Measurement and Strategy Research on the Green Development Level for the New Energy Vehicle Industry in Chongqing City

This article takes 2016-2022 as the inspection period to construct an evaluation index system for the green development level of the new energy vehicle industry.The entropy method and comprehensive index are used to measure the green development level of the new energy vehicle industry in Chongqing,and compared with neighboring provinces such as Yunnan,Guizhou,and Sichuan.Policy recommendations are proposed to promote the development of the new energy vehicle industry in Chongqing City.

Modeling the Effect of Variable Timing of the Exhaust Valves on SI Engine Emissions for Greener Vehicles

The problem with fixed valve timing that the valve train is set by the automaker for peak efficiency running at a specific point in the engine’s operating range. When the vehicle is moving slower or faster than this ideal operating point the engine’s combustion cycle fails to properly burn the air/fuel mixture leading to considerably compromised engine performance and wastes fuel. Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is a solution developed to overcome this engine deficiency, dynamically altering the valve's opening and closing for optimal performance at any speed. The intension in this work is to contribute towards pursuing the development of variable valve timing (VVT) for improving the engine performance. This investigation covers the effect of exhaust valve opening (EVO), and closing (EVC) angle on engine performance and emissions. The aim is to optimize engine power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) where the effect of engine speed has also been considered. Power, BMEP, BSFC, NO, and CO were calculated and presented to show the effect of varying valve timing on them for all the valve timing cases. The calculations of engine performance were carried out using the simulation and analysis engineering software: LOTUS”, and engine emissions were calculated using “ZINOX” program. Sensitivity analysis shows that the reduction of 10% of (EVO) angle gave a reduction of around 2.5% in power and volumetric efficiency, also a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), while a 10% decrease in (EVC) causes around 1% improvement in Power. The effects of different (VVT) from the simulations are analyzed and compared with those in the reviewed literature.

A model for end-of-life vehicles management based on green manufacturing

Like any industrial product, the vehicles also do have end of their service lives and ultimately result in end-of-life vehicle (ELV) at a certain stage of the vehicle life. The concern of this paper is to make a general review on ELV management process and present a model for ELV management on the basis of green manufacturing so as to reduce the environmental impact and minimize the resources loss due to the ELVs. The various phases of vehicle life cycle starting from design, manufacturing and utilization, occurrence of ELV and then the storage, depollution, dismantling and finally the shredding and post shredder material processing phases of ELV for the resources recovery, all of these phases need to be considered to give totality to the model, which makes end-of-life vehicles management more benign for environment, and more efficient for the usage of resources.

New Hybrid Algorithm Based on BicriterionAnt for Solving Multiobjective Green Vehicle Routing Problem

The main objective of this paper is to propose a new hybrid algorithm for solving the Bi objective green vehicle routing problem (BGVRP) from the BicriterionAnt metaheuristic. The methodology used is subdivided as follows: first, we introduce data from the GVRP or instances from the literature. Second, we use the first cluster route second technique using the k-means algorithm, then we apply the BicriterionAntAPE (BicriterionAnt Adjacent Pairwise Exchange) algorithm to each cluster obtained. And finally, we make a comparative analysis of the results obtained by the case study as well as instances from the literature with some existing metaheuristics NSGA, SPEA, BicriterionAnt in order to see the performance of the new hybrid algorithm. The results show that the routes which minimize the total distance traveled by the vehicles are different from those which minimize the CO2 pollution, which can be understood by the fact that the objectives are conflicting. In this study, we also find that the optimal route reduces product CO2 by almost 7.2% compared to the worst route.

Estimation and verification of green tide biomass based on UAV remote sensing

Since 2007,the Yellow Sea green tide has broken out every summer,causing great harm to the environment and society.Although satellite remote sensing(RS)has been used in biomass research,there are several shortcomings,such as mixed pixels,atmospheric interference,and difficult field validation.The biomass of green tide has been lacking a high-precision estimation method.In this study,high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)RS was used to quantitatively map the biomass of green tides.By utilizing experimental data from previous studies,a robust relationship was established to link biomass to the red-green-blue floating algae index(RGB-FAI).Then,the lab-based model for green tide biomass from visible images taken by the UAV camera was developed and validated by field measurements.Re sults show that the accurate and cost-effective method is able to estimate the green tide biomass and its changes in given local waters of the near and far seas.The study provided an effective complement to the traditional satellite RS,as well as high-precision quantitative techniques for decision-making in disaster management.

