The study was conducted to find out modern family planning utilization and associated factor among HIV positive reproductive age women attending anti retroviral treatment care in Debremarkos referral hospital, in Ethi...The study was conducted to find out modern family planning utilization and associated factor among HIV positive reproductive age women attending anti retroviral treatment care in Debremarkos referral hospital, in Ethiopia. Institution based cross-sectional study was carried out. Three hundred thirty five HIV positive reproductive age women were selected using systematic random sampling methods. Data were collected and analyzed. About 47.9% HIV positive reproductive age women are currently using modern family planning methods. Level of education has significant effect on utilization of modern family planning methods. Women with primary education and secondary education and above are utilizing modern family planning methods 2.71 times and 6.91 times more from non educated women, respectively. Number of children has also effect in utilization of modern family planning methods. Those who have one child and two and more children are utilizing modern family planning methods 5.31 and 11.66 times more than those who do not have children, respectively. Utilization of modern family planning methods was low and the most commonly used methods were condom and inject able contraceptives. In order to enhance utilization of modern family planning methods for HIV positive women, family planning services must be integrated with anti retro viral treatment care and support service sites and women’s educational status must be improved.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> Modern family planning methods (MFPM) prevent unwanted pregnancies, reduce fertility rate, and increase the interval between pregnancies. They prevent pregnancy by preventing...<strong>Introduction:</strong> Modern family planning methods (MFPM) prevent unwanted pregnancies, reduce fertility rate, and increase the interval between pregnancies. They prevent pregnancy by preventing fertilization or implantation of the fertilized ovum. MFPM include tubal ligation (TL), vasectomy, oral contraceptive pills, the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), depot injections, sub-dermal implants, and male and female condoms. <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the level of knowledge of modern family planning methods (MFPM) among women of reproductive age (18 - 49 years) at the Mathari North Health Center in Nairobi County, Kenya. <strong>Methods: </strong>The study conducted among women of reproductive age at Mathare North Health Center in Nairobi was a cross-sectional descriptive survey between March 2016 and November 2018. It provided both qualitative and quantitative data. The sample size comprised of 274 women of reproductive age,<em> i.e.</em> (18 - 49 years) attending antenatal and postnatal clinics at the facility. Those excluded were women below 18 years of age, as they could not give consent according to Kenyan Laws. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, which consisted of socio-demographic and characteristics, knowledge of modern family planning methods and distance from the facility. Likert scale was used to ensure that data was tabulated on daily basis and subjected to statistical manipulation using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). <strong>Results:</strong> The four leading MFPM in use in order of acceptability were injectables, implants, intrauterine contraceptive device and pills in that order. 91% of respondents were aware or had heard about modern family planning methods. Level of education of mother and father were the two variables that influenced the uptake of MFPM with <em>p</em>-values of 0.0260 and 0.025, respectively. The study further found that knowledge of MFPM had a significant influence on their assimilation and utilization. All secondary variables considered in the research exhibit a substantial relationship concerning the use of MFPM. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Communities around Mathari North Health Center need to be given information;education and counselling on MFPM to enable them make an informed decision and choice on their preferred method of family planning.展开更多
In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has ...In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming "traditional" society to "modern" one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years (i.e., 2000-2009) with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.展开更多
Euphemism uses a pleasant way or some beautiful expressions to produce a good effect on the hearer. In order to make conversations go on smoothly, euphemism plays an important role in these occasions when people somet...Euphemism uses a pleasant way or some beautiful expressions to produce a good effect on the hearer. In order to make conversations go on smoothly, euphemism plays an important role in these occasions when people sometimes break the rules to express conversational implication. Based on the American sitcom Modern Family as the corpus, this thesis analyzes the euphemism from the perspective of the Politeness Principle. Meanwhile, the author hopes that the thesis could have a better comprehension and appreciation of English euphemisms to improve the application ability through the study of English euphemism.展开更多
Background: In Burkina Faso, efforts have been made between 2010 and 2015 to address the low levels of contraceptive utilization. However, the socio-cultural context in the country still reinforces traditional gender ...Background: In Burkina Faso, efforts have been made between 2010 and 2015 to address the low levels of contraceptive utilization. However, the socio-cultural context in the country still reinforces traditional gender roles, low status for women, and a strong desire for larger families. The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to analyze the trends in reversible modern contraceptive prevalence, and 2) to identify the factors influencing the use of reversible modern contraceptives, comparing the urban and rural areas. Data and Methods: We conducted an analysis using data from Burkina Faso sourced from the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2015 Demographic and Health Module (DHM). The 2010 DHS received responses from 17,087 women aged 15 - 49 years, achieving a response rate of 98.4%. Similarly, the 2015 DHM garnered responses from 11,504 women aged 15 - 49 years, with a response rate of 96.6%. Results: Our findings revealed that while advancements were observed