Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response （DPSER） model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed： 1） scale conversion of ecological security regime results from plxel to small watershed; and 2） scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Influencing Factors and Prediction of Risk of Returning to Ecological Poverty in Liupan Mountain Region,China

China has resolved its overall regional poverty in 2020 by attaining moderate societal prosperity.The country has entered a new development stage designed to achieve its second centenary goal.However,ecological fragility and risk susceptibility have increased the risk of returning to ecological poverty.In this paper,the Liupan Mountain Region of China was used as a case study,and the counties were used as the scale to reveal the spatiotempora differentiation and influcing factors of the risk of returning to poverty in study area.The indicator data for returning to ecological poverty from 2011-2020 were collected and summarized in three dimensions:ecological,economic and social.The autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA)time series and exponential smoothing method(ES)were used to predict the multidimensional indicators of returning to ecological poverty for 61 counties(districts)in the Liupan Mountain Region for 2021-2030.The back propagation neural network(BPNN)and geographic information system(GIS)were used to generate the spatial distribution and time variation for the index of the risk of returning to ecological poverty(RREP index).The results show that 1)ecological factors were the main factors in the risk of returning to ecological poverty in Liupan Mountain Region.2)The RREP index for the 61 counties(districts)exhibited a downward trend from 2021-2030.The RREP index declined more in medium-and high-risk areas than in low-risk areas.From 2021 to 2025,the RREP index exhibited a slight downward trend.From 2026 to2030,the RREP index was expected to decline faster,especially from 2029-2030.3)Based on the RREP index,it can be roughly divided into three types,namely,the high-risk areas,the medium-risk areas,and the low-risk areas.The natural resource conditions in lowrisk areas of returning to ecological poverty,were better than those in medium-and high-risk areas.

Evaluation and scenario simulation for forest ecological security in China

Continuously growing populations and rapid economic development have led to the excessive use of forest resources,and the forest ecosystem is threatened.In response,forest ecological security(FES)has attracted attention.In this study,an integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the system dynamic method,and it was used to evaluate the FES in China from 1999 to 2014.A scenario analysis was then used to evaluate the changes in the FES under five forestry policy scenarios for the 2015–2050 period,including the baseline,afforestation policy,harvesting policies,management policy,investment policy,and a policy mix.The results showed that the evaluation values of the FES increased during the period from 1999 to 2002,the period from 2004 to 2010 and the year 2014,and they decreased in 2003 and during the period from 2011 to 2013.During the 2015–2050 simulation period,the FES improved continuously.In particular,China would enter a new stage when the economic systems,social systems and ecosystems were in harmony after 2040.To improve the FES and the current status of the FES,a scenario analysis showed the most suitable scenario to be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2020 and Scenario 2 from 2021 to 2050.To relieve pressure,the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2040 and from 2046 to 2050,and the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 4 for 2041–2045.A policy mix(Scenario 5)would be most efficient under current conditions,while the effects of all the benefits of the forestry policies would weaken over the long term.The integrated method can be regarded as a decision support tool to help policy makers understand FES and promulgate a reasonable forestry policy.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Improvement of Ecological Footprint Method and Application in Henan Province

The measure of sustainable development has always been an important and difficulty subject, and the major evaluation model has three types: indicators based on system theory and methods, indicators relied on economic valuation of the environment, sustainability indicators including biophysical assessments. The ecological footprint analysis initiated by William E. Rees, one of the indicators including biophysical assessments, gets rid of the defects of the other models. Ecological footprint has gradually become popular on account of the measuring indexes based on scientific theory, innovative thought-way and its wide adaptability. This paper introduces the conception and computation method, making a progress and making up for the method of ecological footprint, and finally, makes an application analyses through Henan province regional sustainable development.

Reframing the payments for ecosystem services framework in a coupled human and natural systems context:strengthening the integration between ecological and human dimensions

Introduction:As challenges to biodiversity mount,land-use policies have been implemented to balance human needs and the integrity of ecological systems.One such program,Payments for Ecosystem Services(PES),incentivizes resource users to protect ecosystem services and has been implemented around the world to reduce soil erosion,create or improve wildlife habitats,and improve water quality and other environmental goals.The PES policy,at its core,is a concept that aims to capture the reciprocal relationships between human systems and ecological function and process.As such,PES epistemologically embodies a coupled human and natural systems approach.Outcomes:Yet,despite this conceptual alignment,the on-the-ground implementation or evaluation of PES typically does not adopt this coupled approach and PES programs have little integration between socioeconomic,sociocultural,human demographic,and ecological elements.To advance the evolution of PES,we consider what and how socioeconomic and ecological factors have been incorporated into PES program implementation and evaluation.We also present a conceptual model to articulate how PES research can capture the reciprocal relationships among socioeconomics,demography,and ecology and discuss the quantitative modeling approaches that can support this conceptual development,i.e.,structural equation and agent-based modeling,and latent trajectory models.Conclusions:By strengthening the conceptual framework for PES within a coupled human and natural systems approach and identifyinganalytical approaches that can be used to quantify and characterize these complex cross-disciplinary relationships,we aim to support the evolution and advancement of PES,in service of more meaningful and positive outcomes for human well-being and ecological sustainability.