Aerodynamic characteristics of moving vehicles of two trains passing each other on bridge under crosswinds

Two trains passing each other is controlling factor for the wind-vehicle-bridge systems.To test the aerodynamic characteristics of moving vehicles under crosswinds when two trains are passing each other,a wind tunnel test device,which has two moving tracks,was developed.The rationality of the test result was discussed,the effects of intersection mode,yaw angle and lane spacing on the aerodynamic coefficients of the leeward train were analyzed,and the difference of aerodynamic coefficients between the head vehicle and the tail vehicle was discussed.The results show that the proposed test device has good repeatability.The intersection modes have a certain effect on the aerodynamic force of the leeward train when two trains are passing each other,and the results should be more reasonable during the two trains dynamic passing each other.With the decrease of yaw angle,the sudden change of train aerodynamic coefficients is more obvious.The decrease of lane spacing will increase the sudden change of leeward vehicles.In the process of two trains passing each other,the aerodynamic coefficients of the head vehicle and tail vehicle are significantly different,so the coupling vibration analysis of wind-vehicle-bridge system should be considered separately.

A Memetic Algorithm With Competition for the Capacitated Green Vehicle Routing Problem

In this paper, a memetic algorithm with competition(MAC) is proposed to solve the capacitated green vehicle routing problem(CGVRP). Firstly, the permutation array called traveling salesman problem(TSP) route is used to encode the solution, and an effective decoding method to construct the CGVRP route is presented accordingly. Secondly, the k-nearest neighbor(k NN) based initialization is presented to take use of the location information of the customers. Thirdly, according to the characteristics of the CGVRP, the search operators in the variable neighborhood search(VNS) framework and the simulated annealing(SA) strategy are executed on the TSP route for all solutions. Moreover, the customer adjustment operator and the alternative fuel station(AFS) adjustment operator on the CGVRP route are executed for the elite solutions after competition. In addition, the crossover operator is employed to share information among different solutions. The effect of parameter setting is investigated using the Taguchi method of design-ofexperiment to suggest suitable values. Via numerical tests, it demonstrates the effectiveness of both the competitive search and the decoding method. Moreover, extensive comparative results show that the proposed algorithm is more effective and efficient than the existing methods in solving the CGVRP.

Aerodynamic performances and vehicle dynamic response of high-speed trains passing each other

Based on the aerodynamics and vehicle dynamics, the aerodynamic performances and vehicle dynamic characteristics of two high-speed trains passing each other on the ground, embankment and bridge are studied. Firstly, a train aerodynamic model and a vehicle dynamic model are established. Through the simulation of the two models, the pressure waves, aerodynamic forces, and vehicle dynamic responses are obtained. Then, the pressure waves and aero- dynamic forces on different foundations are compared. The results show that the variation trends of pressure wave and aerodynamic forces of trains passing each other on different foundations are almost similar. The peak-to-peak differ- ences in pressure wave and aerodynamic force are below 4% and 3% in three cases in open air. Besides, the differences of security indexes, including coefficient of derailment, wheel unloading rate, the wheelset lateral force, and the wheel- rail vertical force, are below 2% among the three cases; the differences of comfort indexes, including the lateral acceleration and the vertical acceleration, are also below 2%. It is concluded that the dynamic performances of trains pass- ing each other are influenced little by different foundations in open air.

