Understanding the Urban Sprawl in the Mid-Size Latin American Cities through the Urban Form:Analysis of the Concepcion Metropolitan Area(Chile)

Latin American cities, like those from North America and Europe, experience problems of urban sprawl. However, few studies have dedicated exclusively to this phenomenon in specific cities, and this omission is particularly noticeable regarding cities not considered among the megalopolis of the continent. The present work analyzes urban sprawl through an urban form in the Concepción Metropolitan Area, Chile, between 1990 and 2009, considering local aspects that may have played a role in the process. The main empirical results obtained from this study reveal a metropolitan area that has expanded intensely over a 20-year period, growing from 9000 hectares to more than 17,000 ha for a 96% increment in the built-up area. The new urban surfaces consolidate a central conurbation that strengthens the role of the main downtowns, with less-intense occupation towards the sub-centers but in a structure that follows the transportation infrastructure. Over the last 20 years, the distance between the shapes has grown progressively by around 2 km, increasing the size of the ellipse by more than 1000 km2. In particular the complexity of the urbanized surfaces has grown, becoming more irregular in shape and less compact as they come to occupy larger areas. So our principal findings include: an increment of nearly 100% in the urban surface, the importance of a polycentric urban structure in the process of consolidation as a support for analyzing different spatial dynamics, and the growing morphological irregularity of the territory of the sprawl.

BRI Alluring for Latin American Countries——Interview with ECLAC Executive Secretary Alicia Bárcena

THE UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC)is one of the institutions that has done in-depth study on the relationship between China and the Latin American and Caribbean region over the last few years.In mid-December,its executive secretary Alicia Bárcena visited Beijing to participate in an Advisory Council meeting of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation(BRFIC),with the intention of finding new ways of better exploiting the initiative sponsored by the Chinese government to benefit countries related.

Characteristics and Trends of the Biden Administration’s Latin American Policy

Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protecting the courtyard,” which permeates the entire process of policy adjustment on Latin America. The purpose is to damage and hinder China–Latin America relations and cooperation. After the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the Biden administration intensified efforts to exclude extraterritorial forces represented by China and Russia that seek to regain control of the backyard to a greater extent. The Biden administration has made progress in easing the antagonism between the US and Latin America and repairing ally system in the western hemisphere, however, its efforts to reshape U.S.–Latin America relations have encountered many challenges.

Latin American Leftist Governments Tackle Neo-liberalism

Throughout the 1990s, the United States and the international organizations under its control vigorously pushed for neo-

Energy Security and Climate Change in the European Union,China and Latin American Relationships:Major Challenges and Areas of International Cooperation

The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as there are sub-regions and regional organizations in geopolitical and geo-economical terms and often dialectic regarding energy security,climate change and LAC ties with Europeans and China and so is the tripartite relations with the rest of the world so far as energy security and climate cha...

拉美现代化新解:以权力结构为中心

迄今为止,拉美地区的现代化并不成功,既往研究将其归咎于世界体系中中心国家的剥削、民粹主义、军人干政等因素。本文使用“权力平等发展理论”这一新的分析框架重新解读拉美现代化。独立200多年来,拉美地区的权力资源集中于经济精英和保守派政治精英组成的利益集团手中,这导致土地集中,使拉美国家走上了排斥型发展道路。由于多数人口始终被排斥在现代化进程之外,拉美国家无法产生经济增长的内生动力并实现结构升级,初级产品出口导向模式、内向型进口替代工业化战略和新自由主义模式先后归于失败,经济现代化受阻。拉美国家的上层集团还长期控制政治权力,通过立法、政治庇护主义、暴力等方式压制左翼和激进民粹主义力量,长期维持不平等的经济和社会结构,并导致“双面国家”现象和政治动荡,政治现代化同样受挫。拉美现代化的挫折可为其他发展中国家提供重要启示。

“边缘国家”何以成功塑造国际规范?——基于拉美国家经验的分析

当代国际秩序主要由在国际体系中占据中心地位的美欧国家主导和塑造。但是,处于边缘地带的国家并非完全是西方规范的接受者,其也主动参与国际规范秩序的塑造。本文通过明晰规范塑造中的道义逻辑和权力逻辑,探究“边缘国家”成功塑造国际规范的条件,并具体考察作为典型“边缘国家”的拉美国家参与塑造可持续发展目标规范、粮食主权规范以及毒品治理规范的案例,回答弱势方如何成功倡导规范并参与国际秩序塑造。研究发现,“边缘国家”能否提出与广大发展中国家产生共鸣的规范内容,并激活规范的道义逻辑,对于国际规范的形成具有决定性作用。“中心国家”的态度对国际规范效力的强弱具有调节性作用。“边缘国家”也可在国际组织中积极推动规则创新,借助学习机制促使“中心国家”改变其既有理念。