A New Model of Recycling Agricultural Production

[Objective] The aim was to research production model of recycling agricul- ture. [Method] The production model of recycling agriculture integrating planting and breeding was explored on basis of pig raising, and maize and peanut planting, with consideration of existing problems of planting and breeding integration in China. [Result] Ecological and economic benefits of pig farms and planting bases increased significantly, and all indices improved in different degrees. [Conclusion] The research provides valuable references for pig raising in China.

Landscape Ecology:Coupling of Pattern,Process,and Scale

Landscape ecology provides new theoretical frameworks and methodologies for understanding complex ecological phenomena at multiple scales.Studies of landscape ecology focus on understanding the dynamics of eco-logical patterns and processes,and highlight the integration of multiple disciplines.In this paper,we discussed the problems and challenges that landscape ecology is currently facing,emphasizing the limitations of current methods used to describe dynamic landscape patterns and processes.We suggested that the focus should be on the integration of ground-based observation,mobile monitoring,transect survey,and remote-sensing monitoring,as well as improved coupling of experimental and model simulations.In addition,we outlined the research frontiers in landscape ecology,including scaling,integrated pattern and process modeling,and regional synthesis.Lastly,a brief review of pat-tern-process-scale coupling studies in China was provided.We concluded by pointing out that pattern-process-scale interactions,correlations between natural,economic,and social processes,and the coupling of human and natural systems will be major research areas in landscape ecology in the future.

Study on integrated calculation of ecological water demand for basin system

The operation of reservoir(s) has a certain impact on the downstream hydrologic regime,and even endangers the ecological water safety of river corridor and ecosystems which interact with river system.Therefore,ecological operation needs to be carried out in order to ensure ecological water use of downstream zone.The key technological support is the estimation and integrated calculation of ecological water demand.The connotation of the integrated calculation on ecological water demand lies on that the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to meet the requirements of water allocation and operation on watershed scale in terms of hydrological cycle.Considering the practical requirement of ecological operation of reservoir(s),this study proposed an integrated calculation approach of ecological water demand according to the ecological water demand in various ecosystems as well as the hydraulic connection among them;it established an integrated calculation model of regional ecological water demand by means of the distributed hydrological model,and studied the integrated calculation in Yalong River basin which is the source area of the west route of South-North Water Transfer Project as an example.The results indicated that the integrated calculation model more effectively combined the ecological water demand and hydraulic connection of ecosystems in time and space,compared with the lumped water balance analysis,since the former conquered the defect of insufficient ecological water source and supplement on multiple spatial and temporal scales,and met the demand of ecological operation of reservoir(s).

Light-Front Hamiltonian, Path Integral and BRST Formulations of the Chern-Simons Theory under Appropriate Gauge-Fixing

The Chern-Simons theory in two-space one-time dimensions is quantized on the light-front under appropriate gauge-fixing conditions using the Hamiltonian, path integral and BRST formulations.

Empirical Study on the Benefit Increase of New Contract Farming 1+3+X Model

For a long time,the development model of traditional rice planting industry has been single,linear,and focusing on production first and then market.However,with the low price of rice,such problems as slow technological upgrading,meager profits,and unstable rice quality in the primary industry planting units and farmers have become increasingly prominent.The integration and development of the rural primary,secondary,and tertiary industries and industrial integration have the same root.They are integrated industrial development based on technological or model innovation,vertical and horizontal integration.Three agricultural leading companies(Nanjing Tianwei Agricultural Technology Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing CHYKINGYOUNG Biological Technology Co.,Ltd.,and Jiangsu Jingshan Eco-organic Agriculture Co.,Ltd.)established an industrialization complex,and used their respective technical,operational,and market advantages to integrate and form a rice contract farming 1+3+X model.This model effectively integrates scattered rice planting,rice processing,and rice sales in Nanjing City of Jiangsu Province,and Chuzhou City of Anhui Province,and unifies planting regulations and supply of production materials,safeguards the supply of green and high-quality rice and realizes high quality and high price.In addition,it integrates farmers into the entire industrial chain of contract farming,summons up the production enthusiasm of farmers and greatly increases their income from planting production.

