基于近红外光谱技术快速定量检测香菇面制品中香菇含量的研究

为定量检测香菇面制品中香菇含量,采用近红外光谱扫描添加0.5%~10%的香菇面粉样本,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立含香菇面制品中香菇定量快速无损检测方法。取含香菇的面粉样本120余份,将96个样品作为定标集,24个作为验证集,进行10000 cm^(-1)~4000 cm^(-1)近红外全波长扫描,得到添加含香菇面粉的近红外原始光谱,通过Spectrum Quant软件,利用偏最小二乘法,将光谱预处理后与香菇含量建立近红外模型,并进行模型的验证与预测。结果表明,最优的预处理方法为MSC+平滑点2+二阶导数降噪2预处理,主因子数10,校正集方程与验证集方程的相关性良好(R2>99%),预测性较好(偏差<5%),模型有较好的准确度,为香菇面制品中香菇含量的检测提供了方法基础。

改良基质对煤矿区土壤理化性质的优化

煤炭资源的大量开采造成土地资源严重破坏,为了改良矿区土壤,以榆林市某煤矿区土壤为试样,设置空白对照(CK1)、5%煤气化渣(CK2)、5%煤气化渣与平菇菌渣配施、5%煤气化渣与玉米秸秆生物炭配施、5%煤气化渣+平菇菌渣+玉米秸秆生物炭配施,共计13个处理,测定处理后土壤的理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对改良效果进行综合评价,以筛选矿区土壤改良的有效配方。结果表明,与CK1相比,CK2处理的土壤毛管持水性、孔隙度、pH值、碱解氮含量分别增加12.32%、0.92%、21.41%、12.89%,有机质含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、含盐量分别显著降低76.52%、39.56%、26.85%、25.12%。与CK2处理相比,5%煤气化渣与平菇菌渣配施、5%煤气化渣与玉米秸秆生物炭配施、5%煤气化渣+平菇菌渣+玉米秸秆生物炭处理均能有效改善土壤理化性质,其中,矿区土壤中施入5%煤气化渣+30%平菇菌渣+10%生物炭后,土壤容重、密度和土壤含盐量均显著降低;土壤田间持水量、有机质含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量和碱解氮含量显著增加。主成分分析发现,5%煤气化渣+30%平菇菌渣+10%生物炭处理对煤矿区土壤改良效果最佳。

不同食用菌水提物与醇提物活性成分含量及抗氧化活性分析

该文对19种食用菌水提物与醇提物活性成分含量及抗氧化活性进行检测与比较。结果表明,不同食用菌提取物活性成分含量及抗氧化能力具有明显差异。其中猪肚菇水提物中多糖含量最高,为4331.65μg/mL;蛹虫草水提物中总多酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为556.88μg/mL和68.38μg/mL。抗氧化活性方面,灵芝醇提物DPPH·清除能力、蛹虫草水提物ABTS+·清除能力、姬松茸醇提物羟自由基清除能力较强,分别为92.36%、90.07%、92.31%。同种食用菌的水提物与醇提物活性成分含量及抗氧化能力也存在明显差异。以吸光度大小衡量总还原力强弱,竹荪醇提物总还原力达到1.35,而其水提物为0.62。相关性分析结果表明,总多酚和总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性相关性较强,与DPPH·清除能力、ABTS^(+)·清除能力和总还原力呈极显著正相关。

香菇复水过程中质地及风味变化

为探究干香菇在复水过程中质地及风味的变化,本研究将干香菇于不同温度条件下进行恒温复水处理,采用电子舌、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜等技术对复水阶段香菇的质地及风味特性进行分析。结果表明,不同复水温度和时间对复水香菇的质地、挥发性风味和滋味均有影响。其中,40℃复水30 min时的复水比达到平衡,鲜味强度值较高,但与其他组相比持水率有所下降,硬度和咀嚼性适中,弹性达到最大值,其菌盖褐变指数相对较高,但内褶褐变不明显,微观结构显示其菌丝较为舒展,剪切力适中。此外,40℃复水的香菇其抗氧化性高于100℃复水的香菇,可溶性蛋白损失更少,游离氨基酸含量更高并在30 min达到最大值。同时以含硫化合物和酮类为主的特征风味物质得到较好保留,而100℃复水时特征性化合物含量下降严重。综上,复水过程中香菇的质地及风味会发生显著变化,将干香菇于40℃中复水30 min能够获得较好的品质。

