ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compu...ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compute the standard incidence rates (SIRs) of malaria in different areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province for a nine-year period (from 2001 to 2009). Statistical analyses consisted of two different parts: geographical mapping of malaria incidence rates, and modeling the environmental factors. The empirical Bayesian estimates of malaria SIRs were utilized for geographical mapping of malaria and a Poisson random effects model was used for assessing the effect of environmental factors on malaria SIRs.ResultsIn general, 64 926 new cases of malaria were registered in Sistan and Baluchistan Province from 2001 to 2009. Among them, 42 695 patients (65.8%) were male and 22 231 patients (34.2%) were female. Modeling the environmental factors showed that malaria incidence rates had positive relationship with humidity, elevation, average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature, while rainfall had negative effect on malaria SIRs in this province.ConclusionsThe results of the present study reveals that malaria is still a serious health problem in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Geographical map and related environmental factors of malaria can help the health policy makers to intervene in high risk areas more efficiently and allocate the resources in a proper manner.展开更多
Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short w...Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short when evaluating actual geographic features. In our study, we took a novel approach by analyzing map projection distortion from a geometric perspective. We computed the fractal dimensions of different stretches of coastline before and after projection using the divide-and-conquer algorithm and image processing. Our findings revealed that map projections, even when preserving basic shapes, inevitably stretch and compress coastlines in diverse directions. This analysis method provides a more realistic and practical way to measure map-induced distortions, with significant implications for cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), and geomorphology. By bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and real-world features, this method greatly enhances accuracy and practicality when evaluating map projections.展开更多
GA （geostatistical analyst） is an indispensable tool to analyze various and plenty of data in GIS （geographic information system）. Spatial distribution is the most effective factor for predicting of meteorological...GA （geostatistical analyst） is an indispensable tool to analyze various and plenty of data in GIS （geographic information system）. Spatial distribution is the most effective factor for predicting of meteorological maps at the point of performance or reliability of the model. Generally, classical interpolation methods may not be sufficient to produce accurate maps. GA is more considerable in this state. Secondary variables affect the precious of prediction models especially meteorological data mapping. In this study 245 meteorological data stations have been evaluated to produce precipitation model maps in Turkey. Long term （25 years） mean annual and monthly precipitation data from Turkish State Meteorological Service and elevation, slope and aspect values from DEM （Digital Elevation Model） were registered. OK （Ordinary Kriging）, OCK （Ordinary Co-Kriging） and GWR （Geographically Weighted Regression） have been used as a method to compare the models. With the study if there are effects of secondary variables to precipitation models have been illustrated on the prediction maps. Besides comparing statistical values, regional effects of secondary variables have been determined and illustrated on the maps numerically. As a result to define precipitation distribution spatially R2 values between measured and predicted values have been calculated 0.55 for Kriging, 0.67 for OCK and 0.86 for GWR. Cross validation indicated that GWR interpolation yields the smallest prediction error with elevation, slope and aspect. Spatial distribution of meteorological stations is also other important factor for similar studies.展开更多
Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies par...Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies participated in this study:20 eyes of≤3 diopters(D)(low myopic),10 eyes between-3 and-6D(moderate myopic),and 10 eyes of≥6D(high myopic).The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years(±7.6 years;range,24 to 46 years).A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coberence tomography(SD-OCT)system,operating at 120kHz imaging rate,was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length(IOL)in the subject.The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants,from which the CT was measured,representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)layer and inner scleral border.Measurements were made within concentric regjons centered at fovea centralis,extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions.The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye.Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia.Results:For low myopic eyes,the IOL was measured at 24.619±0.016 mm.The CT(273.85±49.01μm)was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes.Peripheral to the fovea,the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction,reaching a minimum of 180.65±58.25 pum at 5 mm away from the fovea.There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25±42.27μm.In contrast to the low myopic eyes,for moderate and high myopic eyes,CTs were thickest in termnporal region(where CT=194.94±27.28 and 163±34.89μm,respectively).Like the low myopic eyes,moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region(where CT=100.84±16.75 and 86.64±42.6μm,respectively)-High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL(25.983±0.021 mm),while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413±0.022 mm(**p<0.001).The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 umn/D(diopter)from low to mod-erate myopia,whilst it is 13.49μm/D from moderate to high myopia.The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study:0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia,and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia.Conclusion:The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition.The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.展开更多
Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loa...Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loan and employment decisions, people living in states where average credit scores are high should experience the benefits of living where credit scores tend to allow more favorable loan and employment decisions. Although credit scores are the direct result of credit histories, credit histories may be impacted by demographic factors. If the demographic factors that impact credit histories are identified, ways to improve credit scores are likely to be discovered and available to people and state government policymakers. This study looks for demographic factors to indirectly explain the average credit scores for people living in each state of the US. The methodology includes statistical analyses and geographic information systems （GIS） mapping. Statistical analyses provide evidence to suggest that state average credit scores are explained by the demographic factors of education, family, income, and health. GIS mapping reveals clusters of states with similar demographics and credit scores.展开更多
Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. T...Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. The problem of food security is forming of farmer’s independence to protect local resources in efficiently and optimally, so these resources can be more utilized. It can be achieved by assist of information technologies and communication in forming of Geographic Information System (GIS) to support consistency of food security in Indonesia. This research designs prototype geographic information system in order to conduct the accurate mapping and to know the local featured crops production in Indonesia. This level is conducted for documentation and mapping of agricultural products which is the local featured production. This documentation requires the usage of potential physical, economic, social and cultural environment by the utilization of information technology and communication, which have the ability of relevancy and accessibility of reliable information.展开更多
Wireless sensor Mobile ad hoc networks have excellent potential in moving and monitoring disaster area networks on real-time basis.The recent challenges faced in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)include scalability,local...Wireless sensor Mobile ad hoc networks have excellent potential in moving and monitoring disaster area networks on real-time basis.The recent challenges faced in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)include scalability,localization,heterogeneous network,self-organization,and self-sufficient operation.In this background,the current study focuses on specially-designed communication link establishment for high connection stability of wireless mobile sensor networks,especially in disaster area network.Existing protocols focus on location-dependent communications and use networks based on typically-used Internet Protocol(IP)architecture.However,IP-based communications have a few limitations such as inefficient bandwidth utilization,high processing,less transfer speeds,and excessive memory intake.To overcome these challenges,the number of neighbors(Node Density)is minimized and high Mobility Nodes(Node Speed)are avoided.The proposed Geographic Drone Based Route Optimization(GDRO)method reduces the entire overhead to a considerable level in an efficient manner and significantly improves the overall performance by identifying the disaster region.This drone communicates with anchor node periodically and shares the information to it so as to introduce a drone-based disaster network in an area.Geographic routing is a promising approach to enhance the routing efficiency in MANET.This algorithm helps in reaching the anchor(target)node with the help of Geographical Graph-Based Mapping(GGM).Global Positioning System(GPS)is enabled on mobile network of the anchor node which regularly broadcasts its location information that helps in finding the location.In first step,the node searches for local and remote anticipated Expected Transmission Count(ETX),thereby calculating the estimated distance.Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI)results are stored in the local memory of the node.Then,the node calculates the least remote anticipated ETX,Link Loss Rate,and information to the new location.Freeway Heuristic algorithm improves the data speed,efficiency and determines the path and optimization problem.In comparison with other models,the proposed method yielded an efficient communication,increased the throughput,and reduced the end-to-end delay,energy consumption and packet loss performance in disaster area networks.展开更多
The global system for mobile communication(GSM)is planned to meet the needs of the whole subscribers.The number of subscribers increased as the population increased due to the acceptance of GSM services by the subscri...The global system for mobile communication(GSM)is planned to meet the needs of the whole subscribers.The number of subscribers increased as the population increased due to the acceptance of GSM services by the subscribers.Thus,there should be a way to monitor base stations that will meet the increasing demand of subscribers in any area as a population surge will lead to more subscriptions.This will allow GSM network operators to serve their subscribers better and ease network congestion.This work presents a review of mobile evolution from the first generation to the fifth generation.A review of global positioning system(GPS)technology and its applications to geographic information systems(GIS)was done.The coordinates of these base stations were taken using a GPS device.These base station coordinates were then exported to QGIS for the design of the map.Thereafter,the output map was then integrated into the website.The discussions on the results followed and some useful suggestions given will go a long way to help the operators of GSM in Nigeria and in general.If the propositions given are adhered to,it will go a long way to help the operators reduce congestion on their network and thereby increase the satisfaction of the subscribers.展开更多
文摘ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compute the standard incidence rates (SIRs) of malaria in different areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province for a nine-year period (from 2001 to 2009). Statistical analyses consisted of two different parts: geographical mapping of malaria incidence rates, and modeling the environmental factors. The empirical Bayesian estimates of malaria SIRs were utilized for geographical mapping of malaria and a Poisson random effects model was used for assessing the effect of environmental factors on malaria SIRs.ResultsIn general, 64 926 new cases of malaria were registered in Sistan and Baluchistan Province from 2001 to 2009. Among them, 42 695 patients (65.8%) were male and 22 231 patients (34.2%) were female. Modeling the environmental factors showed that malaria incidence rates had positive relationship with humidity, elevation, average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature, while rainfall had negative effect on malaria SIRs in this province.ConclusionsThe results of the present study reveals that malaria is still a serious health problem in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Geographical map and related environmental factors of malaria can help the health policy makers to intervene in high risk areas more efficiently and allocate the resources in a proper manner.