in urban areas, the majority of underprivileged women still faced limited access to modern contraception. Moreover, we did not observe any significant interaction effects between age and parity with the year of the survey. However, there was a slight decrease in the impact of marital status, although the difference between married and non-married women remained significant in 2015. It is noteworthy that family planning discussions and approval continued to play crucial roles. Conclusion: The initiatives to subsidize contraceptive costs and establish mobile clinics have proven inadequate in facilitating rural, impoverished, and young women’s access to modern contraception. Additional endeavors are required to enhance geographical accessibility to modern contraceptives by expanding the availability of supply sources, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, providing psychosocial support has the potential to empower women in making informed contraceptive decisions and exercising greater control over their reproductive choices.展开更多
1 In certain countries of the world,the king or queen is still considered to be a demi-god.The UK is not one of those countries.It’s true that up until the 17th century,the British king or queen was believed to rule ...1 In certain countries of the world,the king or queen is still considered to be a demi-god.The UK is not one of those countries.It’s true that up until the 17th century,the British king or queen was believed to rule by divine right,which was the idea that God chose the king or queen to rule and that he or she was therefore above the law.The idea that the monarch was above the law ended with the English Civil War,in which King Charles the First was imprisoned and then beheaded in 1649. 2 So what does the British royal family represent for the British people today? Well,a large number of things.The royal family are of course a part of British history and British cultural identity.It just wouldn’t feel the same if there were no royal family(and tourism would certainly be affected).In addition to that,however,the Queen has important formal duties:展开更多
I Since 1990, as a person in charge of key research projects of the China Tibetology Research Center, I have had opportunities almost every year to conduct field surveys on anthropology in Tibet together with my colle...I Since 1990, as a person in charge of key research projects of the China Tibetology Research Center, I have had opportunities almost every year to conduct field surveys on anthropology in Tibet together with my colleagues. Our investigations focus on the family. The purpose of our surveys is to see social changes in Tibet during the 50 years after the Democratic Reform through the study of the family as a social cell.展开更多
文摘The study was conducted to find out modern family planning utilization and associated factor among HIV positive reproductive age women attending anti retroviral treatment care in Debremarkos referral hospital, in Ethiopia. Institution based cross-sectional study was carried out. Three hundred thirty five HIV positive reproductive age women were selected using systematic random sampling methods. Data were collected and analyzed. About 47.9% HIV positive reproductive age women are currently using modern family planning methods. Level of education has significant effect on utilization of modern family planning methods. Women with primary education and secondary education and above are utilizing modern family planning methods 2.71 times and 6.91 times more from non educated women, respectively. Number of children has also effect in utilization of modern family planning methods. Those who have one child and two and more children are utilizing modern family planning methods 5.31 and 11.66 times more than those who do not have children, respectively. Utilization of modern family planning methods was low and the most commonly used methods were condom and inject able contraceptives. In order to enhance utilization of modern family planning methods for HIV positive women, family planning services must be integrated with anti retro viral treatment care and support service sites and women’s educational status must be improved.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> Modern family planning methods (MFPM) prevent unwanted pregnancies, reduce fertility rate, and increase the interval between pregnancies. They prevent pregnancy by preventing fertilization or implantation of the fertilized ovum. MFPM include tubal ligation (TL), vasectomy, oral contraceptive pills, the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), depot injections, sub-dermal implants, and male and female condoms. <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the level of knowledge of modern family planning methods (MFPM) among women of reproductive age (18 - 49 years) at the Mathari North Health Center in Nairobi County, Kenya. <strong>Methods: </strong>The study conducted among women of reproductive age at Mathare North Health Center in Nairobi was a cross-sectional descriptive survey between March 2016 and November 2018. It provided both qualitative and quantitative data. The sample size comprised of 274 women of reproductive age,<em> i.e.</em> (18 - 49 years) attending antenatal and postnatal clinics at the facility. Those excluded were women below 18 years of age, as they could not give consent according to Kenyan Laws. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, which consisted of socio-demographic and characteristics, knowledge of modern family planning methods and distance from the facility. Likert scale was used to ensure that data was tabulated on daily basis and subjected to statistical manipulation using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). <strong>Results:</strong> The four leading MFPM in use in order of acceptability were injectables, implants, intrauterine contraceptive device and pills in that order. 91% of respondents were aware or had heard about modern family planning methods. Level of education of mother and father were the two variables that influenced the uptake of MFPM with <em>p</em>-values of 0.0260 and 0.025, respectively. The study further found that knowledge of MFPM had a significant influence on their assimilation and utilization. All secondary variables considered in the research exhibit a substantial relationship concerning the use of MFPM. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Communities around Mathari North Health Center need to be given information;education and counselling on MFPM to enable them make an informed decision and choice on their preferred method of family planning.
