Modern British Scientific and Technological Societies and Agricultural Development

In modern Britain,the scientific and technological societies represented by the Royal Society and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were extremely prosperous.Their series of activities provided scientific and technological support for the development of British industry and agriculture.Based on the detailed case studies of the Royal Society and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and other societies from domestic and foreign academic circles,this paper summarized the development status of modern British scientific and technological societies as a whole,sorted out the history of societies participating in British agriculture,and analyzed the contribution of scientific and technological societies to the development of modern British agriculture.

Bacterial diversity in Arctic marine sediment determined by culture-dependent and-independent approaches

Bacterial diversity in surface sediment from the Arctic Ocean was investigated by culture-dependent and-independent approaches. Conventional culture-dependent techniques revealed 11 strains based on their distinct morphological characteristics on marine Zobell 2216E agar plates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates belonged to three major lineages of the Bacteria,γ-proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and that they included 10 genera. Most isolates were psychrotrophic, and NaCl was not necessary for their growth. Furthermore, they exhibited activity of at least one extracellular hydrolytic enzyme at 4＆#176;C and had various abilities to assimilate carbon sources. A total of 67 phylotypes were detected among 142 clones based on the 16S rRNA library of the total community DNA and grouped into nine major lineages of bacteria. Phylotypes afifliated withγ-,δ-andε-proteobacteria accounted for 36.7%, 21.8%and 16.9%of the total clones, respectively. The rest of the clones belonged to Bacteroidetes,α-proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Nitrospirae and an unclassiifed group.

Study on Origin and Cultural Connotation of Names in English-speaking Countries

The names in English-speaking countries are full of historical origin and cultural connotation. For the significance of family name and given name, this paper focus on the origin and culture connotation of family name and given name, and also the hidden influences of name played on human beings. Moreover, the relationship between development of society and English name will also be concerned because we can not ignore that the development of society has made great effects to English name.According to the whole essay, we can easily realize the origin and connotation of English name through all my researches and analyses.

The Development of Chinese Traditional Culture and Its Society

社会与文化是同步发展的。19世纪著名的人类学家泰勒给文化做出了一个最早期的定义：文化包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。根据这样的解释，我们可以多少认为文化就是人们的所想和所做。文化同样也可以看作为人们行为的结果。可以肯定的是世上很少有两个完全相同的个体，但毋庸置疑，社会当中的人也有一定的共性，因为他们的文化有一种主要的特征来影响着他们。在过去的2000年里，儒家思想是中国传统文化的主要特征。中国人都受到了儒家思想得影响。

General Discourses on Relating Honor Crimes to Islam and Muslim World： Implications of Cultural Relativism and Essentialist Approach

If women ＂violate＂ the unwritten laws and codes of honor, which are supposed to ＂damage＂ the social reputation of the family in the community, they are killed in the name of honor, in order to restore the perceived ＂lost honor＂. This paper explores the phenomenon of honor killings by examining the general discourses and scholarly critiques, regarding the implications for associating honor crimes with Islam and restricted to the Muslim-dominant societies, which of course create a binary between ＂superior＂ West and ＂backward＂ East. Scholarly research on honor crimes pinpoints the great debate on associating such crimes to culture and especially to Muslim culture. The current study attempts to identify the implications of essentialist approach of honor killings that portraits women as ＂helpless＂ and ＂passive＂ victims and men as ＂powerful＂ and ＂dominant＂ perpetrators. This paper discusses as well how cultural relativism is used to blame Muslim immigrants as responsible for honor crimes. In conclusion, the researcher argues that by holding such a view has its implication since it portraits ＂East＂ as an oppressive culture where the brutality of such crimes is justified by tradition, religion, cultural and customary norms and laws. Therefore, in order to avoid these implications, the paper discusses another approach that considers honor killings as gendered violence, perpetuated by the kinship and marriage structures of patriarchal societies.

Interpreting The Clockmaker from the Perspective of Greenblatt’s Cultural Poetics

Thomas·C·Haliburton(1796-1865)establishes a literary fame as“the first Canadian writer to establish an international reputation”and a great humorist,with the publication of his masterpiece The Clockmaker(1836).Centering on Nova Scotia,the origin place of Canadian literature and the first British colony in Canada,the book conveys deep concerns on local reality under the British colonization in the 1830s.Haliburton as a Loyalist firmly opposes violent revolution against the British Empire whereas promotes gradual evolution in the colony.This is a typical demonstration of ideological contradictions in colonies.Greenblatt’s Cultural Poetics generally explores political consciousness and ideology in literary texts.It surpasses the dichotomy mode of Western radical ideology and never views the relationship between domination and resistance as a simple confrontation.From the perspective of Greenblatt’s Culture Poetics,this essay interprets the process of“improvisation of power”,“subversion”and“containment”in the colony reflected in The Clockmaker in order to explore Nova Scotians’awakening of independence awareness in the 1830s.