文摘Maps, essential tools for portraying the Earth’s surface, inherently introduce distortions to geographical features. While various quantification methods exist for assessing these distortions, they often fall short when evaluating actual geographic features. In our study, we took a novel approach by analyzing map projection distortion from a geometric perspective. We computed the fractal dimensions of different stretches of coastline before and after projection using the divide-and-conquer algorithm and image processing. Our findings revealed that map projections, even when preserving basic shapes, inevitably stretch and compress coastlines in diverse directions. This analysis method provides a more realistic and practical way to measure map-induced distortions, with significant implications for cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), and geomorphology. By bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and real-world features, this method greatly enhances accuracy and practicality when evaluating map projections.
文摘GA （geostatistical analyst） is an indispensable tool to analyze various and plenty of data in GIS （geographic information system）. Spatial distribution is the most effective factor for predicting of meteorological maps at the point of performance or reliability of the model. Generally, classical interpolation methods may not be sufficient to produce accurate maps. GA is more considerable in this state. Secondary variables affect the precious of prediction models especially meteorological data mapping. In this study 245 meteorological data stations have been evaluated to produce precipitation model maps in Turkey. Long term （25 years） mean annual and monthly precipitation data from Turkish State Meteorological Service and elevation, slope and aspect values from DEM （Digital Elevation Model） were registered. OK （Ordinary Kriging）, OCK （Ordinary Co-Kriging） and GWR （Geographically Weighted Regression） have been used as a method to compare the models. With the study if there are effects of secondary variables to precipitation models have been illustrated on the prediction maps. Besides comparing statistical values, regional effects of secondary variables have been determined and illustrated on the maps numerically. As a result to define precipitation distribution spatially R2 values between measured and predicted values have been calculated 0.55 for Kriging, 0.67 for OCK and 0.86 for GWR. Cross validation indicated that GWR interpolation yields the smallest prediction error with elevation, slope and aspect. Spatial distribution of meteorological stations is also other important factor for similar studies.
基金supported in part by research grants from the National Eye Institute (R01EY024158,R01EY021242,P30001730)。
文摘Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies participated in this study:20 eyes of≤3 diopters(D)(low myopic),10 eyes between-3 and-6D(moderate myopic),and 10 eyes of≥6D(high myopic).The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years(±7.6 years;range,24 to 46 years).A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coberence tomography(SD-OCT)system,operating at 120kHz imaging rate,was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length(IOL)in the subject.The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants,from which the CT was measured,representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)layer and inner scleral border.Measurements were made within concentric regjons centered at fovea centralis,extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions.The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye.Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia.Results:For low myopic eyes,the IOL was measured at 24.619±0.016 mm.The CT(273.85±49.01μm)was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes.Peripheral to the fovea,the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction,reaching a minimum of 180.65±58.25 pum at 5 mm away from the fovea.There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25±42.27μm.In contrast to the low myopic eyes,for moderate and high myopic eyes,CTs were thickest in termnporal region(where CT=194.94±27.28 and 163±34.89μm,respectively).Like the low myopic eyes,moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region(where CT=100.84±16.75 and 86.64±42.6μm,respectively)-High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL(25.983±0.021 mm),while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413±0.022 mm(**p<0.001).The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 umn/D(diopter)from low to mod-erate myopia,whilst it is 13.49μm/D from moderate to high myopia.The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study:0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia,and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia.Conclusion:The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition.The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.
