Limit Test and pH Determination of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Jiulongteng Honey

[Objectives]To explore the effect of storage time on pH and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content in Jiulongteng honey.[Methods]The pH of Jiulongteng honey was determined by neutralization titration with sodium hydroxide standard solution.The content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in Jiulongteng honey was determined by HPLC.Chromatographic conditions:ZORBAX SB-C 18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)from Agilent Co.,Ltd.,acetonitrile-0.1%formic acid solution(5:95)as mobile phase,flow rate of 0.8 mL/min,5-hydroxymethylfurfural detection wavelength of 284 nm,guanosine detection wavelength of 254 nm.[Results]The pH of 12 batches of Jiulongteng honey was 3.70-3.84 in the new honey stage,3.92-4.05 in the old honey stage 1,and 4.25-4.53 in the old honey stage 2;5-hydroxymethylfurfural was not detected in the new honey stage,5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected in FM-001 in the old honey stage 1,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected in most samples in the old honey stage 2.[Conclusions]The pH and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content of 12 batches of Jiulongteng honey met the requirements within 3 years of storage.There was no 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in Jiulongteng honey,but with the extension of storage time,the detection amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural increased significantly even if Jiulongteng honey was stored at low temperature.Therefore,5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be used as an important indicator of honey freshness.

Cytotoxicity, Toxicity and Anticancer Activity of Manuka Honey, Saudi’s Honey and Peganum harmala Plant against Cancer Cells

Cancer occurs when the body’s cells grow beyond the usual control. Normal body cells multiply in a controlled manner and undergo apoptosis when the body no longer needs them. Different types of cancers exist, and the common ones include breast, cervical, prostate, lung, colon, and skin cancers. Several factors have been associated with cancers, and these factors include poor dieting, exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation, weak immune system, and genetics. Cancer presents an enormous health threat in the modern world and thus the need to identify an effective treatment. The conventional treatments used in the management of cancer include chemotherapy and physiotherapy. These forms of cancer treatments usually have enormous side effects on the subjects. In this respect, an alternative form of treatment would be effective in managing cancer patients. A substantial number of natural products have been observed to be effective in the management of cancer. These natural products include plants and other natural substances such as honey. This study focuses on the efficiency of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Also, the anticancer effects of Peganum harmala, Manuka honey, and Saudi honey will be analyzed. Bee honey and Peganum harmala have been traditionally used in the treatment of cancer. The extracts from Peganum harmala plant have also been shown to exhibit divers’ antitumor effects similar to the mode of action of a vast number of anticancer agents. These established hypotheses thus give the rationale for this study. In this experiment, extracts were obtained from Peganum harmala leaves and exposed to cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Similarly, solutions of Manuka honey and Saudi honey were exposed to the cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. The experiment duration was 24 hours, which obtained results were recorded and analyzed. Peganum harmala extracts inhibit cancer cell growth at different and achievable concentrations. Manuka honey highly inhibits the growth of HeLa cancer cells while Saudi honey highly inhibits the growth of A549 cells. Peganum harmala can form an effective treatment for managing several types of cancers. Manuka Honey can be applied as an effective treatment for managing cervical cancer while Saudi honey can form an effective treatment for managing lung cancers.

BHJO: A Novel Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm Combining the Beluga Whale, Honey Badger, and Jellyfish Search Optimizers for Solving Engineering Design Problems

