日本现代大学生中的"Moratorium人"问题的分析

现代社会活动中越来越出现青年学生成长延期，社会角色转换过悭的现象，它带来的直接后果是学生很难健康成长、正常自立地走上社会，从而构成较突出的社会－“Moratorium人”的问题。本文以日本为例，对这一现象的原因作了分析。在前人研究的基础上，作者对于解决这一问题也提出了自己的对策建议。

我国伏季休渔制度效果分析与优化探讨

我国海洋伏季休渔制度是当前我国最主要的渔业养护政策之一,并在实践中不断调整完善,对改善我国海洋渔业生态、推动渔业可持续发展发挥着重要作用。为论证我国伏季休渔政策建立以来的实施效果,文章先回顾了我国伏季休渔政策变化的历程与特点,再以东海海域为例,分析休渔政策实施以来东海海域的捕捞产量、捕捞努力量和捕捞效率的变化特点,并对其代表性渔获物的产量和品质变化进行讨论,进而结合东海南部部分渔港的渔获物捕捞调研情况,分析我国当前伏季休渔制度存在的问题,进而提出进一步优化的措施和建议。

休渔渔民伏季休渔期的生计满意度及其影响因素分析——以浙江省舟山市为例

“伏季休渔”政策的实施有效缓解了我国海洋渔业资源尤其是近岸海洋渔业资源的衰退趋势,但也在客观上影响了休渔渔民的生计。舟山市是传统的捕捞重镇,也是我国最早实施伏季休渔政策的地区之一。本文以浙江省舟山市为实证研究区域,基于424份伏季休渔渔民随机调查样本,采用生计满意度量表对其伏季休渔期的生计满意度水平进行了测度,采用回归模型揭示了伏季休渔期渔民生计满意度的影响机理。结果表明:(1)绝大部分休渔渔民对伏季休渔期的生计状况并不满意;满意的仅占全部受访休渔渔民的2.36%,有16.75%的受访休渔渔民表示对伏季休渔期的生计状况非常不满意;(2)造成休渔渔民伏季休渔期生计满意度水平低下的主要原因在于收入水平的断崖式下降;(3)休渔渔民伏季休渔期生计满意度水平主要受所在地伏季休渔期渔民扶助政策、自身专业技术水平、允许工作时间、家庭年收入、柴油补贴收入、家庭抚养比等因素影响,加入渔民社会组织等社会团体对其伏休期的生计满意度改善没有帮助。

Factors Impacting Benefits of Participatory Forest Management in Upper Imenti Forest, Meru County, Kenya

This study focused on identifying factors affecting the benefits of Participatory Forestry Management (PFM) income generating activities in Upper Imenti Forest and whether they are dependent on status of participation in forest management through membership of Community Forest Association (CFA) or not. Cross-sectional survey research design was applied for collecting quantitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 384 households stratified on the basis of PFM participation status. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions using a checklist and key informant interviews using an interview schedule. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25, Binomial regression with Wald Chi-square was analyzed to identify factors perceived to be significantly influencing benefits for PFM participants and Pearson Chi-square to compare factors perceived to be affecting PFM and non-PFM participants. CFA members participation in PFM was significantly and positively affected by benefits of PFM income generating activities and forest products accessed in the forest. Benefits linked to Plantation Establishment for Livelihood Improvement System (PELIS) for CFA members were significantly reduced by enforcement of moratorium policy since February 2018, diseases and pests, poor PELIS guideline adherence and animal damage. Benefits related to state forest access for firewood by the CFA members were negatively influenced by the moratorium policy. Diseases and pests affected benefits associated with bee keeping significantly. Comparing factors under different PFM participation status, crop production was significantly affected by policy changes, pest and diseases, animal damage and PELIS guideline adherence for CFA members than for Non-CFA members. Policy changes also affected the CFA members significantly in firewood collection and access to fodder in the state forest than the Non-CFA members. Hence, sustainable community participation in Upper Imenti Forest management requires: increasing PFM benefits, addressing factors reducing benefits and enhancing active participation of CFA members in PFM related decision-making processes.