文摘Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loan and employment decisions, people living in states where average credit scores are high should experience the benefits of living where credit scores tend to allow more favorable loan and employment decisions. Although credit scores are the direct result of credit histories, credit histories may be impacted by demographic factors. If the demographic factors that impact credit histories are identified, ways to improve credit scores are likely to be discovered and available to people and state government policymakers. This study looks for demographic factors to indirectly explain the average credit scores for people living in each state of the US. The methodology includes statistical analyses and geographic information systems （GIS） mapping. Statistical analyses provide evidence to suggest that state average credit scores are explained by the demographic factors of education, family, income, and health. GIS mapping reveals clusters of states with similar demographics and credit scores.
文摘Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. The problem of food security is forming of farmer’s independence to protect local resources in efficiently and optimally, so these resources can be more utilized. It can be achieved by assist of information technologies and communication in forming of Geographic Information System (GIS) to support consistency of food security in Indonesia. This research designs prototype geographic information system in order to conduct the accurate mapping and to know the local featured crops production in Indonesia. This level is conducted for documentation and mapping of agricultural products which is the local featured production. This documentation requires the usage of potential physical, economic, social and cultural environment by the utilization of information technology and communication, which have the ability of relevancy and accessibility of reliable information.
文摘Wireless sensor Mobile ad hoc networks have excellent potential in moving and monitoring disaster area networks on real-time basis.The recent challenges faced in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)include scalability,localization,heterogeneous network,self-organization,and self-sufficient operation.In this background,the current study focuses on specially-designed communication link establishment for high connection stability of wireless mobile sensor networks,especially in disaster area network.Existing protocols focus on location-dependent communications and use networks based on typically-used Internet Protocol(IP)architecture.However,IP-based communications have a few limitations such as inefficient bandwidth utilization,high processing,less transfer speeds,and excessive memory intake.To overcome these challenges,the number of neighbors(Node Density)is minimized and high Mobility Nodes(Node Speed)are avoided.The proposed Geographic Drone Based Route Optimization(GDRO)method reduces the entire overhead to a considerable level in an efficient manner and significantly improves the overall performance by identifying the disaster region.This drone communicates with anchor node periodically and shares the information to it so as to introduce a drone-based disaster network in an area.Geographic routing is a promising approach to enhance the routing efficiency in MANET.This algorithm helps in reaching the anchor(target)node with the help of Geographical Graph-Based Mapping(GGM).Global Positioning System(GPS)is enabled on mobile network of the anchor node which regularly broadcasts its location information that helps in finding the location.In first step,the node searches for local and remote anticipated Expected Transmission Count(ETX),thereby calculating the estimated distance.Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI)results are stored in the local memory of the node.Then,the node calculates the least remote anticipated ETX,Link Loss Rate,and information to the new location.Freeway Heuristic algorithm improves the data speed,efficiency and determines the path and optimization problem.In comparison with other models,the proposed method yielded an efficient communication,increased the throughput,and reduced the end-to-end delay,energy consumption and packet loss performance in disaster area networks.
文摘The global system for mobile communication(GSM)is planned to meet the needs of the whole subscribers.The number of subscribers increased as the population increased due to the acceptance of GSM services by the subscribers.Thus,there should be a way to monitor base stations that will meet the increasing demand of subscribers in any area as a population surge will lead to more subscriptions.This will allow GSM network operators to serve their subscribers better and ease network congestion.This work presents a review of mobile evolution from the first generation to the fifth generation.A review of global positioning system(GPS)technology and its applications to geographic information systems(GIS)was done.The coordinates of these base stations were taken using a GPS device.These base station coordinates were then exported to QGIS for the design of the map.Thereafter,the output map was then integrated into the website.The discussions on the results followed and some useful suggestions given will go a long way to help the operators of GSM in Nigeria and in general.If the propositions given are adhered to,it will go a long way to help the operators reduce congestion on their network and thereby increase the satisfaction of the subscribers.