Government subsidies, dual-credit policy, and enterprise performance: Empirical evidence from Chinese listed new energy vehicle companies

The development of the new energy vehicle industry has become a key force driving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutralization.To better guide future strategies,this study investigates the dual impact of subsidy and dual-integral policies on the performance of new energy vehicle enterprises.This study first theorizes the influential mechanism according to the institutional-based approach and technical innovation theory,and then collects data from listed companies in the new energy vehicle industry from 2016 to 2020.The hypotheses are examined using a two-way fixed-effects model.The findings show that:(1)subsidy policies are can still improve enterprise performance,but not through green technology innovation;(2)the dual-credit policy can improve enterprise performance through green technology innovation;and(3)under current policy conditions,with subsidies declining annually,the interaction effects between the subsidy and dual-integral policies will also decrease.Thus,this study suggests that non-monetary industrial policy,represented by the dual credit policy is a more effective alternative to government subsidies.

A Bi-Objective Green Vehicle Routing Problem: A New Hybrid Optimization Algorithm Applied to a Newspaper Distribution

The purpose of this work is to present a methodology to provide a solution to a Bi-objective Green Vehicle Routing Problem (BGVRP). The methodology, illustrated using a case study (newspaper distribution problem) and literature Instances, was divided into three stages: Stage 1, data treatment;Stage 2, “metaheuristic approaches” (hybrid or non-hybrid), used comparatively, more specifically: NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), MOPSO (Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization), which were compared with the new approaches proposed by the authors, CWNSGA-II (Clarke and Wright’s Savings with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) and CWTSNSGA-II (Clarke and Wright’s Savings, Tabu Search and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II);Stage 3, analysis of the results, with a comparison of the algorithms. An optimization of 19.9% was achieved for Objective Function 1 (OF1;minimization of CO2 emissions) and consequently the same percentage for the minimization of total distance, and 87.5% for Objective Function 2 (OF2;minimization of the difference in demand). Metaheuristic approaches hybrid achieved superior results for case study and instances. In this way, the procedure presented here can bring benefits to society as it considers environmental issues and also balancing work between the routes, ensuring savings and satisfaction for the users.

Highway Green Open Area Planning Based on Annual Average Daily Vehicle Traffic

The development of a territory always followed by population growth and increasing the life necessities of the society. This condition makes increasing transportation activity that causes environmental pollution. Pollutants that are released by vehicle such as CO （carbon monoxide）, SO2 （sulfur oxides）, NO, （nitrogen oxides） are very harmful for public health. Indonesia is a country which has the high level of air pollution from transportation. One way to deal with the air pollution is to build green area （Ruang Terbuka Hijau） around the highway. Planning of open green area must be done comprehensively. There is an appropriate way to plan green area on the road by counting the number of AADV （annual average daily vehicles） （Lalu lintas harian rata rata） and estimated the amount of pollutantt that produced by vehicles. Calculation against the ability of plants in reducing pollutants and reached a unique relation between quantities of AADV by the number of plants that are necessary for reducing pollutants resulted by the traffic. The selection of plantation based on the shape of the tree canopy that provides the capacity of a pollutants reduction. After calculations the surface area of the tree leaves, the design of green area for highway can be reached so created an environmentally friendly and safe highway.

An empirical study on the green effects of new energy vehicle promotion in the context of global carbon neutrality

In the context of global carbon neutrality,new energy vehicle promotion(NEVP)has become an important means of reducing carbon emissions.This paper constructs a theoretical model and uses panel data on NEVP in 21 countries from 2012 to 2018 to empirically examine the green effect of NEVP.The results indicate the following:(1)NEVP significantly reduces greenhouse gases emissions,and the green effect can be transmitted and diffused through a direct path.(2)Replacing fuel-fired vehicles and accelerating the end-of-life vehicle scrapping process significantly conducted the green effect,and aggravating traffic congestion was not statistically significant.(3)The transmission mechanism of the green effect is regulated by regional economic heterogeneity.In regions with better development of fuel-fired vehicles,the transmission of the green effect is subject to the elimination of fuel-fired vehicles and traffic congestion governance,and the transmission efficiency is low.However,regions with a relatively weak fuel-fired automobile industry foundation show a strong“advantage of backwardness”,and the green effect is more prominent.This means that global NEVP should be further accelerated to achieve the green effect and the goal of global carbon neutrality.