文摘In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming "traditional" society to "modern" one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years (i.e., 2000-2009) with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.
文摘Euphemism uses a pleasant way or some beautiful expressions to produce a good effect on the hearer. In order to make conversations go on smoothly, euphemism plays an important role in these occasions when people sometimes break the rules to express conversational implication. Based on the American sitcom Modern Family as the corpus, this thesis analyzes the euphemism from the perspective of the Politeness Principle. Meanwhile, the author hopes that the thesis could have a better comprehension and appreciation of English euphemisms to improve the application ability through the study of English euphemism.
文摘Background: In Burkina Faso, efforts have been made between 2010 and 2015 to address the low levels of contraceptive utilization. However, the socio-cultural context in the country still reinforces traditional gender roles, low status for women, and a strong desire for larger families. The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to analyze the trends in reversible modern contraceptive prevalence, and 2) to identify the factors influencing the use of reversible modern contraceptives, comparing the urban and rural areas. Data and Methods: We conducted an analysis using data from Burkina Faso sourced from the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2015 Demographic and Health Module (DHM). The 2010 DHS received responses from 17,087 women aged 15 - 49 years, achieving a response rate of 98.4%. Similarly, the 2015 DHM garnered responses from 11,504 women aged 15 - 49 years, with a response rate of 96.6%. Results: Our findings revealed that while advancements were observed in urban areas, the majority of underprivileged women still faced limited access to modern contraception. Moreover, we did not observe any significant interaction effects between age and parity with the year of the survey. However, there was a slight decrease in the impact of marital status, although the difference between married and non-married women remained significant in 2015. It is noteworthy that family planning discussions and approval continued to play crucial roles. Conclusion: The initiatives to subsidize contraceptive costs and establish mobile clinics have proven inadequate in facilitating rural, impoverished, and young women’s access to modern contraception. Additional endeavors are required to enhance geographical accessibility to modern contraceptives by expanding the availability of supply sources, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, providing psychosocial support has the potential to empower women in making informed contraceptive decisions and exercising greater control over their reproductive choices.
文摘1 In certain countries of the world,the king or queen is still considered to be a demi-god.The UK is not one of those countries.It’s true that up until the 17th century,the British king or queen was believed to rule by divine right,which was the idea that God chose the king or queen to rule and that he or she was therefore above the law.The idea that the monarch was above the law ended with the English Civil War,in which King Charles the First was imprisoned and then beheaded in 1649. 2 So what does the British royal family represent for the British people today? Well,a large number of things.The royal family are of course a part of British history and British cultural identity.It just wouldn’t feel the same if there were no royal family(and tourism would certainly be affected).In addition to that,however,the Queen has important formal duties:
文摘I Since 1990, as a person in charge of key research projects of the China Tibetology Research Center, I have had opportunities almost every year to conduct field surveys on anthropology in Tibet together with my colleagues. Our investigations focus on the family. The purpose of our surveys is to see social changes in Tibet during the 50 years after the Democratic Reform through the study of the family as a social cell.