The comparisons between Coleridge and Li Bai represent two kinds of thinking patterns.The former stands for culture of opi um,total romanticism and huge space of imagination.However,Li Bai is a representative of cultu...The comparisons between Coleridge and Li Bai represent two kinds of thinking patterns.The former stands for culture of opi um,total romanticism and huge space of imagination.However,Li Bai is a representative of culture of alcohol.To some extent,he is practical.Readers can sense disappointment in his poem.展开更多
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)在创作于1797年的《忽必烈汗》(Kubla Khan)的前两个名句中提及中国元朝的夏都,"忽必烈汗在上都曾经/下令造一座堂皇的殿堂"。如今,距北京正北方向270公里处的上都...塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)在创作于1797年的《忽必烈汗》(Kubla Khan)的前两个名句中提及中国元朝的夏都,"忽必烈汗在上都曾经/下令造一座堂皇的殿堂"。如今,距北京正北方向270公里处的上都已成为考古遗址。古往今来,关于《忽必烈汗》一诗的研究不计其数,它也一直受到浪漫主义研究专家们的关注。然而,学者们主要研究诗中的虚幻景象和诸多典故。这一点在约翰·利文斯顿·洛斯(John Livingston Lowes)的《通往上都之路》(The Road to Xanadu,1927)中得到了很好的证实。该书在对柯尔律治的创作源泉作了冗长的分析后,最终用心理学术语对其进行界定。作为近期的另一流派的文化批评家们考量了始于18世纪的中英知识交易关系,但却没有从中国历史的维度考察《忽必烈汗》中的意象。本文将该诗重置于后现代语境,希冀利用弗雷德里克·詹姆逊(Fredric Jameson)的著作《政治无意识》(The Political Unconscious)对其进行全新的解读,进而说明具有历史意义的上都里蕴含的多元文化因素也应该成为阐释的重要内容。本文最终得出如下结论:在某种程度上,与其用心理批评等传统理论流派分析《忽必烈汗》,不如用杂糅化(hybridization)分析更为贴切。展开更多
Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the coun...Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the country, the top-down approach has been followed, and the same development plans that were formulated for the plain areas have been extended to the mountains without any modification. In doing so, neither the participation of the local communities was cared for, nor the mountain specificities were considered in the planning process. Moreover, the representation of the local inhabitants was improper and contradictory to the facts. This biased approach has been one of the main causes for the failure of development projects carried out by different agencies of the Government. Contrary to the perception of the state authorities, the mountain communities proved to be more open to accept new approaches and demonstrated the capacity and capability of being a dependable development partner. In this paper, a detailed account of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme （AKRSP） has been presented to assess and evaluate the approach followed by this non-governmental organisation （NGO）, and the response of the local inhabitants as collaborators in the development process. The achievements of the AKRSP from project planning, implementation and monitoring can be adopted as a model for rural development not only in the plains, but also in the mountainous areas of the developing countries in the world.展开更多
In the present study an account is given of an investigation based on the results of the floristic research work conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Dera Ismail Khan District, north western Pakistan. The area was surve...In the present study an account is given of an investigation based on the results of the floristic research work conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Dera Ismail Khan District, north western Pakistan. The area was surveyed and 8 Asclepi- adaceous plant species were collected. These plant species are Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton. Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth., Leptadenia pyrotecnica (Forssk.) Decne., Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) R. Br., Pentatropis nivalis (J. F. Gmel.) D. V. Field & J. R. I. Wood, Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Blatt.& McCann., Periploca aphylla Decne. and Stapelia gigantea N.E.Br. The study showed that five plants were used ethnobotanically in the area. All the plants were deposited as voucher specimens in the Department of plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for future references. Complete macro & microscopic detailed morphological features of the species have been discussed. Taxo- nomic key was developed to differentiate closely related taxa.展开更多
The Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture started the agricultural investment in some free settlements in Gaza strip since 2008. The proposed areas to be planted and the proposed crops were chosen randomly without any r...The Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture started the agricultural investment in some free settlements in Gaza strip since 2008. The proposed areas to be planted and the proposed crops were chosen randomly without any researches to study the expected adverse impacts of these agricultural projects on the environmental components. This research aimed at the groundwater aquifer in the proposed region physically and chemically by taking five water samples from water wells in the place. Represented groundwater samples taken from observation wells in the study area were tested in term of total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), and (N-P-K) concentrations to be compared with the regulated groundwater standards. As a result of testing two fertilizers, it is found that the announced concentrations of (N-P-K) don’t match the real results. The real results are less than the announced concentrations, especially for the phosphorus concentration which had a real result about half of the announced concentration for both fertilizers. Although the real concentrations of (N-P-K) in the used fertilizers are less the announced concentrations, slightly pollution is found in the groundwater aquifer. The groundwater testing results in five observation wells showed that the groundwater tends to be basic, high salinity ranged between 550 and 3500 μS/cm, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) results ranged between 330 and 2300. Nitrate results ranged between 65 and 160 ppm, whereas phosphorus and potassium results showed that all groundwater samples met the standards and didn’t exceed them.展开更多
Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the Karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era ...Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the Karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era records shows that over a century ago government agencies undertook irrigation support projects. In the past three decades,government agencies and the non-government agency Aga Khan Rural Support Programme(AKRSP), which channels foreign funds into the region, have actively engaged in the provision of irrigation support. This article seeks to explore whether such projects support or undermine farmer-managed irrigation systems and the complex institutional arrangements that underpin them. Field research using ethnographic and participatory methods was conducted in spring 2013 in the upper Shigar valley, Skardu district, GilgitBaltistan. The findings show that irrigation development is a political activity that involves village-based actors, religious leaders, local politicians,and government and non-government agencies.Government agencies operate in a largely top-down,engineering mode, their larger projects limited to villages suffering water scarcity. The local government provides small funds for renovation work of FMIS,though allocation of funds is highly politicized. Nongovernment agencies, for a variety of reasons including donor-funding cycles, apply a one-size-fitsall ‘participatory' model in an attempt to socially engineer rules and institutions. In communities divided by factionalism the use of such external models that stress formation of committees are unlikely to yield positive results, and could instead contribute to undermining the very systems they seek to support. This research argues that irrigation interventions should take care to build upon the rich and complex social arrangements that have sustained FMIS through the centuries.展开更多
文摘The comparisons between Coleridge and Li Bai represent two kinds of thinking patterns.The former stands for culture of opi um,total romanticism and huge space of imagination.However,Li Bai is a representative of culture of alcohol.To some extent,he is practical.Readers can sense disappointment in his poem.
文摘塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)在创作于1797年的《忽必烈汗》(Kubla Khan)的前两个名句中提及中国元朝的夏都,"忽必烈汗在上都曾经/下令造一座堂皇的殿堂"。如今,距北京正北方向270公里处的上都已成为考古遗址。古往今来,关于《忽必烈汗》一诗的研究不计其数,它也一直受到浪漫主义研究专家们的关注。然而,学者们主要研究诗中的虚幻景象和诸多典故。这一点在约翰·利文斯顿·洛斯(John Livingston Lowes)的《通往上都之路》(The Road to Xanadu,1927)中得到了很好的证实。该书在对柯尔律治的创作源泉作了冗长的分析后,最终用心理学术语对其进行界定。作为近期的另一流派的文化批评家们考量了始于18世纪的中英知识交易关系,但却没有从中国历史的维度考察《忽必烈汗》中的意象。本文将该诗重置于后现代语境,希冀利用弗雷德里克·詹姆逊(Fredric Jameson)的著作《政治无意识》(The Political Unconscious)对其进行全新的解读,进而说明具有历史意义的上都里蕴含的多元文化因素也应该成为阐释的重要内容。本文最终得出如下结论:在某种程度上,与其用心理批评等传统理论流派分析《忽必烈汗》,不如用杂糅化(hybridization)分析更为贴切。
文摘Pakistan is predominantly a mountainous country where rural development activities are characterised by inconsistency, politically motivated short-term projects without proper feedback. Since the inception of the country, the top-down approach has been followed, and the same development plans that were formulated for the plain areas have been extended to the mountains without any modification. In doing so, neither the participation of the local communities was cared for, nor the mountain specificities were considered in the planning process. Moreover, the representation of the local inhabitants was improper and contradictory to the facts. This biased approach has been one of the main causes for the failure of development projects carried out by different agencies of the Government. Contrary to the perception of the state authorities, the mountain communities proved to be more open to accept new approaches and demonstrated the capacity and capability of being a dependable development partner. In this paper, a detailed account of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme （AKRSP） has been presented to assess and evaluate the approach followed by this non-governmental organisation （NGO）, and the response of the local inhabitants as collaborators in the development process. The achievements of the AKRSP from project planning, implementation and monitoring can be adopted as a model for rural development not only in the plains, but also in the mountainous areas of the developing countries in the world.