基于PSR模型的城市河流湿地生态健康评价——以苏州市姑苏区为例

城市河流湿地的生态健康是城市生态可持续的重要基础。本研究以苏州市姑苏区河流湿地为研究对象,运用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法评价其河流湿地健康状况。结果表明:苏州市姑苏区河流湿地的生态健康状况处于“中等”等级,接近“亚健康”状态;准则层的排序权重为状态层指标>压力层指标>响应层指标,说明状态层指标能直观反映河流湿地的健康状态,其状态层的综合健康指数为0.658;各河段健康状态与其所对应的城市流域所承受的压力存在着密切联系,城市的建设强度和植被覆盖率因素对姑苏区河流湿地的健康状态具有显著影响。

水生态修复技术专业课证融通模式探索与实践

课证融通是一种创新的教育理念,有助于提高教育质量和学生的综合素质。水生态修复技术专业是为适应国家战略和社会发展需求而设立的新兴专业,课证融通模式仍在探索阶段。在对课证融通内涵分析的基础上,对融通方式及实施步骤进行了总结,探索了水生态修复技术专业课证融通模式的构建,以期促进水生态修复技术专业高质量发展,提高人才培养质量。

乡村产业融合对集体行动响应的影响——基于社会生态系统(SES)框架的研究

基于社会生态系统(SES)框架,利用2022年中国土地经济调查(CLES)数据,采用OLS模型和中介效应模型,实证分析乡村产业融合对村庄集体行动响应的影响和作用机制。结果表明:乡村产业融合对集体行动响应具有显著正向影响;在进行内生性和稳健性检验后,研究结论依然成立。机制分析表明,乡村产业融合主要通过提高收入水平、重塑社会资本和增加政策感知等路径破解集体行动困境。同时,受利益联结机制驱动,乡村产业融合的影响在原生型组织模式下更为显著。据此,建议进一步加快促进乡村产业融合发展,持续优化乡村产业融合达成集体行动的良好生态,创新紧密型联结机制的实现形式,进而促进集体行动达成。

石漠化边坡及其植被板槽的地下渗漏一体化综合观测技术及应用模拟

【目的】表土贫瘠的石漠化边坡的地表和地下水土流失严重,限制了该地区的植被恢复,其水土保持生态防护是目前绿色公路建设的热点问题。【方法】结合广西贺巴高速来都段石漠化边坡应用梯级植被板槽进行水土保持的工程需求,研发了石漠化边坡地下渗漏的一体化综合观测技术,并利用数值分析软件,分别对该石漠化边坡及其植被板槽水土流失一体化综合观测的概化模型,进行应用性的数值试验模拟观测和分析。【结果】数值试验结果表明:石漠化边坡在仅覆盖一层薄土层时,总地下渗漏量达到65%以上,随着岩溶裂隙率和裂隙倾角的增加,基岩裂隙渗漏量占比增加,表层岩溶带渗漏量占比减小;在石漠化边坡上设置集约化填土的植被板槽措施后,在不考虑板槽底的防渗漏材料时,总地下渗漏量占比变成40%左右,与仅覆盖一层薄土的石漠化边坡相比地下渗漏占比降低25%以上。石漠化边坡上植被板槽的蓄水效率随植被覆盖度的增加而增加;坡度的增加会造成裸露边坡的地下渗漏量增加,因此必须加强石漠化边坡集雨面功能的建设和坡面降雨径流收集。【结论】研究成果可为石漠化边坡植被板槽水土保持生态防护措施的现场研究和工程应用提供理论依据。

渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价:生态系统服务供需视角

研究以渤海湾为生态系统服务需求区,以渤海湾滨海地区为生态系统服务供给区,从生态系统服务供需的视角,以水资源、水环境、水生态为问题与目标维度构建了渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价体系。根据渤海湾生态问题,截污净化、产水量和生境质量3类指标被筛选为生态安全屏障功能的关键指标,并分别使用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs,InVEST)模型中的营养物迁移模型、产水量模型和生境质量模型进行评价。此外,对2000—2020年渤海湾滨海地区土地利用格局和截污净化、产水量、生境质量3类生态安全屏障功能指标的时空变化进行评价,并分析了生态安全屏障功能时空演变的驱动因素。研究的主要结果如下:(1)在20 a间渤海湾滨海地区,耕地、未利用地面积减少而建设用地和湿地面积增加,氮磷截留率和产水量增加,但生境质量下降。(2)渤海湾滨海地区综合生态安全屏障功能供给良好,但近年来呈下降趋势。(3)人类活动引起的土地利用变化是影响渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能时空演变的主要驱动力。研究对渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价方法及结果不仅可指导本区域生态建设,同时对其他区域的生态安全屏障功能评价具有借鉴意义。