羊肚菌设施内畦床式栽培技术

本文结合安徽宿州萧县一家庭农场生产种植经验,总结分析了羊肚菌生长的适宜环境、设施条件以及栽培技术要点。该菌栽植宜选择空气质量好,地势平缓、排灌方便的地块,土壤要求为土质松软,弱碱性、透气性较好的砂壤土;栽培设施以日光温室大棚为主,配备滴灌带和雾化装置。其设施栽培技术要点包括选择菇型、颜色好,种性稳定,肉质肥厚,产量较高的优良品种;进行土壤翻耕、消毒,制作外源营养料包等播种前准备工作;精细播种,覆盖黑色地膜;做好浇灌盖膜,温光调控,放营养包和催菇等播后管理工作;出菇期结合各时期要求进行管理;综合应用农业手段、物理方法、生物技术和化学防治技术,有效防治菌菇生长过程中的杂菌污染和病虫为害;按照“采大留小”原则适时采收,采后及时储藏或运输。本文为羊肚菌设施栽培产业发展提供参考。

Effects of Active Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Postharvest Quality of Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) Stored at Cold Storage

The effects of active modified atmosphere packaging （MAP） on the postharvest quality of shiitake mushrooms stored at cold temperature （4°C） were investigated.The gas components were 2% O2 ＋7% CO2 （MAP1）,2% O2 ＋10% CO2 （MAP2） and 2% O2 ＋13% CO2 （MAP3）,respectively.The results showed that active MAP could extend the shelf-life of shiitake mushrooms to 17 d and the concentration of carbon dioxide could influence the postharvest quality of shiitake mushrooms.MAP2 treatment inhibited the increase in respiration rate and malondinaldehyde （MDA） contents,delayed the decrease in firmness,soluble sugar and vitamin C,and obviously reduced the activity of polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and the degree of browning,therefore maintaining better quality.

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metal in Wild Growing Mushrooms from Liangshan Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture,China

The heavy metal bioaccumulation levels of 13 species of mushrooms were studied. 13 different species of wild mushrooms growing in China were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As. Contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in mushroom and Cu, Zn in Soil were tested by atomic absorption spectrometer （AAS）, and As in samples by atomic fluorescent light （AFL）. Contents of Cd and Pb in soil were analyzed by graphite furnace AAS. The results showed that contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As in Termitomyces microcarpus were the highest in the tested mushroom samples, which were 135.00, 13.28, 65.30, and 1.60 mg·kg^-1 （dry biomass） respectively, and the corresponding bioconcentration factor （BCF） for Cu and Cd was 57 and 1 674 separately, which was the highest data in 13 mushroom species. The capability ofBoletus griseus for Cd accumulation was very strong with BCF of 300. when people consume the wild edible mushrooms, contents of Cd and Pb should be greatly considered.

Inhibition of α/β-K_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)·10H_2O on the Activity of Mushroom Tyrosinase and Its Antimicrobial Effects

Dawson-type phosphotungstic polyoxometalate α/β-K6P2W18O62·10H2O（P2W18） was synthesized and its inhibitory effect on the mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. It could inhibit diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase as an irreversible inhibitor. When the concentration of the enzyme reached 0.0176 mg/mL, the concentration of P2W18 leading to 50% activity lost（IC50） was 0.05 mmol/L for monophenolase and 0.64 mmol/L for diphenolase. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of P2W18 was evaluated by zone of inhibition test. The results show that P2W18 possesses effective antimicrobial ability against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, yeast, especially Escherichia coli and yeast.

Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: A case report

BACKGROUND Mushroom exposure is a global health issue.The manifestations of mushroom poisoning (MP) may vary.Some species have been reported as rhabdomyolytic,hallucinogenic,or gastrointestinal poisons.Critical or even fatal MPs are mostly attributable to Amanita phalloides,with the development of severe liver or renal failure.Myocardial injury and even cases mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been previously reported,while cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest is not commonly seen.CASE SUMMARY We report a 68-year-old woman with MP who suffered from delirium,seizure,long QT syndrome on electrocardiogram (ECG),severe cardiac arrhythmias of multiple origins,and cardiac arrest.She was intubated and put on blood perfusion.Her kidney and liver functions were intact;creatine kinase-MB was mildly elevated,and then fell within normal range during her hospital stay.We sent the mushrooms she left for translation elongation factor subunit 1α,ribosomal RNA gene sequence,and internal transcribed spacer sequence analyses.There were four kinds of mushrooms identified,two of which were found to be toxic.CONCLUSION This is the first time that we found cardiac toxicity caused by Panaeolus subbalteatus and Conocybe lactea,which were believed to be toxic to the liver,kidney,and brain.We suggest that intensive monitoring and ECG follow-up are essential to diagnose prolonged QT interval and different forms of tachycardia in MP patients,even without the development of severe liver or renal failure.The mechanisms need to be further investigated and clarified based on animal experiments and molecular signal pathways.

基于Mushroom试验的炸药爆轰反应速率方程参数校验

为了更准确的校验炸药爆轰反应速率方程参数,以HMX/TATB混合炸药PBX-1为研究对象,采用Mushroom试验方法,研究了炸药在不同传爆直径下的拐角传爆特性,并采用LS-DYNA程序利用拉式试验标定的三项式点火增长模型参数对Mushroom试验进行了数值模拟,通过观察爆轰波的成长和传播历程以及拐角参量的对比,校验已标定反应速率模型参数的准确性。对比试验结果和数值模拟结果发现,Mushroom试验可以反映出爆轰波沿不同方向上爆轰成长过程的差异,进而证明了通过Mushroom试验校验炸药的反应速率模型参数是可行的。

DNA Barcoding,Fungal Diversity,and Authentication of Wild Gourmet Mushrooms

The application of molecular tools for the identification of strains,populations and species has become a common practice in a variety of applied and basic investigations in many parts of the world.However,standardization of such applications varies widely among organisms and scientific fields.In this mini-review,the author provides a brief introduction to one of the most prominent effort for species identification-the international barcode of life(iBOL) project,discusses the features of fungal diversity including the proposed fungal barcode DNA fragment-the intergenic spacer regions(ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene clusters,and illustrates the potential promises and problems of using ITS for barcoding and for analyzing the phylogeographic pattern of the wild gourmet mushroom Tricholoma matsutake species complex.The analyses show that identification to species level is often insufficient for practical applications and that sequences from multiple genes in combination with critical morphological and physiological evaluations are needed to identify strains,populations and species.

ANALYSIS OF FUNGI IN MUSHROOM COMPOST USING PCR AND TGGE OF RIBOSOMAL DNA

The fungal communities in mushroom compost phase Ⅱ was assessed using a combination of PCR amplification and sequencing of 18S rDNA from fungal isolates and “nested” PCR TGGE analysis on the basis of DNA directly extracted from compost samples. The diversity of cultivated fungi isolated from compost samples was low. A total of 11 isolates were related to only 2 different species. One species, Chaetomium elatum, was identified within 10 isolates, and the other, with high similarity belonged to Penicillium expansum. The fungal flora associated with mushroom compost was then monitored with “nested” PCR TGGE. The patterns obtained revealed the more complex existence of fungal communities from the original compost samples than from thoses enriched with food waste and cow slurry.

Physicochemical Characterization of Two Species of Wild Edible Mushrooms: <i>Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler</i>and <i>Auricularia auricularia judae</i>

In tropical Africa, mushrooms play an important role for people in rural areas as a source of food, medicine and income. In order to promote the mycology sector in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was carried out on the determination of the biochemical parameters of the mushroom Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae found in the localities of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The samples were purchased in the markets of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The dry matter, ash and lipid contents were determined by the AOAC method. Those of proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars were carried out respectively by the methods of Kjeldahl, Bernfeld and Dubois, and six minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium) were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the ash (3.46 - 7.74%) and protein (6.10 - 12.40%) levels were high, but the lipid contents (4% to 6.60%), total sugars (1.34 - 5.16%) and reducing sugars (0.01 to 0.27%) are low. The major minerals are calcium (898 to 1006 mg/100g), potassium (1182 to 2433 mg/100g) and phosphorus (2091 - 4375 mg/100g). Magnesium (270 - 433 mg/100g) is represented in average proportion. Iron (2.83 to 46.17 mg/100g) and sodium (4.87 to 5.99 mg/100g) are in low amounts. The mushrooms Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae are low in fat, high in ash, and are good sources of protein and minerals.