从法律角度对中国渔业资源保护的思考

近年来,在生态环境破坏严重、违法捕捞现象屡禁不止等因素的影响下,中国正面临着渔业资源匮乏、渔获物质量下降等问题。文章在分析渔业资源保护必要性的基础上,进一步阐述其存在的渔业水域生态环境破坏严重、捕捞限额制度遇到困境、伏季休渔制度存在弊端等现实问题,并提出了加强渔业生态环境保护、完善渔业限额捕捞制度及配套措施和完善渔业资源监督管理体制等三项保护渔业资源的建议,可供有关决策部门在制定相关政策时参考。

Effects Assessment of Summer Fishing Moratorium in Daya Bay in the Northern South China Sea

In order to assess effects of Summer Fishing Moratorium (SFM) in Daya Bay, variations in stock density, fish diversity, fish species composition, fish body length and weight, and bio-environments during the pre-SFM (May in 2015) and post-SFM (August in 2015) in Daya Bay were analyzed, based on trawl survey data. Results showed that the average stock density in the post-SFM was 5.65 times of that in the pre-SFM, and the average species numbers in the post-SFM was 1.76 times of that in the pre-SFM. Analysis of fish body length and weight indicated that fish grew faster during the SFM, and body weight was more uniform in the post-SFM. In the post-SFM, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index increased by 0.36 and 0.14, respectively, indicating that the fish biodiversity and community structure improved. SFM alleviated fishing intensity, recovered and conserved coastal fish resource. In order to improve efficiency and impacts of SFM and to promote sustainable development of coastal fish resource, prolonging the time of SFM, reducing the number of coastal fishing boats and enforcing the conservation of fish resources were suggested.

Effect Evaluation of Summer Fishing Moratorium (SFM)in Daya Bay Based on Remote Sensing and Survey Data

[Objective] The paper was to quantitatively evaluate the maintenance effect of summer fishing moratorium （SFM） in Daya Bay. [Method]Based on satellite remote sensing and trawl surveys, the changes in sea surface temperature （SST） , chlorophyll a （Chla） concentration, catchper unit effort （CPUE）, biodiversity, species composition, body length and weight of total catch in Daya Bay before SFM （May 2015） and after SFM（August 2015） were comparatively analyzed. [Result] The CPUE of total catch mainly distributed from 0-10 kg/h before SFM to 0-40 kg/h afterSFM. The average body length and weight of catches increased, indicating that the growth rate of catches was accelerated. The indices of ShannonWiener diversity index （H忆） and Pielou evenness index（J忆） increased by 0.36 and 0.14, respectively, indicating that the community structure wasimproved. The biomass spectra of fishery resources community suggested that the slopes of normalized biomass spectra after SFM was greater than-1, and the biomass of fishery resources increased with the increase of individual body weight after SFM. SFM reduced offshore fishing intensity,recovered and conserved the fishery resources in Daya Bay. [Conclusion] In order to improve the SFM system and promote the sustainable development of coastal fishery resources, it is suggested to prolong the time of SFM appropriately, reduce the number of coastal fishing boats, and strengthen the conservation of fish resources.

Can Small-Holder Trees Supplement the Public Plantations in the Wood Market? The Case of Kenya’s Logging Moratorium

Kenya’s public forest sector plantations have been the main source of roundwood for wood-based industries but several factors have reduced its capacity to meet increasing demands, resulting in huge deficits. The growth of small-holder forestry over the last three decades has demonstrated the potential to supplement the deficits. The imposed logging moratorium in public and community forests in 2002-2012 and 2018 not only opened markets for small-holder tree growers but also increased demand pressure from various wood consumers. This paper presents an assessment of the status of farm-based wood resources three years within the latest moratorium period and the potential of farm tree resources to complement wood from public forest plantations. Data were collected from 56 households using semi-structured interviews, key informants interviews, and a rapid assessment of standing and harvested trees from 146 on-farm plots. The main commercial tree species found on the farms were;Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus sp., Grevillea robusta, Pinus patula, and Acacia mearnsii. Eucalypts were the most planted trees with an average land size of 1.08 ha. The farm tree resources have sustained some level of wood demand since the moratorium, as indicated by the high volume of wood harvested. The study found that about 40% of current wood resources consisted of trees less than 5 years, and most harvests were of small diameter classes which are essentially juvenile wood and are unsuitable for structural and furniture use. Furthermore, most small-scale farmers lack appropriate silvicultural and management knowledge, preferring smaller growing spacing as shown by the high planting density of 1659 stems·ha-1 and also use of inferior germ-plasm, with implications on the quality of wood from farms. It is recommended that rigorous capacity building on tree growing and management techniques be undertaken and a progressive and supportive policy framework on harvesting and trade of trees on-farm be developed.