Hybridizing metaheuristic algorithms involves synergistically combining different optimization techniques to effectively address complex and challenging optimization problems.This approach aims to leverage the strengths of multiple algorithms,enhancing solution quality,convergence speed,and robustness,thereby offering a more versatile and efficient means of solving intricate real-world optimization tasks.In this paper,we introduce a hybrid algorithm that amalgamates three distinct metaheuristics:the Beluga Whale Optimization(BWO),the Honey Badger Algorithm(HBA),and the Jellyfish Search(JS)optimizer.The proposed hybrid algorithm will be referred to as BHJO.Through this fusion,the BHJO algorithm aims to leverage the strengths of each optimizer.Before this hybridization,we thoroughly examined the exploration and exploitation capabilities of the BWO,HBA,and JS metaheuristics,as well as their ability to strike a balance between exploration and exploitation.This meticulous analysis allowed us to identify the pros and cons of each algorithm,enabling us to combine them in a novel hybrid approach that capitalizes on their respective strengths for enhanced optimization performance.In addition,the BHJO algorithm incorporates Opposition-Based Learning(OBL)to harness the advantages offered by this technique,leveraging its diverse exploration,accelerated convergence,and improved solution quality to enhance the overall performance and effectiveness of the hybrid algorithm.Moreover,the performance of the BHJO algorithm was evaluated across a range of both unconstrained and constrained optimization problems,providing a comprehensive assessment of its efficacy and applicability in diverse problem domains.Similarly,the BHJO algorithm was subjected to a comparative analysis with several renowned algorithms,where mean and standard deviation values were utilized as evaluation metrics.This rigorous comparison aimed to assess the performance of the BHJOalgorithmabout its counterparts,shedding light on its effectiveness and reliability in solving optimization problems.Finally,the obtained numerical statistics underwent rigorous analysis using the Friedman post hoc Dunn’s test.The resulting numerical values revealed the BHJO algorithm’s competitiveness in tackling intricate optimization problems,affirming its capability to deliver favorable outcomes in challenging scenarios.

Hepatic and renal effects of oral stingless bee honey in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

BACKGROUND Diabetes is known damage the liver and kidney,leading to hepatic dysfunction and kidney failure.Honey is believed to help in lowering the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients and reducing diabetic complications.However,the effect of stingless bee honey(SBH)administration in relieving liver and kidney damage in diabetes has not been well-studied.AIM To investigate the effect of SBH administration on the kidney and liver of streptozotocin-induced(STZ;55 mg/kg)diabetic Sprague Dawley rats.METHODS The rats were grouped as follows(n=6 per group):non-diabetic(ND),untreated diabetic(UNT),metformin-treated(MET),and SBH+metformin-treated(SBME)groups.After successful diabetic induction,ND and UNT rats were given normal saline,whereas the treatment groups received SBH(2.0 g/kg and/or metformin(250 mg/kg)for 12 d.Serum biochemical parameters and histological changes using hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)and periodic acid–Schiff(PAS)staining were evaluated.RESULTS On H&E and PAS staining,the ND group showed normal architecture and cellularity of Bowman’s capsule and tubules,whereas the UNT and MET groups had an increased glomerular cellularity and thickened basement membrane.The SBH-treated group showed a decrease in hydropic changes and mild cellularity of the glomerulus vs the ND group based on H&E staining,but the two were similar on PAS staining.Likewise,the SBME-treated group had an increase in cellularity of the glomerulus on H&E staining,but it was comparable to the SBH and ND groups on PAS staining.UNT diabetic rats had tubular hydropic tubules,which were smaller than other groups.Reduced fatty vacuole formation and dilated blood sinusoids in liver tissue were seen in the SBH group.Conversely,the UNT group had high glucose levels,which subsequently increased MDA levels,ultimately leading to liver damage.SBH treatment reduced this damage,as evidenced by having the lowest fasting glucose,serum alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,and alkaline phosphatase levels compared to other groups,although the levels of liver enzymes were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION The cellularity of the Bowman’s capsule,as well as histological alteration of kidney tubules,glomerular membranes,and liver tissues in diabetic rats after oral SBH resembled those of ND rats.Therefore,SBH exhibited a protective hepatorenal effect in a diabetic rat model.

Direct Correlation among Telomere Length, Cellular Aging, and Rejuvenation Effects of Honey Child Powder

Purpose: Telomere length (TL) is an indicator of age;however, hormonal influences complicate individual aging. It remains unclear whether TL shortening is a direct factor in both individual and cellular aging. Therefore, we examined the direct relationship between TL and cellular senescence at the cellular level. Methods: Telomerase activity, TL, and gene expression were measured in cultured human lung-, fetal-, and skin-derived fibroblasts, human skin keratinocytes, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene-immortalized cells using detection kits, Cawthon’s method, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Novel substances that elongate telomeres were screened to confirm cell rejuvenation effects. Results: Long-term cell culture of TIG-1-20 normal human fibroblasts resulted in TL shortening, decreased division rate, and senescence progression, whereas in OUMS-36T-2 cells, TL elongation via TERT gene transfer increased the division rate, reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress, and upregulated genes associated with young individuals, indicating that cellular rejuvenation occurs via TL elongation. In addition, a honey child powder (HCP) extract was found through screening, and the HCP extract strongly suppressed the menin gene, resulting in increased telomerase activity and extended cell lifespan. Upon addition of the HCP extract to skin fibroblasts, gene expression of moisturizing components, including collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin, increased, and exhibited a rejuvenating effect with an increase in elastin amount. Conclusions: TL elongation or shortening is involved in cell proliferation rate and cellular aging, and TL elongation rejuvenates cells. In addition, HCP extract has a rejuvenating effect on cells and is expected to be a rejuvenating compound.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Some Honeys from the Savannah-Gallery Forest Complex and Primary Forest in Gabon