Spectrum and energy efficient multi-antenna spectrum sensing for green UAV communication

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)communication is a promising technology that provides swift and flexible ondemand wireless connectivity for devices without infrastructure support.With recent developments in UAVs,spectrum and energy efficient green UAV communication has become crucial.To deal with this issue,Spectrum Sharing Policy(SSP)is introduced to support green UAV communication.Spectrum sensing in SSP must be carefully formulated to control interference to the primary users and ground communications.In this paper,we propose spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access in green UAV communication to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency.Different from most existing works,we focus on the problem of spectrum sensing of randomly arriving primary signals in the presence of non-Gaussian noise/interference.We propose a novel and improved p-norm-based spectrum sensing scheme to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency in green UAV communication.Firstly,we construct the p-norm decision statistic based on the assumption that the random arrivals of signals follow a Poisson process.Then,we analyze and derive the approximate analytical expressions of the false-alarm and detection probabilities by utilizing the central limit theorem.Simulation results illustrate the validity and superiority of the proposed scheme when the primary signals are corrupted by additive non-Gaussian noise and arrive randomly during spectrum sensing in the green UAV communication.

新能源汽车产业集聚对区域绿色经济效率的影响——基于长江经济带的实证研究

将产业集聚、绿色技术创新和绿色经济效率纳入同一研究框架,聚焦长江经济带,研究新能源汽车产业集聚对绿色经济效率的影响,为我国在“双碳”背景下推进实现制造强国的战略目标及长江经济带新能源汽车发展提供参考。论文基于2012—2020年长江经济带沿线11个省市面板数据,综合利用超效率SBM和区位熵法,构建计量模型,实证研究新能源汽车产业集聚对绿色经济效率的影响,探讨绿色技术创新的中介效应,并进一步分析新能源汽车产业集聚对绿色经济效率的空间溢出效应和区域异质性。研究结果表明:1)长江经济带整个区域已形成“带状”新能源汽车产业集聚区,集聚平均水平随年份波动上升,上中下游产业集聚水平呈递增格局,水平差异较大且有逐渐增加趋势;2)新能源汽车产业集聚通过整合内部网络资源和提升外部整体能力,对长江经济带绿色经济效率具有正向促进作用;3)产业集聚的发展通过竞争效应和合作效应促进绿色技术创新,而绿色技术创新的发展可以提升经济动力和效率,因而绿色技术创新在产业集聚与绿色经济效率之间具有中介作用;4)新能源汽车产业集聚对绿色经济效率具有空间溢出效应,上中下游新能源汽车产业集聚对绿色经济效率的影响存在差异。据此,从加强产业集群建设,发挥新能源汽车产业发展的长效机制、强化发展绿色技术创新体系和推动新能源汽车区域异质性发展三个方面提出对策建议。

多舱共配绿色车辆路径问题的改进变邻域搜索算法

针对社区团购前置仓配送场景中“多中心、高时效、多品类、高排放”难题,本文提出多车场带时间窗的绿色多舱车车辆路径问题(MDMCG-VRPTW),构建混合整数线性规划模型,并设计改进的变邻域搜索算法(IVNS)实现求解.采用两阶段混合算法构造高质量初始解.提出均衡抖动策略以充分探索解空间,引入粒度机制以提升局部搜索阶段的寻优效率.标准算例测试结果验证了两阶段初始解构造算法和IVNS算法的有效性.仿真实验结果表明,模型与算法能够有效求解MDMCGVRPTW,且改进策略提高了算法的求解效率和全局搜索能力.最后,基于对配送策略和时效性的敏感性分析,为相关配送企业降本增效提供更多决策依据.