Study on the legal system of the summer fishing moratorium in the Bohai Sea

In1995,the official implementation of the system of summer fishing moratorium was one of the most important systems in the field of marine fishery management in China.It mainly focuses on offshore fishery resources and the specific situation of the fishery production,taking special protection of marine fishery resources system in order to alleviate the pressure on the marine fishery resources and the marine environment caused by the ever-increasing of fishing vessels and the excessive fishing intensity.The implementation of this system is a major policy for promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery resources in China.This paper conducts a special legal study on the system of summer fishing moratorium in the Bohai Sea,aiming to further improve the system and protect marine fishery resources and marine ecological environment.

三教融通视野下的宋代节庆与停刑

宋代节庆停刑惯例可分为圣节停刑、庆节停刑和其他期日停刑三种类型,并体现在停止死刑奏报、复核及行刑等死刑执行诸环节。唐宋之际逐渐形成的圣节(君主诞日)停刑惯例,反映了中国古代赏刑并举的辩证思维模式和社会治理理念。圣节停刑实质上是以庆赏之名,限制和压缩刑罚适用空间,在传统明德慎罚思想框架内,通过“辍刑”这一标签化行为方式,强化朝廷恩典与慎用死刑之间的直接对应关系。宋代庆节停刑惯例的设立以及纂入立法,主要是释、道二教悲悯好生理念的体现,尤其是宋代道教理念渗入法律执行层面之表彰。伴随道教对于法律的影响日渐深入,经由国家宣示、皇权庇佑和宗教加持,以庆节之名产生的停刑举措,逐渐成为证成宋代盛世文明的重要依凭。除圣节、庆节以外,宋《天圣令》对唐《狱官令》原有的停刑期日进行了调整,在保留元正、寒食、冬至、立春、立夏、雨雪未晴的基础上,新增太岁、三元、大祠、国忌等,皆停刑一日。节庆停刑惯例中礼乐与法制之融合与照应,乃至释道二教悲悯慎刑理念之渗入,反映出宋代礼法合治、赏刑并举、三教融通的治国理念。

种植水稻对池塘沉积物中养分和氨氧化古菌的影响

为科学管理和利用池塘长期养殖产生的沉积物,实行池塘养殖和种植适度轮换是利用底泥养分和改善池塘底质的重要途径。将基本情况完全相同的9个池塘停止养鱼,进行种植水稻改良底质试验,以空置为对照(CK)、设种稻不晒田(T1)和晒田(T2)两个处理,检测试验过程沉积物的主要化学性质和氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的丰度及水稻收获后AOA的群落多样性和结构差异。结果表明,与CK相比,T1(或T2)处理下沉积物中TN、TP和OM显著减少,分别降低了26.58%(31.04%)、58.84%(58.38%)和11.17%(16.11%);T2与T1相比,显示种稻过程中晒田可以加速沉积物中TP和OM的去除;沉积物硝化强度和AOA丰度整体上呈现先增后减的趋势,其中,与CK相比,T1、T2的沉积物硝化强度在水稻分蘖期和拔节孕穗期显著提高,AOA丰度在分蘖期显著增加;种植水稻可以显著提升沉积物AOA的α多样性和OTU数量,增加许多新的AOA种群,T1主要增加了Candidatus nitrosocosmicus cluster(占总序列的3.84%),T2主要增加了Candidatus nitrosotenuis cluster(占总序列的3.24%)。以上结果表明,种植水稻可以有效缓解池塘沉积物养分富集危害,可作为池塘可持续生产的配套措施。

一座季节性休渔湖泊——洱海轮虫的季节动态特征

于2009年2-11月对洱海轮虫进行月际采样,分析洱海轮虫的多样性及其群落结构季节动态特征.洱海作为一个高原湖泊,其轮虫种类组成仍然呈现出热带-亚热带的主要特征.本研究共鉴定轮虫68种,多数种类为广布性或暖水性种类,隶属17科25属,异尾轮属、腔轮属和臂尾轮属是种类最多的三个属,占鉴定轮虫种类的37%.Lecane arcuata和Tricho-cera inermis为我国新纪录种.轮虫生物量的季节分布呈"双峰型",并分别出现在休渔期的中期和捕鱼期前期.在休渔期中期,轮虫主要以前节晶囊轮虫为优势种;在捕鱼期前期,轮虫先以螺形龟甲轮虫和广生多肢轮虫为优势,后以前节晶囊轮虫为优势.季节性休渔不仅使鱼类对轮虫的捕食压力出现季节性变化,而且还通过影响枝角类的群落结构改变枝角类对轮虫的竞争压力.在捕食和竞争的双重作用下,轮虫主要以大型杂食性种类———前节晶囊轮虫为优势种类,并呈现"双峰型"的季节分布模式.