Honey harvesting throughout beekeeping is a technology recently introduced in Gabon comparing to the other African countries well known in international honey trade. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the quality of multi-flower honeys from the savannah-gallery forest complex and primary forest not well documented in Gabon. Physical and chemical parameters of different honeys were analyzed using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results of physico-chemical analysis show variations in pH (3.4 to 3.9), free acidity (37.12 to 76.65 meq∙kg−1), water content (17.49% to 21.21%), electrical conductivity (0.64 to 1.24 mS∙cm−1), density (1.02 to 1.03) and total sugar content (77% to 82%). These variations were significantly different (p < 0.05) between certain honeys, but independent of the type of ecosystem considered. The pH values confirmed the botanical origin of the five honeys. The physico-chemical parameters of the honeys show significant correlations (p < 0.05). Moisture content is negatively correlated with conductivity (r = −0.628), pH (r = −0.631), density (r = −0.552) and total sugar content (r = −0.890). Conductivity is positively correlated with free acidity (r = 0.688) and total sugar content (r = 0.776), and negatively correlated with water content (r = −0.628). All honeys were in line with Codex Alimentarius standards, except for 3 types of honey (M1, M2 and M4) for free acidity and electrical conductivity, showing possible fermentation of these honeys.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in‘Feizixiao'litchi

Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)is a type of commercially prevalent subtropical and tropical fruit.Since litchi has a highly heterozygous genetic background and a long reproductive cycle,conventional breeding methods(such as hybridization)have limited ability to nurture new litchi cultivars.Here,an efficient and stable Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of embryogenic callus was established in‘Feizixiao’litchi.Transgenic materials were verified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analysis,β-glucuronidase(GUS)assay,and green fluorescent protein(GFP)assay.To implement the technology of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)/associated protein 9(CRISPR/Cas9)technology in‘Feizixiao’litchi and verify the validity of these transformation systems,the litchi polyphenol oxidase gene(LcPPO,JF926153)was knocked out.Various categories of mutations,covering base insertions,deletions,and substitutions,were found in transgenic materials via sequence analysis.The transformation system achieved high feasibility and efficiency,and the system of CRISPR/Cas9 was successfully employed to edit genes in‘Feizixiao’litchi.This work provides an essential foundation for investigating the functions of genes and accelerating litchi genetic improvement.

An Efficient Honey Badger Optimization Based Solar MPPT Under Partial Shading Conditions

Due to the enormous utilization of solar energy,the photovoltaic(PV)system is used.The PV system is functioned based on a maximum power point(MPP).Due to the climatic change,the Partial shading conditions have occurred under non-uniform irradiance conditions.In the PV system,the global maximum power point(GMPP)is complex to track in the P-V curve due to the Partial shad-ing.Therefore,several tracking processes are performed using various methods like perturb and observe(P&O),hill climbing(HC),incremental conductance(INC),Fuzzy Logic,Whale Optimization Algorithm(WOA),Grey Wolf Optimi-zation(GWO)and Flying Squirrel Search Optimization(FSSO)etc.Though,the MPPT is not so efficient when the partial shading is increased.To increase the efficiency and convergences in MMPT,the Honey Badger optimization(HBO)algorithm is presented.This HBO model is motivated by the excellent foraging behaviour of honey badgers.This HBO model is used to achieve the best solution in GMPP tracking and speed convergence.The HBO methodology is also com-pared with prior P&O,WOA and FSSO methods using MATLAB.Therefore,the experiment shows that the HBO method is performed a higher tracking than all prior methods.