基于Ecopath模型的淡水虾蟹池塘多营养层级养殖模式

【目的】研究在淡水虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式内添加罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)对系统的影响,并估算罗氏沼虾最适放养密度,为虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式应用及推广提供依据。【方法】以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinesis)-罗氏沼虾-日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)混养实验组和传统中华绒螯蟹-日本沼虾养殖对照组为研究对象,通过全年实测数据和参考资料,采用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)6.5软件,分别建立Ecopath模型,分析系统内营养结构和能量流动特征。【结果】实验组的生态营养效率(Ecotrophic efficiency,EE)为0.940,显著高于对照组的0.789(P <0.05),表明系统中增加罗氏沼虾,能提高池塘饲料利用率。实验组二级生态营养效率值为0.203,高于对照组的0.187,表明随罗氏沼虾加入,提高了系统内的次级生产利用率。实验组的联结指数、杂食性指数和香农多样性指数分别为0.395、0.227和1.318,均高于对照组的0.390、0.214和1.243,表明在系统中加入罗氏沼虾,丰富了食物网和能量传递路径,提高了系统的稳定性和成熟性,增加了系统多样性。通过调节实验组罗氏沼虾生物量,估算其生态容量,当罗氏沼虾生物量增加至当前的1.35倍时,罗氏沼虾达到生态容量36.32 t/km^(2)。【结论】在虾蟹池塘内添加罗氏沼虾形成的多营养层级养殖系统成熟度和稳定性上优于传统虾蟹混养系统,罗氏沼虾的最适放养密度为303.75 kg/hm^(2)。

山西省黄河流域生态绩效时空演变及提升路径

[目的]开展山西省黄河流域生态绩效评价,为该区域可持续发展提供理论支撑与决策依据。[方法]以山西省黄河流域为研究区,基于“压力—状态—响应”模型构建理论框架,运用InVEST模型,SFA模型和耦合协调度等方法,评价2010—2020年的生态绩效时空互动,并依据生态绩效水平现状和空间分布特征,自下而上开展生态绩效优化分区。[结果]①2010—2020年,山西省黄河流域生态系统服务综合指数提高2.27%,空间分布呈“南北纵列,高低相间”,形成以吕梁山和太岳山—中条山为主的双核心模式。②2010—2020年,山西省黄河流域生态效率提高43.48%,空间分布呈“中部低,四周高”。③2010—2020年,山西省黄河流域生态绩效提高35.29%,空间分布呈“中部低,四周高”。④依据生态绩效空间分异特征,将研究区划分为生态绩效重塑区、生态绩效改良区、生态绩效缓冲区、生态绩效提升区和生态绩效保育区,分区分类提出针对性生态绩效提升路径。[结论]山西省黄河流域生态绩效总体不高,仍处于高质量发展初级阶段,未来需要探寻适合该区域生态保护和经济发展高度协调的新路径与支撑点。

化零为整的宏观社会数据生成:基于潜变量模型和动态贝叶斯方法

对因果机制和对宏观检验的探寻催生了定量社会学研究对区群层面数据的需求,然而这类高质量的追踪数据资源相对稀缺。传统研究通常通过综合多个来源的个体社会调查数据来构建面板数据集以改善宏观数据匮乏现状,但其亦受制于社会调查在时间和空间分布上的稀疏性以及不同调查间的差异性。本文引介了一种可用于生成区群层面跨时空面板数据的动态贝叶斯潜变量建模框架,并通过应用实例展示了该方法的具体应用过程,比较了动态贝叶斯方法相较于几种常用的缺失值插补方法的优势。本文的示例结果表明,动态贝叶斯潜变量模型在跨时空、多维度的信息整合和参数不确定性探索方面具有重要的优势,可以实现对调查数据缺失年份或地区的估计和插补,大大缓解了社会学研究中面板数据不足的问题。

长三角城市群城乡融合发展格局演变及其影响因素

使用2010―2021年长三角城市群41个地级及以上城市面板数据,构建城乡融合发展的多维综合评价体系,对研究区城乡融合发展水平时空格局进行分析,并采用地理探测器模型对其影响因素进行解析。结果表明:(1)长三角城市群总体城乡融合发展水平呈稳步提升的发展趋势,中度及以上融合区域逐年增加;空间分布特征表现为,高度及中高度融合区主要分布于城市群中部,中度融合区域毗邻高度及中高度融合区并形成连片分布。(2)长三角城市群城乡人均收入趋同化、公共服务均等化、基础设施一体化和生态环境一体化等维度融合水平均呈上升态势,其中,基础设施一体化水平上升速度高于其它3个维度,空间分异格局同样明显。(3)财政支农水平、城镇化水平、经济发展水平、产业结构高级化、对外开放度是驱动长三角城市群城乡融合发展的重要因素,各影响因素交互作用对长三角城市群城乡融合水平的影响程度远超单因素,长三角城市群城乡融合发展水平时空分异演化格局是多个影响因素共同作用的结果。