延长拖网伏季休渔期的渔业资源养护效应

海洋伏季休渔制度是当前中国最主要的渔业资源管理制度之一,并在实践中得到不断调整与完善,新的海洋伏季休渔制度已于2017年发布实施。为论证新制度延长拖网休渔期的渔业资源养护效应,本研究依据2015—2017年每年5月东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,利用Ricker动态综合模型,从拖网的渔获结构特征和带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)的种群动力学过程视角开展了相应的量化分析研究。研究结果表明, 5月拖网利用主体为带鱼和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),带鱼和小黄鱼的性成熟比例分别为92.04%～95.57%和13.82%～29.55%,幼鱼比例分别为74.94%～88.90%和0.03%～4.19%;带鱼种群经过4.5个月的休渔,其单位补充量资源量、单位补充量渔获量和平均渔获质量与3.5个月休渔期相比较,分别增加了7.04%、8.96%和20.78%。以上结果表明,提前并延长拖网休渔期,东、黄海主要经济渔业资源带鱼与小黄鱼的产卵群体和幼鱼得到进一步保护,资源增殖效果随着休渔期的不断延长而增加,新制度的休渔时间设置更趋合理。但由于开捕后的带鱼与小黄鱼渔获仍主要以当龄鱼为主,有必要同时配套执行现已颁布的最小网目尺寸和开捕标准等其他渔业资源管理措施,以确保伏季休渔制度主导下的渔业资源养护效果能真正得到巩固,渔业资源的种群结构能够得到切实好转与不断合理化。

东海区延长伏季休渔期渔业资源增殖效果分析

为评价2017年东海区延长伏季休渔期的渔业资源增殖效果,依据2014—2017年每年5月上旬和8月下旬东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,分析了2017年和2014—2016年的8月下旬(休渔后期)的渔业资源密度、资源结构和资源补充能力的同比差异,以及5月上旬和8月下旬的资源密度环比差异。结果表明,总渔业资源、鱼类及3种典型资源种带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、银鲳(Pampus argenteus)的资源密度同比和环比均以2017年为高;2017年资源密度相对增长率鱼类>甲壳类>头足类;2017年休渔后期主要经济种类的生物量或尾数合计比例均高于2014—2016年,生态优势种更为集中;以带鱼、小黄鱼和银鲳为代表种的休渔后期资源补充数量和单位亲鱼量补充量均以2017年为最高。研究认为,东海区延长伏季休渔期具有渔业资源增殖效果,其中对鱼类的贡献最大;但现有休渔制度对渔业资源仅起到短期暂养的养护作用,延长休渔期的渔业增产效果仅仅限于当年。

基于遥感数据的大亚湾伏季休渔效果评价

为定量评估大亚湾伏季休渔的养护效果,以渔业环境卫星遥感和拖网调查相结合的方法,对大亚湾休渔前(2015年5月)和休渔后(2015年8月)海表温度和叶绿素a浓度、总渔获物的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)、生物多样性、种类组成和体长、体质量变动进行了对比分析。结果表明,伏季休渔后,总渔获物CPUE的主要分布范围从休渔前的0~10 kg·h–1提高到休渔后的0~40 kg·h–1。渔获物平均体长和体质量增加,生长速率加快。渔业资源Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(J')分别增加了0.36和0.14,群落结构有所改善。渔业资源群落的生物量谱研究表明,休渔后标准化生物量谱线性回归系数大于–1,生物量随个体体质量的增加而增加。伏季休渔降低了近海的捕捞强度,恢复和养护了大亚湾的渔业资源。建议采取适当延长休渔期、减控近海渔船数、加强资源养护等措施,进一步完善休渔制度,促进近海渔业资源的可持续发展。

