimensional data. Theory analysis and the experimental results validate the proposed framework.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.72174071。
文摘The strategic delineation of the urban development boundary(UDB)is an effective initiative for efficient land resource allocation and for facilitating planned urban development.To align with sustainable development objectives,UDB definitions have evolved to reconcile urban development with ecological preservation.This study presents a UDB delineation framework from an integrated perspective that incorporates both demand-oriented and comprehensive constraints.Specifically,the urban construction land demand area was estimated based on population projections,meanwhile,the ecological red line(ERL)was delineated and integrated into the evaluation of the construction land suitability.Subsequently,with the demand area as the simulation target and unsuitable areas as comprehensive constraints,the UDB was delineated by simulating future land use patterns.The proposed framework was applied to Wuhan,a rapidly urbanizing city in central China,where the delineation of the UDB serves the dual purpose of managing the rapid expansion of built-up land and achieving a harmonious balance between urban development imperatives and ecological protection goals.Moreover,based on the results and analysis,policy implications for the rational spatial planning of Wuhan were proposed,encompassing the spatial patterns and scientific decision-making in ecological conservation and urban development.The results demonstrate that the efficacy of adopting a comprehensive perspective in delineating UDB effectively reconciles the competing needs of urban development and conservation.The framework and the policy insights derived in this study could inform spatial planning efforts not only in Wuhan but also in other cities facing the dilemma of urban development and ecological protection.
文摘To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.
文摘The gap between SDA(Spatial Data Analysis)and GIS(Geographical Information Systems )existed for a long time.Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theore tical and practical studies which tr y to find the solu-tion for it.The research background and current situation about how to in tegrate SDA and GIS are introduced at first.The main idea of this article is to make su re what is the best scheme to bridge th e gap between SDA and GIS and how to design it.There are a lot of factors to influ ence the standards to assess such a sc heme,for instance,the attitude of users and GIS developers,the framework and related functions of current available GI S software in the market and so on.But the two most important ones of them are effic iency and flexibility of the scheme i tself.Efficiency can be measured by the conve-nient extent and temporal length when it is used for carrying out SDA.Flex ibility means users can define their own SDA methods.The best integration schem e should satisfy the two standards at the same time.A group of functions,which can be combined to implement any SDA meth od,are defined in order to design such an integration scheme.The functio ns are divided into five classes according to their properties.
文摘Nowadays, Model Driven Development (MDD) is a powerful technique for modelling complex systems and also for aligning business and information technology (IT), giving designers the ability to execute business models as they are intended to be run and behaved in the business environment. The Object Management Group (OMG) adopted many business standards into the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) environment e.g. Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR), the Business Motivation Model (BMM), Business Process Modelling and Notation (BPMN) and Organisational Structure Model (OSM). These can work together to model different aspects of the enterprise at the business level. However, these models lack reasoning and dynamic simulation: there is no significant way to simulate discrete and continuous time system behaviour or to build arguments for reasoning about the design options within the OMG specifications. In this paper we propose an approach to overcoming this problem, by integrating a set of modelling tools into one single platform, taking advantage of meta-modelling techniques to integrate new tools with the OMG specifications in a model driven environment. The prospective framework should be able to tackle advanced analysis and design problems by intertwining design, reasoning and simulation to achieve a higher level of design maturity through implementing the desired scenario.
文摘The European Union (EU) this year has entered into the next phase of its existence, not only in terms of new economic conditions of the unwinding of the financial and economic crisis, but also on the basis of the results of European Parliament elections and the adoption of the EU financial fi'amework for the period from 2014 to 2020. These indisputable facts does not change our view of the situation in which the EU is, or at major tasks whose managing can be considered as condition of its continued existence as an important part of the global economy. As the fundamental problem of the EU, persisting differences in economic level of the member states is considered. The aim of this paper is not to formulate and even to propose how the EU should look like in the future, but to assess criteria of decision making about concept of its future direction. In this context, the verification of argument will be performed, that only the integration of the countries that have common interests and objectives respectively are able to make the same efforts to meet them, is in certain stages of integration possible and functional. Conversely, a broader territorial structured integration of countries with significantly different economic parameters is feasible and functional only at lower stages of integration. This paper starts from that the process of economic convergence among member states as a condition for integration can be realized at the lower stage of the integration process, in terms of economic and monetary union, then only the expense of reducing the dynamics of economic development of integration group as a whole. Some degree of equilibrium of economic levels represents an important condition for the success of the integration project. To meet this goal, current differences in economic level of individual EU member states (comparative analysis using indicators of growth rate and development of GDP/capita) will be analyzed, including the assessment of the cost of the EU for the implementation of cohesion policy, both in terms of the economic crisis and the phase of requirement to the revival of the European economy. In this context, also the effectiveness of institutional arrangements of decision-making procedures will be assessed.