The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’...The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’s conclusion.I challenge this view.Using the case of Peter Singer,who has famously argued for a moral obligation to relieve famine,but who does not,by his own admission,live in accordance with the standard he espouses,I explain why(and how)an arguer’s hypocrisy matters.If I am correct,then the standard view of the relation between arguer and argument must be revised.展开更多
Prior to commercialization of wild foods,their nutritional,ethnobotanical,anthropological and toxic details require to be investigated.Plants from the family of Amaranthaceae are used by indigenous communities as a so...Prior to commercialization of wild foods,their nutritional,ethnobotanical,anthropological and toxic details require to be investigated.Plants from the family of Amaranthaceae are used by indigenous communities as a source of nutrition in different plants of the world.This study focused on investigating the nutritional and biological activity,safety and potential of a tissue culture system of three plants from展开更多
Background： The role of wild foods in combating problems of food shortage is paramount. However, existin, approaches to combat food insecurity shock have generally focused on reducing vulnerability via increasing pro...Background： The role of wild foods in combating problems of food shortage is paramount. However, existin, approaches to combat food insecurity shock have generally focused on reducing vulnerability via increasing productivity of domesticated foods. In contrast, approaches that enhance resilience mainly through wild fooc sources have been less focused. This study examined the contribution of wild foods to household resilience to food insecurity in the green famine belt of Ethiopia. Methods： A cross-sectional survey of 220 households was conducted using a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews, and semi-participant observations. Factor analysis was run using SPSS to analyze data. Correlation analysis was used to examine the direction and strength of association between wild foods and the income and food access （IFA）, a latent proxy indicator of resilience. Cross-tabulation was also run to determine the proportion of households in each ethno〈ulture group under each resilience category. Results： The mean amount of wild foods obtained by households was 156.61 kg per household per annum. This was about 5 % and 9 % of, gross and, net food available from all sources respectively. Wild foods contributed well to household resilience as the factor loading （Factor2 = 0.467） was large enough and were significantly correlated with IFA （r-- 0.174）. Wild vegetables were the most collected and consumed type of wild foods constituting 52.4 % of total amount of wild foods. The total amount of wild foods was smaller than that of domesticated sources of food. The majority of households （38.6 %） reported ＂reduced source of wild foods＂ as a reason for this. Smaller proportion of the indigenous （11.2 %） than the non-indigenous （34.1%） ethno-culture group reported one or more reasons for their lower level of dependence on wild foods. Conclusion： From the study we concluded that wild foods had important contribution to households＇ resilience to food shortages and are likely to continue to contribute in the future, this being more to indigenous than non-indigenous ethno-culture group. Therefore, a resilience building policy that incorporates wild foods should be adopted, and research that aims at exploring their current status and future prospect are urgently required.展开更多
Traumatic spinal cord injury（SCI）often leaves patients with devastating neurological deficits.The traumatic event–or primary injury–can be due to mechanisms such as compression,distraction,shear,laceration or（rar...Traumatic spinal cord injury（SCI）often leaves patients with devastating neurological deficits.The traumatic event–or primary injury–can be due to mechanisms such as compression,distraction,shear,laceration or（rarely）even transection.Thereafter SCI patients are vulnerable to progressive,delayed damage as a result of secondary insults and secondary injury.Secondary insults such as hypoxia and hypotension occur at the level of the organism from a myriad of causes.展开更多
Background:Mangrove forests are a significant contributor to the global carbon cycle,and the accurate estimation of their gross primary productivity(GPP)is essential for understanding the carbon budget within blue car...Background:Mangrove forests are a significant contributor to the global carbon cycle,and the accurate estimation of their gross primary productivity(GPP)is essential for understanding the carbon budget within blue carbon ecosystems.Little attention has been given to the investigation of spatiotemporal patterns and ecological variations within mangrove ecosystems,as well as the quantitative analysis of the influence of geo-environmental factors on time-series estimations of mangrove GPP.Methods:This study explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove GPP from 2000 to 2020 in Gaoqiao Mangrove Reserve,China.A leaf area index(LAI)-based light-use efficiency(LUE)model was combined with Landsat data on Google Earth Engine(GEE)to reveal the variations in mangrove GPP using the Mann-Kendall(MK)test and Theil-Sen median trend.Moreover,the spatiotemporal patterns and ecological variations in mangrove ecosystems across regions were explored using four landscape indicators.Furthermore,the effects of six geo-environmental factors(species distribution,offshore distance,elevation,slope,planar curvature and profile curvature)on GPP were investigated using Geodetector and multi-scale geo-weighted regression(MGWR).Results:The results showed that the mangrove forest in the study area experienced an area loss from 766.26 ha in 2000 to 718.29 ha