Preliminary Investigation on the Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Two <i>Phellinus</i>Mushrooms Collected in Foshan

The Phellinus mushrooms have been known for its immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and anticancer activities. In the current work, the chemical constituents of two Phellinus mushrooms, Phellinus pini 141016# and Phellinus sp. 150802#, which were collected in Foshan city, Guangdong province, were investigated preliminarily by pre-test tube method and by comparison with the known natural compounds from Phellinus pini, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by the biochemical assay of hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pricylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging activity in vitro. The results show that both the two Phellinus mushrooms contain phenolics, alkaloids, lactones, steroids and terpenoids, and have potent antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals for Phellinus pini 141016# were 74.37 μg/mL and 59.69 μg/mL, respectively, and the IC50 values of DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals for Phellinus sp. 150802# were 98.95 μg/mL and 165.47 μg/mL, respectively. They are comparable to the antioxidant activity of the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid.

Origin of the Mushroom Stone Forest at the southeastern foot of the Little Sangpu Mountain in eastern Guangdong,China: A palaeo-sea-level indicator or not?

The Mushroom Stone Forest, which consists of granite boulders looking like mushrooms with flared sidewalls, is located in eastern Guangdong China, and is a famous scenic spot that draws many tourists each year. The Mushroom Stone Forest has been traditionally recognized as a collection of wave erosion landforms and used for the reconstruction of palaeo-sea-level changes along the coastal areas of eastern Guangdong in previous coastal researches. By combining in situ measurements of the aspect,vertical profile and height of boulder sidewalls,palaeo-coastal wave direction estimation, rock density determination, major elemental analysis, and petrographic thin section analysis, this paper presents an alternative origin for the Mushroom Stone Forest.Our results suggest that wave or wind erosion cannot offer a satisfactory explanation for the formation of the Mushroom Stone Forest; The boulders that make up the Mushroom Stone Forest originated from the corestones in the granite weathering crusts of the Little Sangpu Mountain; When the debris of the weathering crust was removed, the corestones are perched on rocky outcrops or half-buried by weathering debris beneath the natural land surface;The flared sidewall (concave vertical profile) of the boulders is a particular form developed in the foot zone of a half-buried boulder through increased chemical weathering beneath the land surface. A recent exposed half-buried boulder found in the study area provides convincing evidence to support this argument. Sea water reached the foot of the Sangpu Mountain during the Holocene transgression, but it merely provided a mechanism to erode the weathering debris from the bottom of the mushroom rocks and enhanced salt weathering that created tafoni on the boulders. These findings demonstrate that the boulders of the Mushroom Stone Forest are not sea stacks and cannot be served as a palaeo-sea-level indicator.

Medicinal Mushroom Products:Nutriceuticals and/or Pharmaceuticals?