安第斯山脉的绿色基础设施:高山人居的合作性景观设计策略

以“绿色基础设施”为核心概念,剖析了拉丁美洲的安第斯山脉地区的城市化不同历史进程中孕育出的传统绿色基础设施要素和体系。以秘鲁卡奇河流域的阿亚库乔的城乡结合区域为例,具体展现了在气候变化和政府规划职能不完全的情况下,当代高山人居需要基于传统智慧、与社区内外的多主体联动,在知识生产和转化过程中进行多维合作,才能推动绿色基础设施体系成型和运作,以应对人地和城乡发展不平衡的挑战。分析指出,绿色基础设施与高山聚落的空间社会文化密不可分。借助《安第斯城市化》项目,探讨了宏观流域、中观城乡一体化和微观社区尺度各自对应但相互耦合的的三种景观设计策略。上述设计研究和景观策略在安第斯山脉语境中展现了绿色基础设施的多样构成、综合作用和合作意义,并为中国的绿色基础设施体系建设提供借鉴。

当代拉美女性导演的电影创作取向与价值表达

20世纪90年代以来,拉美女性导演作为一支重要的创作力量开始活跃在世界影坛,在创作取向和价值表达上,女性导演群体关注到了女同性恋群体在男权社会中的生存困境,并通过塑造同性之间的“姐妹情谊”来建构女同性恋群体的主体性。作为一种反抗男权的同盟关系--“姐妹情谊”能够大胆地冲破传统的性别角色禁忌,并颠覆异性恋对于同性恋群体的刻板印象。在聚焦性别问题同时,女性导演群体亦关注了在拉美历史和现实中少数族裔女性所遭受的来自种族、阶层等方面的压迫,并通过赋予少数族裔女性一种“对抗性凝视”能力,来抵抗白人话语权威,从而实现自我的价值认同。反映离散女性在跨国阈限空间的边缘状态,同样是当代拉美女性导演电影中常见的主题。在全球化语境中,身处他国的拉美女性往往面临双重边缘的处境,她们既被本国父权制所压制,又被他国的种族主义思想所剥削。在电影创作中,女性导演群体不仅还原了离散女性的边缘状态,也刻画了她们是如何积极构建自身主体价值的。此外,女性导演群体还强调了历史现场中女性的生存体验,她们以女性独有的世界观表达了自己对于拉美社会历史的见解,从而为观众还原了拉美历史叙述中缺席的女性记忆。

快锻压机主缸壁厚设计研究

分析了传统不同设计方法对缸壁厚度的影响;针对某吨位快锻液压机主缸工作情况,简化得出主缸缸筒受力模型;基于拉美公式,分析缸筒壁厚对缸筒所受的径向及切向应力的影响变化规律;与传统主缸设计方法所设计的油缸进行应力、应变及壁厚对比得出,基于拉美公式法设计的油缸,不仅刚度及刚度可靠,而且壁厚较传统方法所设计的油缸较小。

Institutions and Intellectuals That Configure the Concept of the Environment and Development in Latin America and Its Global Impact

This paper is part of a research into the Latin American thinking on international affairs and a continuation of a line of work on Latin American contributions to the environmental discussion installed in the global political agenda in the early 70s. The premise was that Latin American contributions were initially made by professionals closely related to ECLAC, UNEP and the Bariloche Foundation. These professionals and agencies understood how poverty and backwardness were endured by the majority of the regional and world’s population was one of the main causes of environmental degradation;consequently, overcoming the environmental crisis meant that underdevelopment should be eradicated without delay. This view of the environmental problems was synthesized in the combined concept of “environment and development”, which was also understood in the region as “eco development”. Finally, the broad phenomenon they wanted to describe using the terms “environment and development” was summarized in the concept of sustainable development as defined in the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development report “Our Common Future”.