in 2020,mainly due to the conversion to farming,terrestrial forest and aquaculture zones.Landscape patterns indicated high levels of vegetation aggregation near water bodies and aquaculture zones,and low levels of aggregation but high species diversity and distribution density near building zone.The mean value of mangrove GPP continuously increased from 6.35 g C⋅m^(-2)⋅d^(-1) in 2000 to 8.33 g C⋅m^(-2)⋅d^(-1) in 2020,with 23.21%of areas showing a highly and significantly increasing trend(trend value>0.50).The Geodetector and MGWR analyses showed that species distribution,offshore distance and elevation contributed most to the GPP variations.Conclusions:These results provide guidelines for selecting GPP products,and the combination of Geodetector and MGWR based on multiple geo-environmental factors could quantitatively capture the mode,direction,pathway and intensity of the influencing factors on mangrove GPP variation.The findings provide a foundation for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove GPP at the landscape or regional scale.展开更多
Malnutrition in early life increases the risk of osteoporosis,but the association of early-life undernutrition combined with adulthood obesity patterns with low-energy fracture remains unknown.This study included 5323...Malnutrition in early life increases the risk of osteoporosis,but the association of early-life undernutrition combined with adulthood obesity patterns with low-energy fracture remains unknown.This study included 5323 community-dwelling subjects aged⩾40 years from China.Early-life famine exposure was identified based on the participants’birth dates.General obesity was assessed using the body mass index(BMI),and abdominal obesity was evaluated with the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR).Low-energy fracture was defined as fracture occurring after the age of⩾40 typically caused by falls from standing height or lower.Compared to the nonexposed group,the group with fetal,childhood,and adolescence famine exposure was associated with an increased risk of fracture in women with odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)of 3.55(1.57–8.05),3.90(1.57–9.71),and 3.53(1.05–11.88),respectively,but not in men.Significant interactions were observed between fetal famine exposure and general obesity with fracture among women(P for interaction=0.0008).Furthermore,compared with the groups with normal BMI and WHR,the group of women who underwent fetal famine exposure and had both general and abdominal obesity had the highest risk of fracture(OR,95%CI:3.32,1.17–9.40).These results indicate that early-life famine exposure interacts with adulthood general obesity and significantly increases the risk of low-energy fracture later in life in women.展开更多
文摘The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’s conclusion.I challenge this view.Using the case of Peter Singer,who has famously argued for a moral obligation to relieve famine,but who does not,by his own admission,live in accordance with the standard he espouses,I explain why(and how)an arguer’s hypocrisy matters.If I am correct,then the standard view of the relation between arguer and argument must be revised.
文摘Prior to commercialization of wild foods,their nutritional,ethnobotanical,anthropological and toxic details require to be investigated.Plants from the family of Amaranthaceae are used by indigenous communities as a source of nutrition in different plants of the world.This study focused on investigating the nutritional and biological activity,safety and potential of a tissue culture system of three plants from
文摘Background： The role of wild foods in combating problems of food shortage is paramount. However, existin, approaches to combat food insecurity shock have generally focused on reducing vulnerability via increasing productivity of domesticated foods. In contrast, approaches that enhance resilience mainly through wild fooc sources have been less focused. This study examined the contribution of wild foods to household resilience to food insecurity in the green famine belt of Ethiopia. Methods： A cross-sectional survey of 220 households was conducted using a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews, and semi-participant observations. Factor analysis was run using SPSS to analyze data. Correlation analysis was used to examine the direction and strength of association between wild foods and the income and food access （IFA）, a latent proxy indicator of resilience. Cross-tabulation was also run to determine the proportion of households in each ethno〈ulture group under each resilience category. Results： The mean amount of wild foods obtained by households was 156.61 kg per household per annum. This was about 5 % and 9 % of, gross and, net food available from all sources respectively. Wild foods contributed well to household resilience as the factor loading （Factor2 = 0.467） was large enough and were significantly correlated with IFA （r-- 0.174）. Wild vegetables were the most collected and consumed type of wild foods constituting 52.4 % of total amount of wild foods. The total amount of wild foods was smaller than that of domesticated sources of food. The majority of households （38.6 %） reported ＂reduced source of wild foods＂ as a reason for this. Smaller proportion of the indigenous （11.2 %） than the non-indigenous （34.1%） ethno-culture group reported one or more reasons for their lower level of dependence on wild foods. Conclusion： From the study we concluded that wild foods had important contribution to households＇ resilience to food shortages and are likely to continue to contribute in the future, this being more to indigenous than non-indigenous ethno-culture group. Therefore, a resilience building policy that incorporates wild foods should be adopted, and research that aims at exploring their current status and future prospect are urgently required.