An Improved Honey Badger Algorithm through Fusing Multi-Strategies

TheHoney Badger Algorithm(HBA)is a novelmeta-heuristic algorithm proposed recently inspired by the foraging behavior of honey badgers.The dynamic search behavior of honey badgers with sniffing and wandering is divided into exploration and exploitation in HBA,which has been applied in photovoltaic systems and optimization problems effectively.However,HBA tends to suffer from the local optimum and low convergence.To alleviate these challenges,an improved HBA(IHBA)through fusing multi-strategies is presented in the paper.It introduces Tent chaotic mapping and composite mutation factors to HBA,meanwhile,the random control parameter is improved,moreover,a diversified updating strategy of position is put forward to enhance the advantage between exploration and exploitation.IHBA is compared with 7 meta-heuristic algorithms in 10 benchmark functions and 5 engineering problems.The Wilcoxon Rank-sum Test,Friedman Test and Mann-WhitneyU Test are conducted after emulation.The results indicate the competitiveness and merits of the IHBA,which has better solution quality and convergence traits.The source code is currently available from:https://github.com/zhaotao789/IHBA.

Evaluation on Soil Improvement Effects of Organic Fertilization in Honey Peach Orchard in the Longquan Mountain

Combined application of organic fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the productivity and ecological effect of newly added soil.However,the effect of organic fertilizer application in newly added orchard soil is not clear.In this project,the soil of newly built peach orchard in the Longquan Mountain of Chengdu was applied with 45 t/hm 2 of organic fertilizer.After 9 months of planting 6 varieties of honey peach(Wanhujing,Baifeng,Zhongtao 13,Huangjinmitao 1,Zhongpan 101,Zhongpan 104),the locally well developed peach orchard was taken as the control.The physical and chemical properties of soil from four topography(top slope,middle slope,lower slope and flat land)of newly built peach orchard were analyzed,and the effect of organic fertilizer on soil was evaluated.The results showed that combined application of organic fertilizer had different effects on soils from orchards with different varieties of peach and from different terrain parts of the same peach variety.Specifically,it had the best effect on soil improvement in Baifeng(local variety),Zhongpan 101 and Zhongpan 104(introduced varieties).Meanwhile,the best effect of soil improvement was found on top slope.Cluster analysis divided newly built peach orchards,uncultivated soil,and locally well developed peach orchard into four groups,indicating that the selected amount of organic fertilizer application in this study has improved the soil of peach orchards to some extent,but it was still necessary to increase the application amount.It was better for 54 t/hm 2 amount of organic fertilization on the part of top and middle slope,and 60 t/hm 2 on the lower slope and flat land.The comprehensive ecological benefit assessment of organic fertilizer should be conducted based on long-term monitoring of peach orchard ecological environment,fruit tree growth,fruit yield and quality,which would provide scientific basis for peach orchard production and management.

Hybrid Chameleon and Honey Badger Optimization Algorithm for QoS-Based Cloud Service Composition Problem

Cloud computing facilitates the great potentiality of storing and managing remote access to services in terms of software as a service(SaaS).Several organizations have moved towards outsourcing over the cloud to reduce the burden on local resources.In this context,the metaheuristic optimization method is determined to be highly suitable for selecting appropriate services that comply with the requirements of the client’s requests,as the services stored over the cloud are too complex and scalable.To achieve better service composition,the parameters of Quality of Service(QoS)related to each service considered to be the best resource need to be selected and optimized for attaining potential services over the cloud.Thus,the cloud service composition needs to concentrate on the selection and integration of services over the cloud to satisfy the client’s requests.In this paper,a Hybrid Chameleon and Honey Badger Optimization Algorithm(HCHBOA)-based cloud service composition scheme is presented for achieving efficient services with satisfying the requirements ofQoS over the cloud.This proposed HCHBOA integrated the merits of the Chameleon Search Algorithm(CSA)and Honey Badger Optimization Algorithm(HBOA)for balancing the tradeoff between the rate of exploration and exploitation.It specifically used HBOA for tuning the parameters of CSA automatically so that CSA could adapt its performance depending on its incorporated tuning factors.The experimental results of the proposed HCHBOA with experimental datasets exhibited its predominance by improving the response time by 21.38%,availability by 20.93%and reliability by 19.31%with a minimized execution time of 23.18%,compared to the baseline cloud service composition schemes used for investigation.