The Significance of Cross-culture Communication in Global Modern Society

This essay is talk about The significance of cross-culture communication in global modern society. It will expound the necessity of cross-cultural communication for the global modern society, which includes explain how the cross-culture communication works in the global modern society.

A Practical Classroom Teaching Method on An Introduction of Cultures and Societies of English-speaking Countries

An Introduction of Cultures and Societies of English-speaking Countries is a required university course for English majors to provide background knowledge in China.The traditional teaching mode,focusing on presenting cultural background knowledge by purely input information,has some limitations,especially for the class more than 60 students.If we combine the Task-based Teaching method with the Cooperative Learning method to teach this course,we can at fully attract students to actively join the classroom teaching,transferring it from inputting knowledge to fostering the students' competence on self-studying and practices.

中国教育学自主建构的广义认识论条件

中国教育学的自主建构不只是教育学学科发展不可回避的问题,也是中国社会进一步发展的必然需求,在某种意义上,也是全球化时代更好地服务于国家教育发展的理性选择。然而,中国教育学的自主建构以至中国教育学自主性的实现,并不只是一个愿望上的或认识上的问题,还需要做相关的条件上的准备。不过,所谓条件归根到底都是关联着认识活动的,可以称之为广义认识论条件。简而言之,中国教育学的自主建构需要具备三个层面的广义认识论条件:一是教育学学者的精神自立。其操作性的内涵是学者须具有求真至善的学者精神和务实创新的学术精神。二是教育学研究的认识论自觉。研究者不仅须知教育学兼有思想性和科学性,而且须有研究方法论上的理性。三是教育学建构的文化自信。只有这样,中国教育学研究才能够摆脱以往被国外教育学研究带路的局面,进而步入自主发展的阶段。

纵横协同:新乡贤文化建设的双重路径

新乡贤文化是由传统乡贤文化创造性转化、创新性发展而来的新型文化形态,以其独特作用助推乡村全面振兴。政府和社会是新乡贤文化建设的两种力量,并以此形成了政府主导式建设路径和社会主动式建设路径。政府主导式建设路径以做好顶层设计、整合各种资源、注重授权赋能为主要抓手,通过行政纵向推动力量引领新乡贤文化建设;社会主动式建设路径则以乡村内生力量、特色化的优势资源和参与式行动为依托,通过内生横向协商方式践行新乡贤文化建设。双重建设路径虽共存于乡村场域,但二者属性不同,需通过纵横协同形成新乡贤文化建设的强大合力,使新乡贤文化建设更具持续性和实效性。习近平文化思想为双重路径的纵横协同提供了强大思想武器和科学行动指南,双重建设路径应顺应时代新要求,遵循互嵌互融逻辑,在互动-嵌入-融合中实现纵横协同,共同服务于新乡贤文化建设。

巩固文化主体性,建构中国自主知识体系

习近平总书记指出,“加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学,归根结底是建构中国自主的知识体系”。中国特色哲学社会科学的核心在于“中国特色”,中国自主知识体系的关键在于“中国自主”。中华文化主体性和中国自主知识体系密切相关、相辅相成,共同促进中华民族现代文明建设。在文化主体性基础上建构中国自主知识体系,要特别注重“三个重构”,即重构史观,以大历史观正确认识和理解文化和文明;重构叙事体系,坚持不忘本来、吸收外来、面向未来;重构话语体系,构建国内主流意识形态话语权和国际话语权。

关中地区商代文化和社会的结构与变迁——从地貌学对“水系古文化”的进一步理解和阐释

本文基于学术史和“无角度、不(非)学术”的思考,从地貌学角度重新构建了关中地区商代的地貌,并探讨了其与聚落、文化和社会结构的关系。研究表明,地貌和水系等因素与关中地区商代聚落的分布密切相关,也深刻影响着区域文化和社会的结构与变迁。这既是对刘军社所提水系与古文化等相关认识的进一步理解与阐释,也体现了考古学研究中角度的重要价值。

华人本土心理学与中国心理学自主知识体系建构——杨中芳教授专访

发端于中国台湾的华人本土心理学,旨在跳出西方心理学理论、方法及知识体系,“将华人当华人来研究”,最终建构基于中国文化/社会/历史背景的,贴合中国人的心理学知识体系。自20世纪80年代以来,亲历过美国社会心理学文化反思的杨中芳教授长期游走于海峡两岸和香港,在大陆心理学及社会心理学重建之初,即将华人本土心理学介绍给大陆心理学界,并通过培训人才和组建中山大学心理学系,对大陆心理学的发展产生了重要的推动作用。然而,40多年来,大陆的心理学仍然不可避免地经历了以学习西方为主的发展与繁荣,本土心理学的声势却相对微弱。直到最近,我国社会科学界兴起中国自主知识体系建构的大潮,围绕心理学及社会科学本土化的争论高潮迭起。杨中芳教授以其持续40多年的华人本土心理学探索经验,以及围绕中庸心理学所建构的中国文化视角下的心理学知识体系,对当下如何建构中国心理学自主知识体系提供了典范和宝贵的经验借鉴。