文摘Traumatic spinal cord injury（SCI）often leaves patients with devastating neurological deficits.The traumatic event–or primary injury–can be due to mechanisms such as compression,distraction,shear,laceration or（rarely）even transection.Thereafter SCI patients are vulnerable to progressive,delayed damage as a result of secondary insults and secondary injury.Secondary insults such as hypoxia and hypotension occur at the level of the organism from a myriad of causes.
基金This work was supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515010741 and 2021A1515110910)Guangdong Regional Joint Fund-Youth Fund(2020A1515111142)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324093210029).
文摘Background:Mangrove forests are a significant contributor to the global carbon cycle,and the accurate estimation of their gross primary productivity(GPP)is essential for understanding the carbon budget within blue carbon ecosystems.Little attention has been given to the investigation of spatiotemporal patterns and ecological variations within mangrove ecosystems,as well as the quantitative analysis of the influence of geo-environmental factors on time-series estimations of mangrove GPP.Methods:This study explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove GPP from 2000 to 2020 in Gaoqiao Mangrove Reserve,China.A leaf area index(LAI)-based light-use efficiency(LUE)model was combined with Landsat data on Google Earth Engine(GEE)to reveal the variations in mangrove GPP using the Mann-Kendall(MK)test and Theil-Sen median trend.Moreover,the spatiotemporal patterns and ecological variations in mangrove ecosystems across regions were explored using four landscape indicators.Furthermore,the effects of six geo-environmental factors(species distribution,offshore distance,elevation,slope,planar curvature and profile curvature)on GPP were investigated using Geodetector and multi-scale geo-weighted regression(MGWR).Results:The results showed that the mangrove forest in the study area experienced an area loss from 766.26 ha in 2000 to 718.29 ha in 2020,mainly due to the conversion to farming,terrestrial forest and aquaculture zones.Landscape patterns indicated high levels of vegetation aggregation near water bodies and aquaculture zones,and low levels of aggregation but high species diversity and distribution density near building zone.The mean value of mangrove GPP continuously increased from 6.35 g C⋅m^(-2)⋅d^(-1) in 2000 to 8.33 g C⋅m^(-2)⋅d^(-1) in 2020,with 23.21%of areas showing a highly and significantly increasing trend(trend value>0.50).The Geodetector and MGWR analyses showed that species distribution,offshore distance and elevation contributed most to the GPP variations.Conclusions:These results provide guidelines for selecting GPP products,and the combination of Geodetector and MGWR based on multiple geo-environmental factors could quantitatively capture the mode,direction,pathway and intensity of the influencing factors on mangrove GPP variation.The findings provide a foundation for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove GPP at the landscape or regional scale.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFC2505202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81970691 and 82170819)+4 种基金Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders Plan(No.20XD1422800)Shanghai Medical and Health Development Foundation(No.DMRFP_I_01)Clinical Research Plan of SHDC(No.SHDC2020CR3064B)Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai(No.20Y11905100)Key Medical Subject of Jiading District,Shanghai(No.2020-jdyxzdzk-01).
文摘Malnutrition in early life increases the risk of osteoporosis,but the association of early-life undernutrition combined with adulthood obesity patterns with low-energy fracture remains unknown.This study included 5323 community-dwelling subjects aged⩾40 years from China.Early-life famine exposure was identified based on the participants’birth dates.General obesity was assessed using the body mass index(BMI),and abdominal obesity was evaluated with the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR).Low-energy fracture was defined as fracture occurring after the age of⩾40 typically caused by falls from standing height or lower.Compared to the nonexposed group,the group with fetal,childhood,and adolescence famine exposure was associated with an increased risk of fracture in women with odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)of 3.55(1.57–8.05),3.90(1.57–9.71),and 3.53(1.05–11.88),respectively,but not in men.Significant interactions were observed between fetal famine exposure and general obesity with fracture among women(P for interaction=0.0008).Furthermore,compared with the groups with normal BMI and WHR,the group of women who underwent fetal famine exposure and had both general and abdominal obesity had the highest risk of fracture(OR,95%CI:3.32,1.17–9.40).These results indicate that early-life famine exposure interacts with adulthood general obesity and significantly increases the risk of low-energy fracture later in life in women.