Although the effectiveness of mushroom products(mushroom derivatives) has been confirmed repeatedly by numerous laboratory experiments and,in some cases,human trials,precisely how these products work is still a matter of conjecture.Studies on the effectiveness of mushroom products fall into two general categories.One approach has been to isolate and determine the bioactivity of individual mushroom components within a particular class of compounds(e.g.polysaccharides,lectins,triterpenoids,fungal immunomodulatory proteins).The active principal component is then sold in refined or purified form,e.g.the polysaccharide lentinan from the edible/medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes.Such an approach is certainly valid if the objective is to focus on a single mushroom-derived substance for the treatment of specific disease conditions,e.g.cancers or strokes.In such cases,the products might be(and have been) developed and marketed as prescription drugs.However,an alternative approach is not to focus on a single component within a class of compounds but on groups of compounds that improve overall health and the general quality of life.These composite formulae,in which several different compounds together contribute to the beneficial effect of the mushroom,could then be used collectively as a dietary supplement(nutriceutical).Thus,the medicinal effects afforded by medicinal mushroom products may be attributable to several quite different types of compounds present in the mushrooms,e.g.polysaccharides,lectins,triterpenoids and fungal immunomodulatory proteins.These compounds,and possibly others yet to be identified,appear to act in concert in contributing to the documented anticancer,antitumour,antiviral,antibacterial and immunomodulating properties of the mushroom.Therefore,mushroom nutriceuticals may be deemed to have multifunctional values,the essence of which depends on the integrated effects of the various compounds.Certainly,the overwhelming majority of mushroom-based products currently available are not single components but combinations of several groups of compounds("crude extracts") that together contribute to the overall medicinal effect of the product.Therefore,it is important that future development of mushroom nutriceuticals places emphasis on investigating the functionality and interaction of the groups of compounds found in mushrooms.In some cases,it may be more desirable to consider the total medicinal effect(s) of mushroom "crude extracts"(comprising groups of compounds) and then to ascertain the contributions made to the overall activity by individual components.The consistency of the "crude extracts",both in terms of the overall chemical composition and in the actual levels of active components,between different batches could be standardized on the basis of one or two of the main components.This is essential for ensuring some degree of uniformity in prescribed dosages.Thus,while the minimum dosage of an active component required to bring about the desired therapeutic effect is often known for similar products,e.g.hypericin in extracts of St.John's Wort,this is generally not the case where mushroom "crude extracts" are concerned.This is an area where scientific validation can increase knowledge of the products themselves as well as contributing to product quality control.

Prognostic value of decision criteria for emergency liver transplantation in patients with wild mushroom induced acute liver injury

Background： The reported mortality rate of mushroom-induced acute liver failure with conventionaltreatment is 1.4%–16.9%. Emergency liver transplantation may be indicated and can be the only curativetreatment option. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of criteria for emergency livertransplantation in predicting 28-day mortality in patients with mushroom-induced acute liver injury.Methods： A retrospective cohort study was performed between January 2005 and December 2015. Alladult patients aged≥18 years admitted with mushroom intoxication at our emergency department wereevaluated. All patients with acute liver injury, defined as elevation of serum liver enzymes （〉5 timesthe upper limit of normal, ULN） or moderate coagulopathy （INR 〉 2.0） were included. The ability of the King’s College, Ganzert’s, and Escudié’s criteria to predict 28-day mortality was evaluated.

Reishi Mushroom Attenuates Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis Induced by Irradiation Enhanced Carbon Tetrachloride in Rat Model

This work was undertaken to establish a new experimental model of hepatic fibrosis by gamma irradiation and CCl4 and to study the hepatoprotective effect of Reishi Mushroom (RM) against hepatic fibrosis induced in that model. Our results revealed that oral co-administration of 110 mg/kg RM by gavage to fibrotic rats offered an obvious hepatic protection as assured by the significant decrement in ALT and AST, HP content, MDA and NO levels with elevation of the antioxidant enzymes activities. The levels of TGF-β, TNF-α, HO-1 and type-1 collagen and their m-RNA expression were markedly declined as compared with those of fibrotic rats. Microscopical examination revealed that the exposure of rats to radiation aggravated the effect of CCl4 causing extensive collagen deposition and marked pseudolobulation of the hepatic parenchyma indicative of bridging fibrosis. While, oral co-administration of RM obviously improved the state of steatosis and apparently suppressed hepatic fibrogenesis.

Accumulation of Natural Radionuclides by Some Edible Wild Mushrooms in Ekiti State, Southwestern, Nigeria

Activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides such as 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were determined in edible mushrooms samples in Ekiti State Nigeria. The edible mushrooms collected are Termitomyces striatus, Psathyrella atroumbonata, Termitomyces robustus, Pleurotus tuber-regium and Pleurotus squarrosulus. The activity measurements were carried out by gamma spectrometry. The average concentrations of 40K varied from 254.17 ± 46.78 to 416.07 ± 68.43 Bq&middot;kg-1, 226Ra concentrations varied from 2.68 ± 0.82 to 21.64 ± 7.23 Bq&middot;kg-1 and 232Th concentrations varied from 8.57 ± 3.25 to 10.98 ± 4.31 Bq&middot;kg-1. The concentrations were converted to effective dose. Effective doses calculated were found to be below maximum permissible levels. Therefore, no health risk is envisaged for those that normally consumed these mushrooms.