伏季休渔对北部湾北部虾类捕捞的影响及评价

北部湾北部虾类资源丰富,是南海经济虾类的主要产地之一。该海域拥有虾场13个,基本分布于广西沿岸近海,虾类主要捕捞类型为桁杆拖网、刺网、笼捕和定置网。文章利用广西近海渔船的生产监测数据,评估北部湾北部虾类产量及捕捞结构,在此基础上分析伏季休渔对虾类捕捞生产的影响。2014年北部湾北部虾类产量估算为8 357 905 kg,其中桁杆拖网的产量占91.62%。伏季休渔后渔船的各项生产效益指标明显改善,经济虾类占总渔获的比例较休渔前增加40.34%,其他虾类占总渔获的比例下降28.53%。休渔显著降低北部湾北部的捕捞强度,起到恢复和养护虾类资源、优化虾类种群结构、提高捕捞生产效益的作用。建议采取打击非法渔业、休渔期间实施虾类资源增殖放流等措施,以进一步提高休渔的效能和作用,促进北部湾北部虾类捕捞可持续发展。

我国长江禁渔期制度实施效果分析与对策研究

长江渔业是我国淡水渔业的摇篮,鱼类基因的宝库,经济鱼类的原种基地。长江渔业苗种丰富,并有种质优势,生长快,抗病力强等特点。近年来,由于水域污染、水工建设和过度捕捞等原因,长江渔业资源面临枯竭。文章通过对2003年起正式实施的长江禁渔期制度实施效果的分析,提出了加强综合治理、建立渔业资源保护区、加大渔民转产转业力度、规范渔业资源人工增殖放流等对策措施。

东、黄海水团动态与夏季休渔效果间的关系

用聚类分析法分析了2003年6月-2005年6月东、黄海水团的分布，并讨论了水团动态变化与夏季休渔效果间的关系。结果表明，6月表层水团主要包括东海表层水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团和沿岸冲淡水，底层水团主要包括东海次表层水团、黄海冷水团和黄海水团。另外，各水团的分布面积存在年间差异。夏季休渔期间，中上层鱼类资源和底层鱼类资源的恢复速度均在2005年最快，在2003年最慢。9月东、黄海中上层鱼类的主要作业渔场在28°00′-32°30′N，125°30′E以西海域，该海域表层主要受东海表层水团所控制;底层鱼类的主要作业渔场在29°30′-33°00′N，127°00′E以西海域，该海域底层主要受东海次表层水团所控制。6月较强的东海表层水团有利于中上层鱼类资源的恢复;较强的东海次表层水团有利于底层鱼类资源的恢复，而较强的黄海冷水团不利于底层鱼类资源的恢复。

我国休禁渔政策演进历程、特征与未来政策设想研究

天然渔业资源保护与管控是世界性难题,我国较早在海洋领域实施伏季休渔探索,之后逐步向内陆河湖流域拓展,政策历程上大致经历了试点探索、全面深化到现代治理的演进脉络,具有实施路径从近海流域到内河流域、禁渔时间从短周期到长周期、禁渔区域从局部流域到全流域的演进特征,对保护天然渔业资源、促进生物多样性发挥了积极作用。分析1995年以来我国天然渔业资源状况发现,天然渔业资源保护形势不容乐观,需要在统筹做好河海休禁渔政策衔接、因时因势优化现有休禁渔政策、提升天然渔业资源的现代治理能力、弘扬传承绿色健康的生态文化等方面持续发力,以政策体系的完备切实转化为保护天然渔业资源的治理效能。

可持续发展视阈下我国海洋伏季休渔制度研究

海洋伏季休渔制度是一项重要的渔业资源养护管理制度。该制度自1995年实施以来取得了良好的效果,同时在国际上也产生了积极的影响。作为渔业管理领域中最为重要的制度之一,海洋伏季休渔制度目前只是一项渔业政策和措施,并没有上升到国家的法律和法规层面,该制度的效力远不能从根本上解决我国海洋渔业资源养护和可持续发展的问题。因此,文章对海洋伏季休渔制度的具体内容进行了深度分析,从法律与政策的关系出发,通过探讨国家立法、执法以及渔民守法等方面存在的问题,指出海洋伏季休渔制度作为一项渔业政策向法律和法规转变的必要性和条件,建议推动伏休政策的立法转变、加强渔业执法监督体制和加强政府对渔民的扶持政策。旨在进一步促进实施该制度,为海洋渔业资源的可持续发展服务。