东盟国家新能源汽车产业发展的政策措施与路径

新能源汽车作为交通运输领域发展“绿色化”的重要解决方案之一,在东亚、北美及欧洲等多个国家及地区得到大力发展。其中,东盟国家为实现节能减排、满足市场环保需求、弥补汽车产业链短板等目的,有计划地推进新能源汽车产业建设。其主要举措包括:推行双向政策目标,构筑产业方向蓝图;调节供需税收水平,激活产销潜在势能;建设基础设施网络,打造使用生态场景;加大投资政策倾斜,扶持本土产业转型等。在通过“差异化”引资优惠政策实现外资与本土合作转化的基础上,充分发挥自身资源禀赋优势发展电池核心产业,积极鼓励产业链多环节共同发展,东盟国家已初步搭建起新能源汽车产业框架,产业链建设取得一定成效。但由于起步较晚,政策反馈滞后,东盟国家新能源汽车产业发展进程受到一些制约;加上工业基础薄弱与创新资源匮乏,使其难以摆脱“低端锁定”困境;补贴退坡后,消费惯性与产品认知模糊也给当地新能源汽车可持续发展带来巨大挑战。因此,在已有政策基础上,东盟国家可参考他国成功经验,充分发挥自身比较优势吸引区域内投资,采取一系列有效措施,推动新能源汽车产业规模化发展。

轨道车辆垂向轮轨力时域识别对比及其机器学习修正

为了尽可能减小轨道车辆垂向轮轨力时域识别中存在的误差,以时域法为基础,开展了基于机器学习修正的轨道车辆垂向轮轨力识别研究.首先建立了车辆动力学仿真模型,获取了车辆在随机轨道激励下以250km/h速度行驶时的轴箱加速度响应和垂向轮轨力.其次,建立了Green函数法、状态空间法这2种时域法对应的动载荷识别模型,对状态空间法的初值误差进行了分析,并引入多项式拟合法修正其趋势项误差,进而对比分析了2种方法的计算精度和计算效率.然后,针对时域法存在的识别误差,提出采用NARX(nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous inputs)模型对识别误差进行训练和预测,用于消减模型中存在的如响应观测不全与观测噪声等因素造成的影响,进而对时域法识别结果进行修正,提高识别精度.最后,通过一个10自由度轨道车辆垂向动力学模型,对方法的正确性进行了验证.研究结果表明:2种方法对轨道车辆垂向轮轨力均具有较高的识别精度,对于各轮对的识别精度各有优劣;在计算效率方面,状态空间法比Green函数法更优;经NARX模型修正的2种时域法对轨道车辆垂向轮轨力均具有很好的识别效果,识别值与正演值的Pearson相关系数大于0.99,为极强相关.基于NARX模型的机器学习误差修正方法可有效提高时域识别精度,可以为后续轨道车辆轮轨力预测提供参考,具有较强的工程运用价值.

补贴退坡会对中国新能源汽车需求产生影响吗?——基于西安的实证

基于西安市新能源汽车的1887个观测数据,利用Logit估计的需求模型探究补贴退坡过程中对新能源汽车需求的影响。研究发现:首先,购置补贴对消费者购买新能源汽车的激励作用逐渐消减。其次,厂商指导价格、续航里程、马力等产品特征已成为影响新能源汽车需求的重要因素。论文建议:第一,政府部门应该更多关注新能源汽车使用便利性等相关政策的激励效果,营造良好的推广应用政策环境。第二,政府管理部门需加强对上、中、下游企业的监管措施,并注重绿色低碳消费理念引导,充分发挥市场资源配置作用。第三,新能源汽车企业应该进一步推进在续航里程和电池生产成本等方面的技术研发,降低新能源汽车价格,提升产品质量和环境效益,拉动消费需求。

双重信息引导的蚁群算法求解绿色多舱车辆路径问题

针对当前实际运输中广泛存在的绿色多舱车辆路径问题(GMCVRP),文章提出一种双重信息引导的蚁群优化算法(DIACO)进行求解.首先,在DIACO的全局搜索阶段,重新构建传统蚁群优化算法(TACO)中的信息素浓度矩阵(PCM),使其同时包含客户块信息和客户序列信息,即建立具有双重信息的PCM(DIPCM),从而更全面学习和累积优质解的信息;采用3种启发式方法生成较高质量个体,用于初始化DIPCM,可快速引导算法朝向解空间中优质区域进行搜索.其次,在DIACO的局部搜索阶段,设计结合自适应策略的多种变邻域操作,用于对解空间的优质区域执行深入搜索.再次,提出信息素浓度平衡机制,以防止搜索陷入停滞.最后,使用不同规模的算例进行仿真测试和算法对比,结果验证了DIACO是求解GMCVRP的有效算法.