Rise of the Right and Regression of the Left in Latin America

Though the turn to the right in Latin America will continue over the short term, the left has not diminished and its resurgence remains possible. The political situation in Latin America has undergone dramatic changes since 2015, when an ebbing of the"pink tide"and rise of the right in several countries occurred, coupled with US support to the right.Flexible political strategies and rightists' political pragmatism are occurring as the continent's middle class expands, coupled with US support to the right. Some conditions that promote the right's revival remain operative, but for the new right regimes, addressing economic vitality, the wellbeing of the poor, corruption, and divisions from within are imminent challenges against which a left resurgence has competitive ground.

启蒙运动思想传入拉丁美洲的过程及其影响

受欧洲中心论以及文化传播主义的影响,西方学术界长期忽视启蒙运动对拉丁美洲的影响,认为拉丁美洲只是被动、消极地接受欧洲启蒙运动的影响。作为一场涉及领域非常广泛的思想文化运动,启蒙运动并非只有一种表现形式。在拉丁美洲,启蒙运动的开展是以先进知识的传播为核心的,具体表现为启蒙书籍的输入与传播、学术组织的创立与发展等,这一过程促进了拉丁美洲独立思想的产生以及拉丁美洲本土科学的发展。同时,拉丁美洲对启蒙思想的接受是有限度的,拉丁美洲的启蒙思想家们将欧洲启蒙思想与自身的文化传统和社会现实进行了调和。

如何在拉丁美洲“建造”:重审安赫尔·拉玛与巴尔加斯·略萨之争

重审20世纪70年代初乌拉圭批评家拉玛与秘鲁作家略萨之间围绕文学批评方式而展开的一场论争,拉玛认为略萨推崇的诉诸作家传记信息与个体冲动的批评框架低估了拉美“文学爆炸”的形式创造;与略萨的个体文学观针锋相对,拉玛指出“文学爆炸”的真正创造在于呼应所属共同体的需求而改造文学技术。文章在这一论争的延长线上阅读拉玛其后对秘鲁作家阿格达斯的研究,提出拉美文学中普遍存在着外来技术和本土历史世界的文化互化。重估这一从传统筹划而来的瓦莱里意义上的文学“建造”,有助于廓清拉美文学的真实贡献,也有益于在今日设立有效的文艺批评议程。

中国式现代化对拉美现代化困境的克服

20世纪下半叶以来,拉美国家在现代化进程中遭遇了一系列困境。其根源在于没有处理好现代化的一般规律与本国特色、外源现代化与内生现代化之间的关系。与此形成鲜明对比的是,中国式现代化则从领导力量、核心目标、发展战略、政治体制、文化建设、环境保护和内外关系等七个方面成功破解了拉美模式的弊端,生成“全面现代化”和“内生现代化”全新方案。可以说,中国式现代化和拉美现代化分别代表了不同时空条件下发展中国家追求现代化的典型实践,而其不同的命运更是可以作为比较研究的关键样本。在比较研究视域中,中国式现代化不仅是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路,而且超越了现代化的普遍性和个体道路的特殊性之间的二元对立,为世界尤其是发展中国家树立了全新典范。

欧美式现代化:一条非普适的现代化道路

欧美一些国家在工业化时代初期便成功地实现了现代化,生成由欧陆型、英国型和美国型共同构成的欧美式现代化道路。很多政客和学者认为欧美式现代化道路具有普适性,但现实情况证明这一观点是错误的。欧美式现代化道路不具有普适性的根本原因是这一现代化道路与亚非拉国家的国情不相符,外部成因是西方国家维护西方中心主义。欧美式现代化道路非普适性告诉人们:任何一条现代化道路都不可能普遍适用于所有国家和地区;亚非拉国家只有立足自身、适度借鉴,才能有效推进现代化进程,只有抓住内核、走和平道路,才能实现现代化。

政党法规的概念、类型、框架与要义——以拉美政党法规为例

政党法规指阐释政党及关于政党的组建、组织和财务、职责和权限、权利和义务、结构和组织原则规范的法律规章。根据不同标准,可以将政党法规划分为不同类型。不同类型的政党法规在规制政党的内容、角度、范围、手段等方面存在差异。政党法规的内容涵盖广泛,对涉及政党特别是政党运作问题的方方面面进行了规定。拉美主要国家的政党法规建设取得了瞩目成就,政党的司法生活的所有主要方面都得到了政党法规的规制,形成了不同于盎格鲁-撒克逊模式的模式,具有他山之石的价值。