抑霉唑、咪鲜胺及其代谢物在荔枝贮藏保鲜中的残留动态及安全评价

为评估抑霉唑和咪鲜胺在荔枝全果、果皮和果肉的残留情况及膳食风险,本研究建立了同时测定抑霉唑、咪鲜胺及其代谢物含量的气相色谱-串联质谱法。该方法检测抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、咪唑乙醇和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的方法检出限(LOD)分别为2.0、3.0、6.0、0.3μg/kg;定量限(LOQ)分别为6.0、10.0、20.0、1.0μg/kg;在荔枝全果、果皮和果肉中的添加回收率为78.9%~107%、RSD为2.6%~5.8%。保鲜实验结果表明,抑霉唑、咪鲜胺浸果浓度越高残留量越高,残留物随贮藏时间延长由果皮逐渐迁移到果肉中。全果和果皮中抑霉唑、咪鲜胺的残留量随贮藏时间延长不断降低,果肉则于浸泡后第7 d达到最大值再逐渐消解。代谢咪唑乙醇和2,4,6-三氯苯酚随着贮藏时间增加不断升高。用质量浓度为500 mg/L的抑霉唑、咪鲜胺溶液分别浸泡保鲜,安全间隔期14 d内荔枝咪鲜胺的慢性、急性膳食摄入风险在可接受的范围内。

Captcha-Based Honey Net Model against Malicious Codes

The rate of passive and active attacks has been on the increase lately affecting both individuals and institutions. Even when internal control procedures are in place, malicious codes from intruders into the network have left so much to be desired. As a result, many Chief Information Security Officers have grown grey hair because of their inability to effectively handle attacks from various ends. Various attempts and technologies have been made in the time past with a measure of success. Intrusion Detection Software (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Software, firewall, honey pots and honey nets have been deployed and with great respite from losses arising from cyber-attacks. Cyber security is the duty of everyone and all must see it as such. As tiers of government and law enforcement agents are doing their best, everybody must be seen to play their parts. Fraudsters have also not seemed to be tired of seeking vulnerabilities to exploit. Then, cyber security experts should not let off their guards but make efforts to harden their security. A way of doing is to intelligently provide a solution that has the capability of detecting and proactively hardening security. This paper proposes a honey net model that is captcha-based and capable of extracting details from hackers with a view to building a robust defense against black hat attackers. This research was able to prevent the botnet with the use of captcha and also redirect suspected traffic to the honeynet which was then captured for the purpose of improving the security of the network. The result showed that any bandwidth greater than the set threshold was not allowed to go into the network but redirected to honeynet where details were logged. Also, with a threshold of 100 mbs, inbound traffic of higher bandwidth such as 110 mbs and 150 mbs was denied access thereby giving 100% detection rate.

Differential distribution of authenticity results of different varieties of refined honey based on stable isotope ratio method

Objective Using the stable isotope ratio method for the authenticity identification and variety identification of refined honey.Methods In this paper,a total of 17 samples of different varieties of refined honey were used to obtain refined honey proteins by precipitation with sodium tungstate solution and sulphuric acid solution.The isotope mass spectrometer was used to simultaneously detect theδ^(13)C values of refined honey proteins and refined honey as well as theδ^(18)O andδ^(2)H values of refined honey,processed of the results obtained,analysed the authenticity of the samples and conduct a variety identification study.Results Tested of the resulting honey samples,the results showed that four batches of refined honey did not up to standard,two batches of C-4 vegetable syrup were detected as adulterated,and two batches of protein were not detected.Theδ^(18)O andδ^(2)H values of refined honey were also found to be effective in distinguishing the varietal origin of refined honey to a certain extent.Conclusions The stable isotope ratio method is useful in the authenticity identification of refined honey,and provides new ideas to further promote the authenticity of refined honey and variety identification research.