中国创新文化自主价值的发现及其社会生成

中国创新文化的发展是一个不断更迭演进的过程。新时代我国应在肯定形态下发现中国创新文化的自主价值及其解释力,并基于文化生成性把握其趋势和走向,即将问题视域转向文化自信的提升,建立“以我为主”的创新文化体系;以文化范式为基础寻求并确立新时代创新文化的新思维,真正发挥创新文化的引擎和支撑作用;汲取丰富的文化资源,取得创新文化竞争的主动性。创新文化建设的时代任务已经明确,需要经由文化自信的引领力,巩固创新文化之生成的价值基础;经由创新精神的再启蒙,巩固创新文化之生成的主体基础;经由创新实践,巩固创新文化之生成的本体论基础。

再论中国社会的乡土性--阅读《乡土中国》的新探索

在我们重新去阅读费孝通半个多世纪以前出版的《乡土中国》一书时,当是以深入认识此书背后作者的写作方式为开始的,借此而成为理解乡土中国自身发展历程的一种独特方式的新发现,并寻求一种在观念中存在的乡土中国来作为社会学、人类学知识探索的独特性路径的梳理。还需要从清楚地析分出《乡土中国》一书的剖面图而去追溯此书背后所隐含着的可能的人类学原理,而这种原理的核心的核心就在于其对乡土本色的发现和解释。与此同时,我们也同样要从一种变化的语境之中去探索乡土中国自身的文化转型的发生,这自然也体现出了日益融入到了世界文明进程中的文化自觉,这种文化自觉意识也正是费孝通一生之中从《乡土中国》一书为开始而一以贯之地试图要去予以揭示的。

重构中国古代文学自主知识体系

中国古代的“文学”观念源自孔子的经典教育,其功能是以文传道、以文化人、以文辅政、以文抒情,承担着建构、传递精神价值和社会价值的责任。这一传统在近现代以来被人为中断,以“情绪性”“文艺性”为特征的纯文学观念代替了传统文学观念,致使传统文学功能萎缩,成为一门纯粹的知识性学科。学术界为了复兴传统文化,先后提出了建设国学、经学、中国古典学等主张和方案,但都与传统文化根基之学有一定的距离。因此,应回归古代文学传统,以语言文字为前提,以经典文献为载体,以文化传承为目标,以文学审美为特色,形成一个主体突出、层次完整、相互支撑的自主知识体系;同时,对传统文学的话语资源进行清理、提炼,在意义域设定、论题设置、阐释策略、研究者主体性的建构等方面,继承创新,形成民族特色话语方式,将古代文学重构成为一门传统文化的根基之学。

坚固的云:网络知识社区与“部落化问题”

网络知识社区是流动部落化的,但它也是数字交往何以能凝聚共同体的最好说明,其核心特性是一种气态化但密切聚集的云端共同体。“部落化问题”是考察其生产与消费方式、社群文化特质与社会属性的恰当理论框架。网络知识社区通过垂类化和议程化的知识生产,建立了数字交往的生态体系,这使得知识部落成为一种既分散又聚集的“云集”;网络知识社区基于不同知识市场形成了多种生产模式,实现了知识的日常、普惠和再生产,产生了影响整个知识社会的传播效应;而平台通过制度化、正当化等规范措施,推动了知识经济,塑造了知识人的观念,也彰显了技术权力,这一过程展现了虚拟的知识共同体作为社区实体的治理逻辑。

转设背景下独立学院校园体育文化建设的困境与策略思考

文章运用文献资料研究法对转设背景下独立学院校园体育文化建设的困境进行研究,从校园体育文化在独立学院建设的重要功能、转设背景下独立学院校园体育文化建设呈现的困境以及积极推进转设背景下独立学院校园体育文化建设的有效策略等方面进行分析,旨在更好促进转设过程中的独立学院校园体育文化建设和育人成效。

从跨文化哲学的视角看中国自主知识体系的建构

中国自主知识体系的建构不仅关乎文化自信,也关系到中国在全球对话中的参与和贡献。自主知识体系的核心在于摆脱对外来思想的依赖,建构自己的理论体系。但自主知识体系并非意味着文化封闭或学术孤立,而是在批判性吸收外来知识的基础上发展具有中国特色的理论框架和研究范式。当下知识界对自主知识体系存在种种误解,如将其等同于狭隘民族主义或对学术自由的限制,这些误解会妨碍这一宏大工程的顺利实施。跨文化哲学的问题意识、跨学科视角以及对多元、包容、开放、平等、反思、批判等的强调,可以为自主知识体系的建构提供多方面的启示,同时跨文化交流中存在的一些难题也为自主知识体系的建构带来挑战。从跨文化哲学的视角看,自主知识体系的建构要重点处理好文化自主性与文化开放性的关系,只有在保持文化自信的同时,积极吸纳外来文化,才能构建出既具有中国特色又能为全球知识体系贡献智慧的自主知识体系。