文摘In the present study an account is given of an investigation based on the results of the floristic research work conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Dera Ismail Khan District, north western Pakistan. The area was surveyed and 8 Asclepi- adaceous plant species were collected. These plant species are Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton. Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth., Leptadenia pyrotecnica (Forssk.) Decne., Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) R. Br., Pentatropis nivalis (J. F. Gmel.) D. V. Field & J. R. I. Wood, Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Blatt.& McCann., Periploca aphylla Decne. and Stapelia gigantea N.E.Br. The study showed that five plants were used ethnobotanically in the area. All the plants were deposited as voucher specimens in the Department of plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for future references. Complete macro & microscopic detailed morphological features of the species have been discussed. Taxo- nomic key was developed to differentiate closely related taxa.
文摘The Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture started the agricultural investment in some free settlements in Gaza strip since 2008. The proposed areas to be planted and the proposed crops were chosen randomly without any researches to study the expected adverse impacts of these agricultural projects on the environmental components. This research aimed at the groundwater aquifer in the proposed region physically and chemically by taking five water samples from water wells in the place. Represented groundwater samples taken from observation wells in the study area were tested in term of total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), and (N-P-K) concentrations to be compared with the regulated groundwater standards. As a result of testing two fertilizers, it is found that the announced concentrations of (N-P-K) don’t match the real results. The real results are less than the announced concentrations, especially for the phosphorus concentration which had a real result about half of the announced concentration for both fertilizers. Although the real concentrations of (N-P-K) in the used fertilizers are less the announced concentrations, slightly pollution is found in the groundwater aquifer. The groundwater testing results in five observation wells showed that the groundwater tends to be basic, high salinity ranged between 550 and 3500 μS/cm, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) results ranged between 330 and 2300. Nitrate results ranged between 65 and 160 ppm, whereas phosphorus and potassium results showed that all groundwater samples met the standards and didn’t exceed them.
基金funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany
文摘Farmer-managed irrigation systems(FMIS) in the high altitude valleys of the Karakorum,Pakistan, continue to be managed effectively despite increased pressure on the social arrangements that sustain them. Colonial era records shows that over a century ago government agencies undertook irrigation support projects. In the past three decades,government agencies and the non-government agency Aga Khan Rural Support Programme(AKRSP), which channels foreign funds into the region, have actively engaged in the provision of irrigation support. This article seeks to explore whether such projects support or undermine farmer-managed irrigation systems and the complex institutional arrangements that underpin them. Field research using ethnographic and participatory methods was conducted in spring 2013 in the upper Shigar valley, Skardu district, GilgitBaltistan. The findings show that irrigation development is a political activity that involves village-based actors, religious leaders, local politicians,and government and non-government agencies.Government agencies operate in a largely top-down,engineering mode, their larger projects limited to villages suffering water scarcity. The local government provides small funds for renovation work of FMIS,though allocation of funds is highly politicized. Nongovernment agencies, for a variety of reasons including donor-funding cycles, apply a one-size-fitsall ‘participatory' model in an attempt to socially engineer rules and institutions. In communities divided by factionalism the use of such external models that stress formation of committees are unlikely to yield positive results, and could instead contribute to undermining the very systems they seek to support. This research argues that irrigation interventions should take care to build upon the rich and complex social arrangements that have sustained FMIS through the centuries.