荔枝落果中A型低聚原花青素抑制类甜蛋白促炎机制

以荔枝落果中的A型低聚原花青素为研究对象,探讨其对荔枝类甜蛋白(litchi thaumatin-like protein,LcTLP)促炎的抑制机理。采用乙醇提取、大孔吸附树脂纯化以及制备液相色谱仪等从荔枝落果中分离得到A型低聚原花青素(A-type oligomeric proanthocyanidins,A-OPC)纯化物,并对A-OPC结构鉴定,主要成分为原花青素A2、2个A型原花青素三聚体和1个A型四聚体,纯度达88.69%。利用LcTLP诱导构建RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,A-OPC的添加可抑制LcTLP诱导RAW264.7细胞的一氧化氮、细胞炎症因子白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α的分泌,在120μg/mL质量浓度下,抑制率分别可达58.38%、39.80%和86.31%(P<0.01)。蛋白免疫印迹分析发现,在120μg/mL质量浓度下A-OPC可降低诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶2的表达量,并显著降低p65、核因子κB抑制蛋白、c-Jun氨基末端激酶、细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶和p38的磷酸化水平,说明A-OPC通过下调核转录因子-κB和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路中下游蛋白的磷酸化水平抑制LcTLP诱导的炎症反应。

荔枝VQ基因家族鉴定及其对非生物胁迫的响应

【目的】VQ蛋白是一类含有保守VQ基序(FxxhVQxhTG)的植物特异性蛋白,在植物生长发育和非生物胁迫应答中发挥重要作用。研究鉴定了荔枝VQ基因家族,并分析其在不同组织的表达模式及在低温、高温、干旱和盐胁迫下的应答,为后续研究其抗逆机制奠定了基础。【方法】用生物信息学方法在荔枝全基因组中鉴定LcVQ基因,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、基因结构和保守基序等进行分析;用MEGA 6.0软件构建系统发育树,分析荔枝、拟南芥和水稻VQ蛋白的系统发育关系;用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术验证LcVQs对多种非生物胁迫的响应情况。【结果】荔枝中共鉴定获得可聚类为9个亚族的18个VQ基因(LcVQ1-18),依次分布在荔枝的11条染色体上,其编码蛋白的氨基酸数介于111~427之间,分子质量为12.48~45.49 kD;除LcVQ15和LcVQ17定位于细胞质之外,其余LcVQ蛋白均定位于细胞核。LcVQs启动子区域包含大量植物生长发育响应元件、激素响应元件及逆境响应元件。LcVQs的表达量在不同组织中具有明显差异,总体上分为普遍性表达和特异性表达。LcVQs可快速响应非生物胁迫,在低温、高温、干旱和盐胁迫处理3 h内分别有4,3,3,4个LcVQs明显上调表达。【结论】荔枝全基因组中有18个VQ家族成员,具有典型VQ保守结构域,能差异化响应多种非生物胁迫。

高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定荔枝中降糖氨酸A和亚甲基环丙基甘氨酸

建立高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱定量分析荔枝中降糖氨酸A和亚甲基环丙基甘氨酸两种降糖氨酸的测定方法。荔枝样品以90%乙醇为提取溶剂进行超声提取,离心取上清,氮吹后用水复溶。经丹磺酰氯衍生化后,采用Waters HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)进行分离,柱温为35℃,水(含0.1%甲酸)和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流量为0.3 mL/min。质谱采用电喷雾电离源,正离子扫描,多反应监测模式进行检测。两种降糖氨酸的质量浓度在0.01~0.50μg/mL范围内与其色谱峰面积线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,降糖氨酸A的检出限为0.05 mg/kg,亚甲基环丙基甘氨酸的检出限为0.08 mg/kg,加标回收率为81.4%~98.7%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~5.9%(n=6)。该方法操作简单,分析时间短,灵敏度高,准确可靠,为荔枝中降糖氨酸A和亚甲基环丙基甘氨酸两种降糖氨酸的测定提供了有效的技术手段。

“妃子笑”荔枝高产若干生长发育性状

“妃子笑”荔枝是我国栽培区域最广的荔枝品种,比较研究不同区域“妃子笑”生长发育特性可为树冠、养分管理和成花着果调控及区域适应性发展等参考,为荔枝品种制订高产和克服“大小年”技术方案提供借鉴。2008—2022年,调查统计华南六省(区)北纬18°32′~28°47′的24县(区)39个示范园“妃子笑”物候期;于始花期调查海南、广东、广西和云南省(区)18个果园“妃子笑”结果树枝条、叶片和花穗生长量,并取样分析枝条、叶片、花穗主要养分含量,计算植株不同部位营养需求量。结果表明,主产区“妃子笑”末次秋梢成熟期8月下旬至11月中旬,现“白点”(花穗原基)期11月下旬至翌年2月中旬,盛花期2月上旬至4月上旬,果实成熟期4月下旬至7月底。3次秋梢生长分别约为35.9、39.5和40.2 d,秋梢老熟至现花穗原基(花诱导)约87 d,花穗与花芽分化期约56 d,果实发育期约需63 d。海南等地区“妃子笑”采果后树冠重回缩修剪至1.5 m高,形成矮化树形,而粤西等地修剪至2~3 m高,塑造高大树形。“妃子笑”结果植株采果后秋梢生长1~3次,树冠表面积的平均枝梢数16条/m2,秋梢平均长度37.7 cm,秋梢复叶数17片、叶片数104片。“妃子笑”单株不同部位年生长量,以鲜质量计分别为秋梢枝条16.8 kg,叶片40.2 kg,花穗17.2 kg;以干质量计为秋梢枝条9.50 kg,叶片23.24kg,花穗7.19kg。主要养分含量为秋梢枝条中氮0.76%、磷0.26%、钾0.72%、钙0.54%、镁0.15%;叶片中氮1.79%、磷0.17%、钾0.94%、钙0.77%、镁0.25%;花穗中氮2.20%、磷0.30%、钾1.74%、钙0.32%、镁0.29%。单株50 kg的产量,年度枝叶、花穗和果实生长所需主要元素为氮0.70 kg、磷0.10 kg、钾0.46 kg,秋梢期氮、磷、钾用量分别占比全年用量的71.4%、70.0%、63.0%。从多年产量稳定性看,海南省陵水县、琼海市、海口市,广西北海铁山港区、合浦县,广东省廉江市等地是“妃子笑”适应性表现较好的栽培区。综合而言,随着纬度北移和海拔升高,“妃子笑”物候期延后,果实成熟期持续3个月以上;各地区“妃子笑”物候期相差较大的是末次秋梢成熟期和果实成熟期,差异较小的是花芽诱导期;枝叶养分需求较大,确保秋梢生长量是支撑产量和品质的重要基础。

荔枝GRF基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

为揭示荔枝(Litchi chinensis)GFR基因的功能,对荔枝生长调控因子(LcGRF)基因家族进行了全基因组鉴定和分析,并研究其在荔枝中的表达模式。基于荔枝基因组数据库,使用生物信息学软件对LcGRFs家族成员进行全基因组鉴定,分析基本理化性质、染色体定位、基因结构、进化关系、蛋白保守基序、顺式作用元件和时空表达情况进行系统分析。共获得12个GRF基因,不均匀地分布在10条染色体上,内含子2~5个。蛋白保守基序分析发现,荔枝GRF蛋白均含有保守的motif1(WRC)和motif2(QLQ),进化分析LcGRF划分为5个亚家族,LcGRFs启动子上存在大量的光、植物激素、非生物胁迫响应以及生长发育相关的顺式作用元件。不同转录组表达模式结果显示,各个组织中呈现出多样化的表达特征,表明不同成员可能在荔枝不同生长发育过程中发挥调控作用,参与调节荔枝的生长发育。研究显示,荔枝GRF家族成员有12个,划分为5个亚家族。

广西荔枝龙眼创新团队10年建设经验、成效与发展对策

国家现代农业产业技术体系广西荔枝龙眼创新团队于2013年启动建设。10年来团队发挥技术优势,积极开展产业调研、新品种选育及引进、产业技术研发、示范基地建设等工作,在优良新品种选育推广应用、高接换种技术、密闭园改造技术、荔枝蒂蛀虫防控技术及人才培养等方面取得了显著成效,为促进荔枝龙眼产业发展提供了技术支撑。然而,广西荔枝龙眼产业仍存在着主栽品种价格低迷、劳动力老龄化、新品种和新技术推广见效慢等问题。针对以上问题,团队进一步完善技术体系创新机制,充分调动团队成员的工作积极性,根据产业实际情况研发推广轻简实用生产技术,打破岗位职能限制,拓宽服务领域,为广西荔枝龙眼产业可持续发展提供更有力的技术支撑。